基于电子舌的氯吡脲对草莓风味影响的研究

在草莓“甜查理”盛花后一周,喷施清水及4个浓度（2.5、5.0、10、20 mg/L）的氯吡脲,检测由此产生的草莓果实可溶性固形物、总酸、游离氨基酸、单宁等风味营养品质含量,电子舌分析技术检测酸、甜、苦、鲜、咸、涩味、苦味回味、涩味回味等味觉指标,评价氯吡脲的使用及浓度水平对草莓风味营养品质和滋味的影响,并分析电子舌在检测氯吡脲对草莓滋味影响方面运用的优势。结果表明：氯吡脲能够提高草莓果实的可溶性固形物的含量,降低总酸含量,提高固酸比值,降低游离氨基酸种类和游离氨基酸总量;低浓度（2.5、5.0 mg/L）的氯吡脲处理能降低草莓单宁含量,而高浓度（10、20 mg/L）处理会使单宁含量显著升高;电子舌味觉分析结果表明低浓度氯吡脲处理可使草莓甜味增加,酸味降低,但是咸味和鲜味及与其高度相关（相关系数均为0.99）的苦味也相应降低;游离氨基酸总量与鲜味值、单宁含量与涩味回味值、总酸含量与酸味值、固酸比与甜味值均呈正相关性。低浓度氯吡脲使用对草莓的甜味、酸味等滋味和风味组成具有正面影响,而无论氯吡脲浓度使用高低对咸味和鲜味等滋味和风味组成均有负面影响。     

Taste interaction of ethyl alcohol with sweet, salty, sour and bitter compounds

The influence of ethyl alcohol in concentrations ranging from 4 to 24%, on the perceived taste intensities of sucrose, citric acid, quinine, and sodium chloride was determined by 24 subjects. A paired comparison method was used in which subjects selected the sample with the greater taste intensity (sweetness, sourness, bitterness or saltiness) as well as rating the intensity on a 13-point scale. The alcohol generally enhanced the sweetness of sucrose, with results varying slightly according to the subjects' task. The sourness of citric acid, and the saltiness of sodium chloride at all but the lowest concentration, were depressed by increasing additions of alcohol. Alcohol significantly enhanced the bitterness of quinine at all four concentrations. Although these results disagree with previously reported electrophysiological measurements on alcohol-quinine mixtures, they were internally consistent, and meaningful in terms of alcoholic beverage consumption behaviour.     

不同颜色大蒜品质分析

以打破休眠期的大蒜为原料,制备白色、绿色和黄色3种颜色大蒜,对其总酚含量、还原糖含量、自由基清除率、风味及味道进行测定,探究不同颜色大蒜的营养价值、抗氧化能力及感官品质的差异。结果表明,不同颜色大蒜的营养价值、抗氧化能力及感官品质存在显著差异。新鲜白色大蒜中含有较多总酚,绿蒜次之,黄蒜中最少。还原糖含量恰恰相反,黄色大蒜含量最高。不同颜色大蒜都具有较好的清除自由基能力,清除自由基能力强弱为新鲜白色大蒜>绿色大蒜>黄色大蒜。风味分析中,氮氧化合物(W5S)和硫化物(W1W)的感应器具有明显响应值变化,且响应值大小排序为黄色大蒜>绿色大蒜>新鲜白色大蒜。而味觉上,咸味、甜味、酸味、苦味上存在明显差异。绿色和黄色大蒜保持较好酸味,同时甜度下降。新鲜白色大蒜可以较好维持咸味和苦味。     

Fatty Acid Compositions of Oil Species Affect the 5 Basic Taste Perceptions

ABSTRACT: To elucidate the effects of oils, particularly tuna oil, on taste perception, we conducted sensory analysis employing an oil-in-water emulsion prepared with basic taste substances and 3 oil species. Each type of oil extended perception retention, and did not affect sweetness or saltiness, but suppressed sourness and bitterness. Bitterness suppression was highest in tuna oil. Tuna oil also enhanced umami intensity. The results of individual fatty acid addition test were in good agreement with these effects of tuna oil. Thus, we proposed that tuna oil's specific fatty acid composition resulted in the specific taste effects of tuna oil.     

EFFECT OF HYDROCOLLOIDS ON ORAL VISCOSITY AND BASIC TASTE INTENSITIES *

Abstract. This study determined the effects of low concentrations of five food hydrocolloids on the taste intensities of aqueous solutions of sucrose, citric acid, sodium chloride, saccharin, and caffeine. The effects of the taste compounds on both oral and Brookfield viscosities were also measured. In general, sourness of citric acid and bitterness of caffeine were suppressed, while sweetness of saccharin was enhanced. Among the basic tastes, sourness was affected the most and saltiness the least. Except for sucrose, modification of taste intensity was independent of viscosity, and appeared to be related to the physicochemical properties of the hydrocolloid and the taste compound. About 16 cps were needed to reduce significantly the sweetness of sucrose. The taste compounds altered oral and physical viscosities differentially depending on the specific gum/taste combination. Generally, viscosity was reduced by the addition of all taste compounds except sucrose which increased the physical viscosity.     

Aroma–taste interactions between a model cheese aroma and five basic tastes in solution

The flavour perception of cheese results from complex sensory interactions between tastes and aromas. Using a model cheese solution, this study investigated perceived interactions between each of five basic tastes and a cheese aroma mixture containing ten volatile compounds commonly found in cheese. The five tastes – sucrose (sweetness), sodium chloride (NaCl) (saltiness), monosodium glutamate (MSG) (umami), lactic acid (sourness), and caffeine (bitterness) – were individually mixed with cheese aroma in water using a 5 taste level (0.2 log series) by 3 aroma level (0.5 log series) design. Aroma controls with no added taste were also included. This resulted in 18 samples for each single taste–aroma combination. An additional 18 samples were produced using a mixture of all 5 tastes with the 3 aroma levels. A panel of trained assessors (n = 10) evaluated cheese flavour intensity and taste intensity using 100 point line scales. Evaluation was carried out in duplicate, with samples grouped by taste type; 1 evaluation session per taste per replicate. Within type, order of presentation was balanced, and taste type order was randomised between replicates. Cheese flavour intensity was enhanced by sucrose and NaCl, while being suppressed by lactic acid. NaCl enhanced cheese flavour intensity the most at high aroma level, while lactic acid suppressed the most at low aroma level. When MSG level was increased, cheese flavour intensity was enhanced at both low and medium aroma levels, but was suppressed at the high aroma level. The greatest enhancement of cheese flavour intensity was found with the mixture of 5 tastes. Aroma significantly enhanced umami and bitterness, but did not enhance sweetness, saltiness, or sourness. This study showed that the perceived interaction between taste and cheese aroma depended on taste type and on the concentration levels of both taste type and aroma. The mixture of tastes was more effective at enhancing cheese flavour intensity than single tastes. This study provides knowledge that will underpin further study of taste–aroma interactions in a model cheese that aims to optimise cheese flavour intensity and character.     

Perception of taste intensity in solutions of random-coil polysaccharides above and below c

Sensory paired comparison tests were used to study differences in taste intensity in solutions of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) at concentrations above (1.0% w/w) and below (0.2% w/w) c^*, the coil-overlap concentration (the point at which viscosity changes abruptly with increasing thickener). The sweetness intensities of aspartame (250 ppm), sucrose (5% w/w), fructose (4.5% w/w) and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (39 ppm) and the saltiness of sodium chloride (0.35%) were all found to be significantly reduced in the more viscous HPMC solution. There was no significant effect of HPMC concentration on the acidity of citric acid (600 ppm) or the bitterness of quinine hydrochloride (26 ppm). The sweetness intensities of sucrose and aspartame were likewise investigated in two further hydrocolloid solutions, guar gum and λ-carrageenan. Experiments were designed so that the ratios of the thickener concentrations (above and below c^*) to their measured c^* values remained constant. The sweetness of sucrose was found to be significantly reduced in the more viscous guar gum solution (P<0.05) and that of aspartame was reduced in the λ-carrageenan above c^* (P<0.001). A multiple paired comparison design was used to show that the perceived sweetness of 6.5% sucrose in 1.0% HPMC did not differ significantly from that of 5% sucrose in 0.2% HPMC. The magnitude of effect with aspartame was broadly analogous.     

Texture-taste interactions: Enhancement of taste intensity by structural modifications of the food matrix

The reduction of salt and sugar in food products remains a challenge due to the importance of those ingredients in providing a highly desired taste quality, enhancing flavor, determining the behavior of structuring ingredients, and ensuring microbiological safety. Several technologies have been used to reduce salt and sugar content in foods such as replacement of sugar by sweeteners, replacement of sodium salts by blends of other salts, taste enhancement by aromas and taste boosters or gradual reduction of sugar and salt in small steps over time. In this study we present two alternative approaches to enhance taste perception. First, the use of an inhomogeneous spatial distribution of sugar in food gels is introduced as a way to enhance sweetness perception [1]. The translation of the concept of taste contrast to bread applications is discussed which allows to reduce salt content in bread by 25% without loss of saltiness intensity and without addition of taste enhancers, aromas or salt replacers [2]. Secondly, it is demonstrated how the serum release under compression of mixed polysaccharide/protein gels can be engineered to enhance sweetness perception. An increase of serum release by 5x allowed to reduce sugar content of gels by 30% while maintaining sweet taste intensity [3]. The translation of this concept to low salt sausages is discussed. Sausages were engineered to exhibit enhanced juiciness which lead to a boost of saltiness allowing for up to 40% salt reduction [4]. These approaches can be used to further optimize the development of products with reduced salt and sugar content while maintaining taste intensity.     

SWEETNESS PERCEPTION IN RELATION TO SOME TEXTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROCOLLOID GELS

The apparent sweetness of five different hydrocolloid gels prepared with equal amounts of sodium Sucaryl varied significantly (P < 0.01) when tested in a multiple paired arrangement by seven trained judges. Results from four replications consistently showed sweetness to be the greatest in carrageenan gels and the least in cornstarch gels. It was intermediate in low methoxyl pectin, agar and gelatin gels. Concentrations of gelling agents were selected to produce gels comparable in hardness. Characterization of mechanical textural properties with the GF-Zenken Texturometer showed that gels of cornstarch and gelatin were more cohesive, springy, chewy and gummy than those of agar, low methoxyl pectin and carrageenan (P < 0.01). These findings suggested that gels which take more effort to disintegrate limit taste perception. Multiple regression analyses showed that the measured mechanical textural parameters accounted for 52.3% of the variability in sweetness scores suggesting that other characteristics may also play a role. Inspection of correlation coefficients of sweetness with single textural parameters showed no one characteristic as a dominating influence over sweetness.     

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TWO-PHASE DISPERSE AGAR/GELATIN MIXED GELS

Agar/gelatin mixed gels with the same composition but with a different two-phase disperse structure were prepared and their mechanical properties compared. The agar/gelatin mixture was first kept at temperature above the gelling temperature of gelatin but below that of agar and stirred for the selected period, before cooling it below the gelling temperature of gelatin. For the low rupture stress system the agar concentration was 0.7% (w/w), while the gelatin concentration was 4.5% (w/w) to achieve the same rupture stress as the agar gel. The mixing temperatures selected were 20 and 37C. For the high rupture stress system, the agar and gelatin concentration was 2.8 and 10.4% (w/w), respectively, to achieve the same rupture stress. The mixing temperatures selected were 37 and 40C. The both mixed gels prepared by this method consisted of a dispersed phase of agar and a continuous phase of gelatin. The rupture stress of the mixed gels decreased as the content of the dispersed phase increased. The rupture stress had a tendency to be lower as the size of the dispersed particles increased. These results suggest that the interface between the dispersed phase and the continuous phase plays an important role as Griffith's crack, with the rupture of mixed gels occurring from that place.     

基于电子舌技术的红茶滋味品质评价

目的研究电子舌技术在红茶滋味品质评价上的应用,探索电子舌评价结果同人工感官滋味审评结果间的关系。方法采用电子舌传感器响应值及滋味分值结合主成分分析、聚类分析等方法进行红茶滋味的评价,并同人工感官滋味结果进行比较;绘制滋味雷达图、酸鲜味等级评价图、滋味分属性间及感官滋味的相关性表。结果利用电子舌测定的数据结合主成分分析和聚类分析对茶样进行的分类结果同感官滋味分类结果一致;不同类别间的茶样滋味特点不同,滋味口感好的茶样鲜味强度值高而苦涩味值低;分属性滋味间的相关性显著。结论电子舌技术在红茶滋味的评价上有较好的应用,可以定性的区分不同滋味等级的茶样,且能定量的给出不同茶样间的酸、甜、苦、咸、鲜滋味的相对强度分值。     

Odour–taste interactions: A way to enhance saltiness in low-salt content solutions

This study investigated odour–saltiness interactions in aqueous solutions. In a first experiment, 81 consumers indicated expected taste attributes for 86 labels of flavour related to common food items. Panellists were able to rate expected saltiness of food flavour evoked by food written items. Differences in expected saltiness were observed in relation to actual salt content of food. In experiment 2, we selected commercially available aromas corresponding to 14 of the salt-associated flavour labels found in experiment 1. Odour-induced saltiness enhancement was investigated for odours evoked by these aroma water solutions containing or not sodium chloride. Fifty-nine consumers rated odour and taste (bitterness, sourness, saltiness, and sweetness) intensity orthonasally and retronasally. Results showed that expected flavours could induce saltiness and enhance saltiness in solutions containing a low level of sodium chloride through odour-induced changes in taste perception. These results suggest that well selected odours could be used to compensate sodium chloride reduction in food.     

The effect of modifying the distribution of sucralose and quinine on bitterness suppression in model gels

This study investigated the effect of simultaneously manipulating the spatial distribution of a sweet masking agent and bitter tastant within gelatine–agar gels on bitterness suppression, using sucralose and quinine. Sixty subjects participated in a series of paired comparison tests comparing different gel designs containing both sucralose and quinine, against a homogeneous control gel of identical overall sucralose (0.3 mM) and quinine content (0.3 mM). Twenty subjects also determined the bitterness reduction achieved in the homogeneous control gel by the addition of 0.3 mM sucralose to 0.3 mM quinine. Separating quinine and sucralose into different portions of the gel had no influence on bitterness suppression. Inhomogeneously distributing the quinine and sucralose into the same parts of the gel reduced the effectiveness of bitterness suppression. Inhomogeneously distributing the sucralose, while maintaining a homogeneous distribution of quinine, had no influence on bitterness suppression. Although an inhomogeneous distribution of sucralose increased sweetness perception and the addition of sucralose (0.3 mM) was found to substantially reduce bitterness in the homogeneous control, bitterness suppression was not enhanced when distributing the masking agent (sucralose) inhomogeneously.     

四川泡椒对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶风味特性的影响

研究3种四川泡椒(泡二荆条、泡墨西哥椒、泡野山椒)对鲢鱼糜凝胶风味特征的影响,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术结合主成分分析对鲢鱼糜凝胶的挥发性风味化合物进行鉴定分析,结合电子舌对其滋味整体评判。未添加泡椒的鱼糜凝胶中醛类(52.98%)相对含量较高,而3种添加泡椒的鱼糜凝胶样品的醇类(26.30%~39.78%)和酯类(5.63%~17.05%)相对含量较高。戊醛、己醛、1-戊烯-3-醇等对4种样品的总体气味特征均具有主要贡献。相较于添加泡二荆条的鱼糜凝胶样品,添加泡墨西哥椒和泡野山椒的鱼糜凝胶样品与未添加泡椒的鱼糜凝胶样品的主成分差异更大。3种添加泡椒的鱼糜凝胶样品酸味和咸味值基本相同;添加泡二荆条的香味值最高为0.82;鲜味值则是添加泡墨西哥椒最低,为-0.65。对于涩回味、苦回味、涩味、苦味,这4种鱼糜凝胶并没有表现出明显的区别。     

Increasing Oil Concentration Affects Consumer Perception and Physical Properties of Mayonnaise‐type Spreads Containing KCl

Reducing sodium intakes remains a global challenge for the food industry. KCl is a potential salt substitute but imparts bitterness when used at high concentrations. Little is known about how oil concentrations (OC) affect consumers’ perception of saltiness and bitterness in emulsion products such as mayonnaise containing KCl. We evaluated consumers’ perception and physical properties of mayonnaise‐type spreads at various oil and tastant (NaCl or KCl) concentrations. Consumers (N = 306) evaluated saltiness, bitterness, overall taste liking (OTL) and purchase intent (PI). Viscosity, pH, water activity, and consistency/texture were also measured. Oil and tastant (NaCl or KCl) concentrations had significant effects on saltiness, viscosity, and pH. As OC increased, saltiness intensity slightly decreased for spreads. Increasing oil concentration increased viscosity. Generally, spreads containing KCl had higher bitterness and pH than spreads containing NaCl. All spreads containing KCl were penalized for being “too bitter.” PI was affected by OTL for all spreads but OC was also a significant factor in the purchase decision of spreads containing NaCl. This study demonstrated that increasing OC affected consumers’ taste perception (saltiness and bitterness) and spreads’ physical properties including pH and viscosity.     

Sweetness and texture perceptions in structured gelatin gels with embedded sugar rich domains

Layered and homogeneous gelatin gels with controlled rheological properties were compared for their sensory characteristics, specifically sweetness, hardness, breakdown behaviour and frothing. All gels and layers had a gelatin/water concentration of 5%. The total sugar concentration was 9% in the layered samples and 0, 9, 15 or 22.5% in the homogeneous samples. These concentrations corresponded to the concentrations in the single layers.A seven-layered sample with different sugar concentrations in the layers gave a higher early sweetness intensity than a homogeneous gel with the same mean total sugar concentration. All layered gels were similar in hardness, breakdown behaviour and frothing; for the homogenous samples, sensory hardness was decreased in samples with much sugar. These gels also fell into smaller pieces than the sugarless sample. This study shows that it is possible by controlling the sugar distribution within a sample to produce sweeter gels while the sugar content is maintained.     

Enhancement of sweetness intensity in gels by inhomogeneous distribution of sucrose

Model systems consisting of layers of mixed agar/gelatin gel were used to investigate the effect of the spatial distribution of sucrose on perceived sweetness intensity. 2-Alternative forced choice tests were performed with consumers to compare the sweetness of layered samples with an inhomogeneous distribution of sucrose to the sweetness of a reference sample with a homogeneous distribution. All samples had the same overall sucrose concentration (10%) and similar mechanical and rheological properties. Inhomogeneous samples that had large concentration gradients of sucrose between layers were perceived sweeter than the homogeneous reference. No differences in sweetness were observed between the reference and samples with small concentration gradients of sucrose. Additionally, the position of the layers containing sucrose did not affect sweetness. Results showed that an inhomogeneous distribution of sucrose can be used to reduce sucrose content by 20% without a decrease in sweetness intensity.     

Influence of the texture of gelatin gels and pectin gels on strawberry flavour release and perception

The release of strawberry flavour compounds from pectin gels and gelatin gels was evaluated by instrumental and sensory analysis. Three gel textures were established based on Young’s modulus of elasticity (E) for each gel. The E of the low, medium and high rigidity gelatine and pectin gels was 181, 300 and 493 N m⁻², respectively. Air/gel partition coefficients were determined by static headspace analysis. In-nose/proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry analysis produced temporal release profiles. Sensory analysis was conducted to assess perceived odour, thickness, strawberry flavour and sweetness using magnitude estimation. The type of hydrocolloid affected static and in-nose compound concentrations significantly. The pectin gels showed lower air/gel partition coefficients than the gelatin gels, but increased flavour release. Increased gel rigidity resulted in lower air/gel partition coefficients; higher maximum concentrations of volatiles and lower release rates during in-nose analysis; decreased perception of odour, strawberry flavour and sweetness; and higher intensity ratings for thickness in sensory analysis. Consequently, both type of hydrocolloid and rigidity of the sample greatly affected flavour release and perception.     

Fat, Protein, and Mineral Components of Added Ingredients Affect Flavor Qualities of Tomato Soups

Ten tomato soups were prepared with deionized, distilled water, skim or whole milk, or deionized, distilled water with added fat (corn oil), protein (calcium caseinate), and/or minerals (NaCl, KCl, CaCl₂) to equal the composition of whole milk. Tomato soups prepared with whole or skim milk were perceived as sweetest by a sensory panel of 12 trained subjects. Salt taste was probably masked by sweetness from lactose in milk. Added minerals may have increased saltiness either by adding to total Na⁺ content or by freeing Na⁺ from other ingredients making it more available for perception. Saltiness was suppressed by added protein, which increased pH, and may have affected Na⁺ binding. Salt taste intensity correlated positively with tomato flavor.