菜豆种子薄层干燥的潜力分析

为探讨薄层物料脱水过程颗粒内部水分的迁移机理,考虑物料的非均质性及水分扩散系数在干燥过程的变化,利用扩散方程模型通过有限差分法数值模拟了菜豆种子的干燥过程,分析了物料内部温度场及湿度场的相互影响。结果表明,种皮是种子干燥过程最主要的传质阻力之一,菜豆种子子叶层的扩散系数是种皮层的3．2倍。根据物料颗粒内部的湿度分布,匹配一定的温度场,能够显著加快脱水过程,可以认为这是干燥极限过程,在一定程度上说明了强化、优化传热传质的方向与干燥潜力。     

高超声速再入热环境下防热复合材料烧蚀传热计算及影响因素分析

为满足高超声速飞行器防热设计中对烧蚀温度场的计算要求,建立了适用于高超声速飞行器防热复合材料的烧蚀传热计算方法,通过算例将烧蚀温度场计算结果与简化模型和试验结果进行了对比,验证了计算方法的合理性。进而运用该方法分析了长时间中低热流加热和短时间高热流加热两种特定热环境下的热导率、密度、表面发射率、动态热解等因素对烧蚀传热的影响规律。结果表明各个因素对烧蚀传热行为的影响程度不同。其中热导率对防热材料内部温度的影响最大,表面发射率对材料表面温度的影响较大,对内部温度的影响程度与时间相关;热解动力学参数中活化能对材料内部温度有一定的影响;活化能和热导率对材料热解碳化过程的影响较为显著。研究结果为烧蚀传热计算精度的进一步提高提供了参考价值。     

Extraction and methanolysis of oil from whole or crushed rapeseed for fatty acid analysis

Three methods are described for extraction of oil from rapeseed for routine determinations of fatty acid composition. In the “whole-seed method,” ca. 50% of the total seed oil is extracted, without prior crushing of the seeds, by soaking the dried seeds in petroleum ether and benzene at room temperature for 2 days. For certain types of rapeseed with a “less permeable seed coat,” a presoaking in water is required to rupture the seed coat. The extracted oil has practically the same fatty acid composition as the total seed oil, and can therefore be used as a representative sample for determination of the fatty acid composition of the total seed oil. In the “crushing method,” the seeds are lightly crushed before the oil is extracted. In the “half-seed method,” the outer cotyledon of a single seed is dissected from the embryo; the oil is extracted from this cotyledon for fatty acid analysis, while the remaining part of the embryo can be germinated and planted to produce the progeny of the seed. In all three methods the extracted oil is converted to fatty acid methyl esters by a rapid reaction with sodium in methanol at room temperature. Presented in part at the Joint Conference of the Chemical Institute of Canada and the American Chemical Society, Toronto, May 1970. Contribution No. 329, Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba.     

SIMULATION OF RF-ASSISTED CONVECTCVE DRYING FOR SEED QUALITY BROAD BEAN

Based on experimental data and analysis of the heat and mass transfer mechanism, a semi-empirical model for dielectrically-assisted convective drying of shrinkable and hygroscopic materials with internal resistance to mass flow has been derived and used to simulate radio-frequency drying of the seed quality broad bean (Vicia Faba)¹.     

SIMULATION OF RF-ASSISTED CONVECTCVE DRYING FOR SEED QUALITY BROAD BEAN

Based on experimental data and analysis of the heat and mass transfer mechanism, a semi-empirical model for dielectrically-assisted convective drying of shrinkable and hygroscopic materials with internal resistance to mass flow has been derived and used to simulate radio-frequency drying of the seed quality broad bean (Vicia Faba)¹.     

THE THERMO-IMAGE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF SEEDS DRYING

Using the method of combining the two subjects of engineering thermophysics and physiology, this paper carried out the thermo-image experiments of drying Chinese cabbage seeds at both dynamic and static states in the infrared radiation vibrofluidized dryer that was made by us. Meanwhile the seed physiology experiments were also conducted. The results show that the critical drying temperature of seeds is the function of their drying time and moisture content. It is higher when the initial moisture is lower, or the drying time is shorter. This provided the theoretical basis for the optimization of heat and mass transfer of seeds drying.     

Computer model of drying behaviour of ceramic green bodies with particular reference to moisture content dependent properties

A numerical model was developed to predict the drying behavior of ceramic green bodies. Resolution of the simultaneous heat and mass transfer equations involved finite elements and the Backward Euler method. Based on experimental data, the model uses equivalent moisture diffusivity, water activity, thermal conductivity and heat capacity as input parameters which depend on moisture content. In particular, the equivalent moisture diffusivity is a key parameter controlling water transport from the body interior to the surface. A simple method was used to estimate the effect of shrinkage on drying rate during the initial drying stage. Predictions of the internal moisture distribution, drying rate and surface temperature as a function of time gave good agreement to experiment for green bodies of alumina paste. External conditions of convection coefficient and relative humidity are shown to sensitively control drying rate and surface temperature evolution during the constant rate period.     

Localisation of Storage Reserves in Developing Seeds of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, a Potential Agroforestry Tree

Pongamia pinnata is an important oil yielding perennial tree species. The aim of the present study was to document the histological and ultrastructural change that is occurring during pongamia seed development. The seeds were sampled at five stages of development at intervals of 3 weeks starting from 30 weeks after flowering up to 42 weeks. The seed development was followed microscopically using toluidine blue staining. The seed coat was made up of an external layer of palisade cells, an internal layer of hourglass cells followed by a parenchymatous cell layer and aleurone cell layer. The seed reserve compounds such as polysaccharides, proteins and starch showed distinct histochemical characterisation. Lignin was mainly found in the seed coat cell layers, while polysaccharides, proteins and starch granules in the cotyledon cells. The ultrastructural studies showed marked cellular changes during the seed development. The cell size varied from 9.4 to 78 μm during the seed development. The number of oil bodies per cell ranged from 200 to 300 at 42 weeks after flowering. Protein storage vacuoles were observed during the later stages of seed development. The plastids contained electron-dense starch granules. The seeds harvested after 42 weeks after flowering had maximum physiological maturity with high oil content and other seed reserve materials. This basic knowledge on pongamia seed development could invariably be used for further understanding of biochemical changes that might be involved in the biosynthetic pathway of oil.     

非平衡热力学在摩擦领域聚合物复合材料设计中的应用

以自润滑材料和摩擦材料为例,基于非平衡热力学原理从热量产生和传递的根本问题出发,研究摩擦系数和热导率对材料接触面温度的影响,指导聚合物基复合材料的设计。对于自润滑材料来说,将摩擦热量产生和传递过程假设成两个过程的串联,发现摩擦热产生是摩擦系统整体稳定运行的关键控制因素。对于摩擦材料来说,将摩擦热量传递过程假设成传递热量和分配热量两个过程的并联,发现需采用降低刹车片热导率的逆向思维降低接触面温度。     

惰性粒子振动流化床中膏状物料干燥

报道了采用带浸没加热管的惰性粒子振动流化床干燥膏状物料的实验研究结果。考察了加料速率、振动条件、进气温度、进气速度、加热管功率等参数对干燥过程的影响,提出采用体积传热系数来评价干燥器传热性能,并得出了计算体积传热系数的准数关联式。结果表明,在流化床中增设振动和浸没加热管装置,能大大强化传热、传质,干燥器热效率达60%,干燥强度超过300 kg·m^-3·h^-1,体积传热系数可达25 kW·m^-3·K^-1,激光粒度分析仪的测定结果表明产品的粒度分布范围较窄,该流化床干燥可以直接得到平均粒径为0.35 μm、比表面积为5.024 m²·g^-1的粉状产品。     

Thermal conductivity improvement of phase change materials/graphite foam composites

Effective thermal conductivity of composites of graphite foam infiltrated with phase change materials (PCM) was investigated numerically and experimentally. Graphite foam, as a highly-conductive, highly-porous structure, is an excellent candidate for infiltrating PCM into its pores and forming thermal energy storage composites with improved effective thermal conductivity. For numerical simulation, the graphite structure was modeled as a three-dimensional body-centered cube arrangement of uniform spherical pores, saturated with PCM thus forming a cubic representative elementary volume (REV). Thermal analysis of the developed REV was conducted for unidirectional heat transfer and the total heat flux was determined, which leads to the effective thermal conductivity evaluation. For experimental verification, a sample of graphite foam was infiltrated with PCM. The effective thermal conductivity was evaluated using the direct method of measuring temperature within the sample under fixed heat flux in unidirectional heat transfer. The results indicate a noticeable improvement in the effective thermal conductivity of composites compared to the PCM. Our numerical and experimental results are in agreement and are also consistent with reported experimental results on graphite foam. Moreover, the role of natural convection within the pores is found to be negligible.     

THE THERMO-IMAGE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF SEEDS DRYING

Abstract

Using the method of combining the two subjects of engineering thermophysics and physiology, this paper carried out the thermo-image experiments of drying Chinese cabbage seeds at both dynamic and static states in the infrared radiation vibrofluidized dryer that was made by us. Meanwhile the seed physiology experiments were also conducted. The results show that the critical drying temperature of seeds is the function of their drying time and moisture content. It is higher when the initial moisture is lower, or the drying time is shorter. This provided the theoretical basis for the optimization of heat and mass transfer of seeds drying.     

Thermal insulation characteristics of roll forming alumina ball material

Rolling ceramic thermal insulation balls have advantages of low cost, large output and easy control of particle size, so it is likely to become the main raw material for 3D printing in the future, but there is little research on its thermal insulation. In this study, we used three kinds of rolling aluminum oxide balls as raw materials to obtain single-granularity-level and multi-granularity-level bulk materials. And the effects of temperature, particle size, and thermal fatigue times on the thermal conductivity of the samples were analyzed. Additionally, the experimental results were verified by FloEFD heat conduction simulation software using finite analysis method to analyze their heat conduction characteristics. With the increase of temperature from 400 °C to 1500 °C, the thermal conductivity of single-granularity-level and multi-granularity-level bulk materials increased linearly. The thermal conductivity of single-granularity-level bulk materials have no direct relationship with the particle size, and the thermal conductivity of multi-granularity-level materials with small particle size difference was a bit lower than that of materials with large particle size difference, and a bit higher than that of materials with single-granularity-level. The simulation results showed that the main reason for the above phenomenon was that the point contact between particles played a dominating role in the heat transfer process. When the contact area increased, the thermal conductivity increased obviously, and the thermal conductivity with the increasing of temperature decreased in a quadratic curve. The improved model considering the shrinkage could improve accuracy of simulation results. Heat flux at the surface contact area was 10.19 times higher than that of the point contact and 15.10 times higher than that of the solid-gas contact at 400 °C. Therefore, reducing the surface contact area and increasing the porosity could significantly reduce the thermal conductivity of the materials.     

A Simulation Study on Convection and Microwave Drying of Different Food Products

It is now well recognized that matching the external drying condition with the drying kinetics of a material can lead to substantial savings of energy and in the case of heat-sensitive products, even to higher quality product. In this work, the effect of convection and microwave heat input and other product parameters on the batch drying characteristics of model materials, potato and carrot slabs, whose thermo-physical data are readily available in the literature, was modeled using a one dimensional liquid diffusion model. The influence of various thermo-physical properties of the product in drying of heat-sensitive materials was quantitatively assessed. Heat of wetting, temperature and moisture dependent effective diffusivity and thermal conductivity are considered in this model. The effect of moisture diffusivity on drying using convection and a microwave field is simulated in view of the interest in predicting the drying performance by simplified method. Conditions under which the drying rate is controlled by the external drying conditions and the internal thermo-physical properties of the product are computed and discussed.     

Skin damage due to heat transfer by conduction

This study provides basic data with respect to pain and burns produced on short-term contact of bare skin with heated substances. The data may also be used to determine the thermal properties and thicknesses of fabrics or coatings required to prevent injury in such contacts. The maximum temperature any material might attain without causing injury on contact with bare skin was determined from measurements of pain threshold during contact with heated materials representing a wide spectrum of thermal properties form good conductors to good insulators. Pain threshold times were converted to blister times and the latter extrapolated to predict those temperatures at which blistering would result form ‘instantaneous’ (0.3 s) contact. The predicted temperatures were verified experimentally in contacts with four different materials. From these data, charts and equations were derived by which the maximum permissible temperature for safe contact could be determined for any material solely form a knowledge of its thermal conductivity, density and specific heat. Additionally, equations for transient heat flow in two-layer systems yield the thickness of coatings, fabrics or other thermal barriers of known properties which would be required to protect the skin form pain or burn on contact with materials at excessive temperatures.     

A method to improve the barrier performance of flexible riser internal pressure sheath—Heat transfer experiment and simulation

A considerable amount of acidic gas penetrates into the annulus between the internal pressure sheath and the outer protective sheath during the service of flexible risers, which will inevitably lead to corrosion of the metal functional layer. Many researchers have modified nanocomposites from the mass transfer perspective to reduce the materials' permeability coefficient. While permeation is an integrated process of heat and mass transfer process, heat distribution directly impacts gas permeation. Herein, the thermal conductivity of flexible riser liner materials is predicted for the first time by a combination of molecular dynamics and experiments, and then the radial temperature distribution under different seawater temperatures and internal fluid temperatures is investigated by finite element analysis. Finally, the effect of temperature distribution on the permeation coefficient was analyzed. The results demonstrate that the thermal conductivity can be predicted by molecular dynamics simulation, and the thermal conductivity of (polyvinylidene difluoride) PVDF/TiO₂ decreases, while the thermal conductivity of PVDF/carbon nanotube (CNT) increases compared with pure PVDF. The temperature distribution of the internal pressure sheath material decreases when condensate water is present. As the fluid temperature rises from 30 to 110°C, the maximum increase ratio in the permeability of PVDF/CNT over PVDF increased from 3.6% to 14.8%, and the maximum decrease ratio of PVDF/TiO₂ permeability coefficient compared with PVDF is from 1.2% to 4.6%. The results present a new idea to improve the barrier properties of materials by decreasing thermal conductivity.     

相变储热的传热强化技术研究进展

相变储热技术具有储热密度大、相变温度稳定以及过程容易控制等优点,具有广泛应用前景。相变储热技术在应用中需完成热能的储存与释放过程,其传热特性直接决定应用效果。储热技术的传热强化主要包括三个方面：一是相变材料本身的导热强化;二是潜热型功能热流体的对流传热强化;三是储热器的传热强化。本文综述了国内外在相变储热技术的传热强化研究方面的进展,主要介绍了膨胀石墨、泡沫金属等复合相变材料的导热强化,相变微胶囊及相变微、纳米乳液潜热型功能热流体传热强化以及管壳式储热器、板式储热器、螺旋盘管储热器等储热器的传热强化。文章指出,膨胀石墨基复合相变材料具有高热导率、大储热密度以及良好的定型特性,且价格低廉,极具应用前景。纳米乳液功能热流体具有表观比热容大、流阻较小等优势,但存在稳定性较差、过冷度大等问题。板式储热器具有较大的传热面积、较高的传热功率,适宜应用于相变材料传热系统。但应用背景不同,针对不同场景提供不同储热器的选型及指导值得作进一步的研究。     

非相变固体蓄热材料的蓄放热特性

搭建了低谷电蓄能蒸汽发生换热测试系统,采用数据记录仪、Hot Disk热常数分析仪等仪器检测了刚玉球等非相变固体蓄热材料的热物性。通过实验与模拟相结合的方式,研究了粉煤灰、氧化镁、刚玉砂、刚玉球等材料的蓄放热特性。分析了蓄热材料种类和粒径大小对蓄放热特性的影响,得到了不同材料的蓄热密度和综合换热系数等关键参数。结合FLUENT非稳态模拟方法,模拟了蓄热体在不同材料粒径下的蓄热和放热温度场变化规律。结果表明：刚玉球能够提供充足连续的热量,可以作为一种性能良好的蓄热材料进行应用;随着刚玉砂粒径的增大,其蓄热密度和综合换热系数会增大,有效放热时间也会延长。     

Surface Stickiness of Drops of Carbohydrate and Organic Acid Solutions During Convective Drying: Experiments and Modeling

Drying kinetics of low molecular weight sugars such as fructose, glucose, sucrose and organic acid such as citric acid and high molecular weight carbohydrate such as maltodextrin (DE 6) were determined experimentally using single drop drying experiments as well as predicted numerically by solving the mass and heat transfer equations. The predicted moisture and temperature histories agreed with the experimental ones within 6% average relative (absolute) error and average difference of ± 1°C, respectively. The stickiness histories of these drops were determined experimentally and predicted numerically based on the glass transition temperature (T_g) of surface layer. The model predicted the experimental observations with good accuracy. A nonsticky regime for these materials during spray drying is proposed by simulating a drop, initially 120 µm in diameter, in a spray drying environment.     

三类随机分形结构下干土壤有效热导率的介观研究

地埋管换热器的换热能力是设计地源热泵系统的关键,而环境土壤的有效热导率是影响地下传热量的重要参数。为探究土壤的介观结构参数对有效热导率的影响,提出三类随机分形结构,并结合格子玻尔兹曼方法,对土壤类多孔材料的传热特性进行了基础研究。通过对热探针实验结果和三类重构结构下模拟结果的对比分析,发现孔隙率仍然是影响干土壤有效热导率的主要因素,分形维度数和粒径比的影响则较小;干土壤介观结构的随机性对有效热导率有较大的影响,随机颗粒分布的微小变化会导致差异高达到24.5%。