立井多层超厚含水层工作面及壁后注浆施工

平顶山煤业集团公司十矿北二进风井,全深1 119 m。井筒在15~131.8 m深处,揭露石千峰砂岩含水层,预计涌水量195m3/h左右;在338.3~400m深处,揭露平顶山砂岩含水层,预计涌水量200m3/h左右。平顶山砂岩下部含水层,分别位于井深400~470、520~700和800~880m处,合计330m,裂隙较发育。对石千峰和平顶山砂岩含水层,采用工作面预注浆和壁后注浆法堵水,注浆范围为井深30~400m;对平顶山砂岩下部各含水层,采用壁后注浆法堵水。共进行了22次工作面预注浆、215排壁后注浆,注浆堵水效果良好,顺利通过了各含水层,实现了无水快速掘进。     

注浆堵水技术在石槽村煤矿副立井施工中的应用

为合理解决石槽村煤矿副立井井筒施工中穿含水层问题,为井筒施工创造有利条件,应用定向钻井和综合注浆技术,井筒施工前对地面预注浆过程采用S孔定向钻井,通过设置合理的技术参数,应用合理的注浆工艺、注浆材料及注浆设备,使注浆和井筒掘砌同时进行。工程实践表明：12个强含水层总涌水量从391 m3/h减小到5.7 m3/h,实现了打干井的目的,堵水效果明显。     

冻结法凿井中局部冻结技术对已成井壁保护的温度场分析

 甘肃陇东地区某煤矿竖立井原设计壁座底部886m,采用普通凿井法掘砌至472m处因涌水无法继续施工,采用冻结法补充施工。考虑冻结法可能对已成井壁结构的影响,在冻结孔内侧布设一圈温控孔。本文针对472m范围内冻结温度场选取典型层位建立二维模型进行数值模拟,计算分析当前温控孔布设形式及相关参数选取的合理性,并依据该分析进行实际布设。为工程设计和实施提供理论参考。     

潘北矿副井基岩段快速掘进技术

潘北矿副井主动采用"S"孔地面预注浆与冻结造孔同时施工方法,实现了两者的完全平行作业,注浆后井筒实际涌水量为0.15 m3/h,堵水率为99.8%;满意的注浆效果为井筒基岩段快速掘进施工提供了可靠的保证。井筒掘进选用先进的掘进设备、合理的爆破参数,爆破效率达93%,结合工程实际提出了预防拒爆的主要方法。     

新庄煤矿大直径立井快速施工

甘肃新庄煤矿主立井,净直径9 m,井深790.5 m,冲积层厚30 m,冻结深度673m。井筒冻结段掘进直径最大达13.4m,每循环需出矸900m3(段高4m);井壁最厚处达2.2m,每m井壁需浇筑混凝土77.5m3。井筒冻结段掘砌施工中,采用8臂伞形钻架钻眼、甩吊桶法出矸、溜灰管下混凝土等新技术、新工艺,加快了施工速度,仅用7个月就施工到底,取得了平均月进尺超过90m、最高月进尺达110m的好成绩。     

太湖地域百米厚层表土冻结法凿井实践

风井选择位置地点第四系垂深95．93m，总涌水量10．92m^3/h。原设计选用填砂袋打止浆垫方法凿井，实际施工失败。后改为冻结法凿井取得成功，阐述了冻结孔布置、冻结时间及冻壁强度及井壁质量影响因素4个方面的问题。总结了冻结法施工的一些成功因素。     

Pre-cementation of deep shaft

Pre-cementation or pre-grouting of deep shafts in South Africa is an established technique to improve safety and reduce water ingress during shaft sinking. The recent completion of several pre-cementation projects for shafts deeper than 1000m has once again highlighted the effectiveness of pre-grouting of shafts utilizing deep slimline boreholes and incorporating wireline technique for drilling and conventional deep borehole grouting techniques for pre-cementation. Pre-cementation of deep shaft will:

厚粘土层冻结井壁力学特性的实测研究

立井井筒穿越厚粘土层的施工一直是冻结法凿井的技术难点.通过对厚粘土层冻结井壁力学特性的现场实测,深入分析了井壁压力变化规律、井壁的环向和竖向受力特性.     

回风立井过强含水层预注浆关键技术研究

为确保裴沟煤矿樊寨井田43采区回风立井安全快速地穿过二叠系下石盒子组五煤底砂岩强含水层,针对砂岩强含水层的特点,合理选取工作面预注浆防治水技术方案,提出预注浆钻孔、检验钻孔布置原则和注浆合格评价标准等关键技术。通过方案的实施,立井井筒在穿过强含水层期间,实际揭露全工作面涌水量仅2 m³/h,防治水效果显著,达到了预期目的。     

我国深井快速建井综合技术

我国煤炭垣藏深度在1000—2000m的约占总储量的53．2％，深井建设的平均深度有加速增长的趋势。结合深井快速建井的几个代表性工程介绍钻井法和冻结法凿井技术在深井建设中的应用。探讨了深井建设中支护技术、通风降温技术、防治水技术、施工工艺与装备技术等问题。     

唐口煤矿主井井简注浆堵水方案及应用

针对唐口煤矿地质条件复杂、涌水量较大等特点,提出了采用单液水泥浆和黏土水泥浆等2种浆液对主井井筒进行地面预注浆。注浆工程竣工后,开挖施工井筒,对整个注浆段剩余涌水量进行实测统计发现:井筒剩余涌水量不足2m3/h,平均堵水率为96.9%,注浆堵水效果显著。     

铜陵千米竖井恢复下掘预注浆技术的研究

铜陵冬瓜山各米竖井因突水淹没,水深达800m。经采取深水下抛碴注浆封底排水措施后,恢复井筒掘进。在掘进过程中存在设备排水能力明显不能满足需要的状况,为了将井筒涌水降至最低限度,采用工作面预注浆技术防治地下涌水,较顺利地完成了剩余130m水文地质条件较复杂地层井筒的施工。     

Giant Mine: Identification of Inflow Water Types and Preliminary Geochemical Monitoring during Reflooding

Abstract:  Between 1948 and 1999, gold ore containing high concentrations of arsenopyrite was mined at the Giant Mine near Yellowknife, Canada. Processing resulted in 215,000 kg of gold and approximately 237,000 tonnes of highly soluble arsenic trioxide, a by-product of the roasting process. The arsenic dust was collected and placed underground in 15 shallow chambers and stopes (within 75m of the surface) with the understanding that the ground would revert to permafrost conditions once mining was completed. Subsequent studies have shown that the ground is unlikely to refreeze naturally; therefore, it has been proposed to actively freeze the arsenic trioxide storage areas to hydraulically isolate them from the post-closure ground water system. However, other arsenic sources (backfilled tailings, etc.) exist deeper in the mine (600 m total depth), so there is a concern that arsenic will leach into the minewater system and ultimately into the environment when the mine is allowed to flood. Therefore, the development and implementation of a remediation plan for the site requires a good understanding of the arsenic distribution and expected release to the mine water. To gain this understanding, a detailed program of surface and underground sampling was carried out to identify or “type” the inflow sources to the mine, and their interaction with arsenic sources both on the surface and within the mine workings. As of July 2005, the mine has been allowed to begin reflooding to reduce pumping costs and remove the need for servicing pumps at the bottom of the mine, thus allowing the main shaft to be taken out of service. Prior to starting reflooding, a multi-level monitoring system was installed in the main shaft and is currently being used to monitor reflooding levels and water chemistry. Samples can be collected from each mine level intersecting the shaft. The system will monitor reflooding rate and test how underground arsenic sources (backfilled tailings, etc.) are affecting water quality in the mine. This geochemical information will be used to assess long-term arsenic loading from sources outside the frozen zone and predict how long mine water treatment will be needed before natural ground water flow can be allowed.     

铁路隧道深竖井井筒防治水设计及施工技术

高黎贡山隧道2号竖井所在区域工程地质及水文地质条件异常复杂,施工中需穿越10条挤压破碎带及14条构造破碎带,井检孔揭露竖井开挖范围内分布有7层含水层。为保障井筒安全掘砌,采用煤矿井筒建设使用的地面预注浆技术治理水患。设计“S”形定向深孔注浆孔,注浆治理段高340 m,注浆材料选用堵水性能好的黏土水泥浆。注浆结束后,压水试验预测主、副井筒剩余涌水量较注浆前分别下降99.8%和99.7%,堵水质量优异。     

混凝土井壁水化热对白垩侏罗系地层冻结壁的影响

 根据现场实测结果,对内蒙东胜地区冻结法凿井混凝土井壁水化热对冻结壁的影响规律进行分析和探讨。获得内壁浇筑水化热对冻结壁的影响不可忽略,其影响使得井帮处正温持续时间较长,及侏罗系地层受其影响的冻结壁融化深度比白垩系地层要大200mm左右等结论。对内蒙地区冻结工法设计与施工具有重要意义。     

郓城煤矿主井外壁混凝土应变的实测及分析

为了深入研究井壁的受力与变形规律,在郓城矿冻结法凿井过程中,开展了井壁应力、应变的现场实测研究。通过郓城主井冻结凿井现场实测,获得了郓城主井外层井壁混凝土应变的变化规律,并与混凝土允许应变值或极限应变值进行对比分析,预测了外壁的安全性。分析得出：郓城主井外壁混凝土环向受压很大但远小于高强混凝土的极限压应变,最大竖向拉应变较大但主要出现在混凝土强度已充分增长后,因此井壁是安全的。     

深厚冻结基岩中新型单层井壁的施工技术与混凝土应变实测

以呼吉尔特矿区葫芦素副立井为工程实例,详细阐述了国内首个基岩冻结新型单层井壁的施工工艺和混凝土应变实测方法,对施工过程中的技术难点进行了分析,给出了井壁混凝土的质量控制指标。现场实测表明：新型单层井壁混凝土应变是冻结压力、井壁温度共同作用的结果,其变化规律可分为OA , AB, BC, CD 等4个阶段;混凝土浇筑完毕后的99.6~149.5 d,混凝土竖向、环向压微应变极值分别达到－190.5～－458.0和－590.4～－799.1;混凝土环向压微应变极值为竖向的1.3~4.2倍,且最大不超过混凝土极限压微应变估算值 ε max 的25.7%;凿井期葫芦素副立井单层井壁处于安全状态     

压水试验在隧道深竖井施工中的实践应用

高黎贡山隧道深竖井含水层层数较多、较厚,破碎带较多,地质构造异常复杂,掘砌过程中存在较大的突水问题。对竖井进行地面预注浆后,采用压水试验检验地面预注浆的技术成果,压水试验整个过程是通过止浆塞封水,分段压水,利用满足压水流量的变档调速泵设备,调节压水流量实现多级次压水试验,并结合立井井筒地面预注浆效果压水试验检验方法,将压水试验应用于高黎贡山隧道深竖井地面预注浆施工中。试验结果认为：在水文地质条件异常复杂的隧道深竖井地面预注浆工程施工中,压水试验同时能够准确地计算出含水层渗透系数及井筒剩余涌水量,检测地面预注浆效果显著。研究结果表明：压水试验是检验隧道深竖井地面预注浆效果的科学有效方法,同样适用于含水层较多、较厚,地质构造异常复杂,破碎带较多的非煤矿领域,取得了良好的应用。     

厚风积砂覆盖地层立井井壁竖直附加力与井壁结构

采用物理试验方法,初步开展饱和砂与井壁混凝土界面竖向剪切试验,获得了界面竖向抗剪强度指标;基于数值计算,进一步研究厚风积砂覆盖地层立井井壁竖直附加力的变化规律。结果表明:风积砂地层中,井壁竖直附加力随深度的增加呈现出非线性增长规律,并在风积砂含水层与基岩交界面附近达到极值;进入基岩段后,竖直附加力部分由基岩分担,附加力急剧减小。在厚度超过100 m的风积砂地层中,随着含水层水位的不断下降(如超过20 m),传统的双层复合井壁结构在竖直附加力等作用下,于基岩交界面附近可能出现井壁破裂灾害,应采用适应地层沉降的可缩井壁结构限制竖直附加力的增长。     

The Comprehensive Realistic Yearly Pit Transient Infilling Code (CRYPTIC): A Novel Pit Lake Analytical Solution

Abstract.  Permitting of open pit mines that intersect the groundwater table necessitates the use of sophisticated numerical models to determine the temporal impact of pit lake hydraulics. However, while mine feasibility and the potential environmental influences of open-pit dewatering can be estimated using conventional screening-level methods, to date there have been few published transient analytical solutions to estimate the pit lake recovery duration and inflow rates. The Comprehensive Realistic Yearly Pit Transient Infilling Code (CRYPTIC) described here is based on the Jacob-Lohman equation, modified to include the pit geometry and effects of precipitation and evaporation from the pit lake surface as well as the input/output of external flows. It assumes that the aquifer is homogeneous and isotropic with laterally extensive horizontal flow but differs from other methods in that it includes transient inflows. CRYPTIC was used to successfully model the Berkeley Pit Lake (Butte, Montana) recovery data and its predictions also compared favorably with results from the Pipeline Pit (north-central Nevada) numerical model. However, while this analytical approach provides useful hydraulic insights at the feasibility stage of mine planning, more detailed analysis is required to determine critical mine permitting requirements. For example, the lateral extent of the drawdown cone, time to maximum extent of dewatering, and temporal effects on springs and seeps require deployment of a full numerical code and substantially more data.