铁路空调客车内三维湍流流动及温度场的实验研究

空调铁路客车室内空气湍流场、温度场的研究是空调客车室内气流组织设计及车室内舒适环境评价与研究的基础，本文采用κ—ε湍流模型，固体区域应用区域扩充方法，对空调客车室内三维空气流场与温度场分布进行了数值模拟研究，为空调客车室内舒适环境的优化研究提供了依据。     

高速列车隧道通过对车内流场影响研究

列车高速过隧道时诱发的压力波通过新风口传入车内,给旅客乘车舒适性带来严重影响。为验证高速列车隧道通过时空调系统的工作性能和探究车内流场的变化规律。构建列车车厢与空调管路系统的整体模型,基于计算流体力学方程,利用有限体积数值求解方法,引入数值传热项,模拟分析高速列车通过隧道时新风口压力变化对客室内流场产生的影响。结果表明:隧道通过时空调换气系统中的压头风机能有效抑制外界压力波动,使车内压力变化很小;车内温度变化范围在(297~299)K之间,满足舒适性要求;新风口压力的突然变化有可能导致客室内风速变化,变化幅值均小于0.5m/s,满足舒适性要求。可为高速列车空调系统的改进提供理论依据。     

高速铁路客车空调负荷的非稳态方法计算

根据高速铁路客车冷负荷特点,采用谐波反应法以非稳态传热的方式计算高速铁路客车的冷负荷,对高速铁路客车和普通铁路客车的车外综合温度波及车体围护结构的传热量进行计算,并对计算结果进行对比.研究结果表明,高速客车如果参照中低速客车空调设计,制冷量设计值偏大;高速铁路客车空调负荷变化不同于中低速客车,应根据实际情况制定其制冷量的调节方案;高速铁路客车在进行轻量化同时要加强车体围护结构保温隔热能力,减小车内温度波动.     

冬季单侧喷口加二次气流下热环境的节能性和舒适性讨论

采用数值模拟的方法研究了单侧喷口送风的分层空调和单侧喷口加二次气流的改进型分层空调2种气流组织,对冬季室内的垂直温度分布、居住域温度场、速度场以及热负荷等进行了分析,据此讨论了冬季室内的热舒适性和节能性。经过与试验进行对比验证后,数值模拟拓展模拟研究表明:对于单侧喷口送风有、无二次气流2种分层空调形式,在送风量和送风温度以及边界条件均相同的情况下,室内居住域的温度分别为21.9℃和21.1℃,以前者同样的居住域温度为条件,计算两者空调供热负荷,得到前者节能率为12.5%。同时以两者居住域的ADPI作为舒适性评价依据,研究分析得到两者分别为48.5%和22.7%,前者较好,即对于本文研究对象而言,单侧喷口加二次气流的改进型分层空调具有一定的节能效果且提高了室内热环境的舒适性。     

车门缝隙对车室内热环境影响的数值模拟

应用RNG k-ε湍流模型结合近壁面函数法对车室内热环境进行了数值模拟,计算采用SIMPLE算法.做温度场模拟时,考虑了自然对流的影响.介绍了加入车门缝隙后计算域几何模型的确立及复杂边界条件的处理.重点分析了车门缝隙对速度场和温度场的影响.研究结果为轿车的空调参数优化设计和车内舒适性环境研究提供有益的参考.     

空调列车室内三维紊流流场和温度场数值模拟

基于计算流体动力学对某列车车厢内部的速度场与温度场的分布进行了数值模拟。采用稳态不可压缩雷诺平均N-S方程,紊流模型选择两方程模型,应用有限体积法计算了车厢内气固耦合传热问题。研究了送风方式和送风速度对空调列车室内流场的影响,以及送风温度对列车室内温度场的影响,为空调列车室内气流组织优化设计及舒适性研究提供依据。     

汽车乘员舱升温过程中非均匀热环境下乘员热响应试验

目前汽车乘坐热舒适性的研究主要集中在乘员舱热环境方面,特别是车内流场和温度场分布规律的研究,直接针对乘员热舒适性或主观热感觉、客观热环境与主观热感觉关系的研究还较少。为探索我国南方冬季典型使用环境下汽车乘员舱升温过程中乘员的热响应,通过试验设计进行了一系列的试验研究。通过热电偶温度传感器网络获得汽车冷启动后空调升温过程中车内不同位置的温度分布和瞬态变化过程。同时对车内乘员身体9个不同部位的皮肤温度变化进行动态测量,采用美国供热制冷空调工程师学会提出的7点热感觉评价标尺对乘员头部、躯干、上肢和下肢的瞬时局部主观热感觉进行评价。最后采用数理统计方法分析了局部皮肤温度和局部热感觉之间的关系。分析结果表明,在此升温过程中车内热环境是高度瞬态非均匀的变化过程,乘员的乘坐位置对其局部皮肤温度和局部热感觉等热响应都有着显著的影响;而同一乘员的局部皮肤温度和局部热感觉,在瞬态非均匀热环境、衣服电阻和人体热调节系统的影响下,不同身体部位间也存在着较大的差异。研究表明乘员皮肤温度客观参数是评价乘员主观热感觉的有效指标,并通过分析得到实际交通环境下的乘员局部热感觉和局部皮肤温度之间的定量数值关系。应用乘员局部皮肤温度对车内通风和空调系统(Heating,ventilation and air conditioning,HVAC)参数进行了设计和控制,有利于提高乘员热舒适性和降低HVAC系统的能源消耗。     

汽车乘坐空间热环境降温过程动态特性分析研究

车内热环境对乘员热舒适性、行车安全和燃油消耗都有重要意义。以我国南方夏季典型天气环境下车内热环境为研究对象,首先建立试验和数值仿真方法;然后对外部环境作用下车内热流场稳态特性进行测试和数值计算,并以此作为初始条件进一步对空调系统作用下车内热环境动态特性进行测试和计算;最后对车内热环境的稳态和动态特性及其影响因素进行分析研究。结果表明车内热环境存在典型的"温室效应";所受太阳辐射强度的不同导致壁面温度存在着较大差异,且在自然对流的作用下气温在高度方向存在明显的分层现象,车内热环境呈现高度非均匀的分布特性;空调开启后,车内气温在10 min左右可达到稳态,而壁面温度的变化速率要小于气温,30 min后依然没有达到稳态,车内仍然存在明显的瞬态非均匀特性。     

某室内网球场气流组织CFD预测及方案优化

采用了计算流体动力学CFD技术对某室内网球场的气流组织形式进行了数值模拟,预测了不同空调方案下的室内温度场、速度场以及热舒适指标,提出了适宜的气流组织方式,为网球场类体育馆建筑空调系统的设计和CFD模拟研究提供了参考依据.     

绿化建筑室内热环境的CFD模拟

应用CFD软件对建筑物外墙壁有绿化的空调房间的室内空气温度、辐射温度、气流速度以及PMV、PPD等热舒适性指标进行了数值模拟,并与没有绿化的空调房间进行了比较分析,从而对建筑外壁绿化所产生的改善室内热环境的效果进行定量的分析研究和评价.     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.