Single aperture monopulse horn antenna

This paper describes the design and performance of a conical Potter horn antenna which can generate sum or difference far field patterns suitable for monopulse tracking applications. The antenna consists of a horn antenna fed with a metal post loaded polarizer which is energised by suitably phased 50-/spl Omega/ matched coaxial probes. The prototype demonstrator designed here operates in the frequency range 8-8.6GHz with sum and difference patterns obtained by using a very simple phasing circuit. At 8.5GHz, the gain of the sum pattern is 18.6dB and the in the difference pattern is 26dB at boresight.     

Phase-only synthesis of the radiation pattern of the phased array antenna of a coordinate meter

Design versions of the phased array antenna (PAA) of an object coordinate meter are considered. The array antenna forms the sum radiation pattern and two difference patterns ensuring measuring of the object angular coordinates. The problem of the phase-only synthesis of the PAA sum amplitude pattern with a given shape is solved under the condition of keeping the angular orientation of direction-finding nulls of difference patterns in the pattern scanning direction. Design relationships are derived and a pattern synthesis method based on numerical minimization of a nonlinear functional is described. Synthesis examples are presented.     

L/S双频段圆形阵列单脉冲抛物面天线

该文研究了一种以六单元圆形阵列作为照射器的单脉冲抛物面天线,这种天线具有实现宽频带跟踪的独特优点,其输出信号类似于圆波导单口径多模馈源,具有一个和波束,一个锥形差波束,并给出了没有接收机参与的情况下,将宽频带的和差两个通道变成单通道的途径。研制了一套L(1#61485;2GHz),S(2.2#61485;2.3GHz)宽频带双圆极化单通道单脉冲天线,对该天线的照射器、分波器、波束形成网络、单通道变换器等组件和馈源结构集成化设计进行比较详细的介绍。该馈源安装到一个3.2m的抛物面上,频率为1.1GHz,2.2GHz时,和波束增益分别为22.9dB,30.1dB;差波束零深为35dB,40dB。在L/S两个频段内跟踪稳定。     

Monopulse printed circuit dipole array

The design and performance of a monopulse Ku-band planar array is described. The antenna is designed to provide 20 dB sidelobes sum pattern in the azimuth plane and an operating bandwidth of 1 GHz (16.25-17.25 GHz). The voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) of this array at the input is less than 2:1 over the bandwidth.     

Partial adaptive nulling on a monopulse phased array antenna system

A partial phase-only nulling (PPON) algorithm has been developed and evaluated on a 496-element monopulse phased array antenna system which employs five-bit phase shifters. Using this PPON algorithm allows nulls in the far-field pattern to be steered to the desired directions for a phased array equipped with low-resolution phase shifters to perform simultaneous nulling in the sum and two difference patterns in the environment of multiple jammers. Simulated and experimental patterns are illustrated     

Corporate feed design for microstrip arrays

A design technique for an embedded microstrip corporate feed is presented. The aim of the design is to shape each corporate feed junction to achieve a tapered and in-phase output current distribution. From this, a Dolph-Chebyshev array sum pattern may be constructed. In the experiments, the designed corporate feed is used to excite a five-element equispaced linear array of overlay microstrip dipoles. It is found both theoretically and experimentally that a 20-dB Dolph-Chebyshev broadside sum pattern can be synthesized in the H-plane at 8.5 GHz. Mutual coupling among the dipoles is included in this analysis. The pattern degradation due to manufacturing tolerances on the alignment between the feed network and the dipole array is discussed     

Ka频段宽带双口双模馈源设计

针对卡塞格伦天线系统对馈源的要求,设计了一种Ka频段双口双模馈源,可与X频段馈源组合成体积较小的双频段馈源。采用圆环状的和差比较器结构,降低了双频段馈源的体积,通过添加过渡阶梯、圆柱销钉与金属调配板等设计,改善了双频段馈源的性能。测试结果表明,在绝对带宽2 GHz范围内,S和口、E差口与H差口驻波比均小于2,3个端口间的隔离度均大于25 dB。测试频率的和方向图在±60°时的归一化增益均在-14~-20 dB范围内,初级归一化和方向图的对称性较理想,差方向图的零值深度均小于-25 dB,满足卡塞格伦天线对馈源设计的指标要求。     

Simultaneous nulling in the sum and difference patterns of a monopulse antenna

Most adaptive array research has not directly addressed the problem of nulling in a monopulse antenna. Placing a null in the sum does not automatically place a null in the difference pattern and vice versa. Nulls may be placed in the two patterns with the use of separate adaptive weights and controls for the sum and difference channels. However, this requires two sets of adaptive hardware for one antenna. A technique for simultaneous hulling in the sum and difference channels of a monopulse phased array using one set of adaptive weights shared by both channels is described. First, the technique is described for amplitude and phase nulling, then for phase only hulling. In each case, the ability to simultaneously null in both channels with one set of variable weights is theoretically demonstrated.     

Pattern nulling in difference pattern by amplitude control

A method of placing nulls in directions of any unwanted radio frequency interference (RFI) sources in the difference pattern of a phased array by controlling the current amplitudes is discussed. Thus one can now achieve pattern nulling in both the sum and difference patterns by amplitude control and can therefore carry out the minimization of RFI noise independently of the maximization of the desired signal. The method therefore provides an efficient alternative approach to the design of adaptive phased arrays.     

A flat-feed technique for phased arrays

A recently developed phased-array feed configuration offering significant advantages over the conventional space, corporate, and series feed techniques is described. This technique, referred to as the "flat feed," allows power division for monopulse sum and difference pattern illumination functions in a feed depth of less than a half-wavelength with low loss. The technique used to extract energy from the power divider, which consists in part of a radial transmission line, results, in its simplest configuration, in a circular grid of antenna elements. Relations governing the circular grid array geometry design are derived which relate the angular locations of attenuated grating lobes to the spacing between the rings of radiating elements. ExperimentalS-band hardware, built to prove the feed technique, is described. It includes a multimode launcher with measured coupling between circular wavegulde sum (TM_{01}) and difference (TE_{11}) modes of less than -37 dB; a seven-ring 1:195 radial power divider measured across a 10-percent band to have insertion loss of 0.1 dB and rms phase and amplitude deviations of less than3.5degand 0.47 dB; a 144-element array whose measured sum and difference beam radiation patterns are compared with calculated patterns for scan angles out to60degand whose sum port VSWR, measured across a 10-percent band, was under 1.8:1 with the array steered to broadside, and under 1.5:1 for other scan angles out to60deg.     

Pattern synthesis in small phased arrays using adaptive arraytheory

A pattern synthesis technique for low sidelobe difference and scanned beams in small phased arrays is presented. The approach is based on adaptive array theory and is a development of a technique used for beam synthesis in an ideal, λ/2 spaced, isotropic array. The method has been applied to measured element pattern data from a five element linear array, which includes the effects of pattern corruption by mutual coupling. The successful synthesis of low sidelobe sum and difference beams are demonstrated, with the look direction on and scanned off boresight     

Feed network for dual beam reflector antennas

A primary feed network for doubly curved shaped-beam reflector antennas is described which allows simultaneous signal reception on two distinct elevation plane patterns such that the underside falloff separation between a fixed lower beam and a higher beam can be substantially varied in a lossless manner. A three-element feed array is employed wherein two elements of the array are interconnected by means of a sum-difference hybrid. The sum port generates the fixed low beam while the difference port generates an orthogonal beam pattern suitable for RF combining with an independent high beam generated by the third array element. Adjustment of the combining amplitude and phase relationships permits the variation of the underside falloff separation. The fixed low beam is, of course, also used for transmission at high power. Design parameters for a typical surveillance radar application axe discussed for a linearly polarized case. Calculated antenna patterns and free-space coverage diagrams are presented. The complexities of extending the feed network concept to handle switchable linear/circular polarization cases and an integral directional beacon pattern for L band systems are indicated.     

相控阵的两级子阵级加权方法研究

研究相控阵雷达的两级子阵级加权方法.其中第1级子阵级加权用于抑制差波束旁瓣,与Bayliss加权相比,降低了硬件成本与复杂度.第2级子阵级加权用于对和、差波束进行自适应干扰抑制.给出基于修正导向向量的方法,可有效抑制自适应方向图的旁瓣;且具有实现简单的优点,与基于预处理的方法相比有效降低了运算代价.采用修正导向向量与最优波束形成器的结合方法,提高了旁瓣抑制的灵活性;可在较好抑制旁瓣的同时,得到与最优波束形成器非常接近的SINR.仿真结果证明了所提出方法的有效性.     

电子对抗环境下ADBF相控阵雷达的阵列结构优化

ADBF相控阵雷达通常采用子阵结构。子阵结构对系统性能具有显著影响,对相控阵进行最优子阵划分具有重要的理论与应用意义。该文利用多目标进化算法(MOEA)进行子阵结构优化,使系统在主瓣干扰下具有尽可能好的抗干扰及和、差波束旁瓣抑制性能。将和波束自适应方向图的旁瓣电平、系统输出SINR及差波束的旁瓣电平作为优化目标,构造了5种目标函数。给出了MOEA子阵结构的编码方法。基于Pareto秩排序的MOEA将3032的平面阵划分为64个子阵的仿真结果表明,系统的多种性能得到了提高。     

Monopulse Networks for Series Feeding an Array Antenna

Series networks for feeding an array antenna are attractive because they can be designed compactly. A series "ladder" network is available which is particularly applicable for feeding a monopulse array antenna since it has complete independent control of the sum and difference excitations, minimum dissipative loss, and physical symmetry. This network consists of primary and secondary transmission lines feeding two sets of directional couplers that are interconnected to resemble a ladder. To obtain physical symmetry, the ladder is fed at the center by two hybrid junctions and an additional directional coupler. An experimental array fed by a ladder network was fabricated and tested. The design objectives of 25 dB sidelobe suppression for the sum and difference mode patterns were achieved.     

A 94 GHz planar monopulse tracking receiver

This paper describes the design, fabrication and measurements of a 94 GHz integrated monopulse receiver with IF beam control. The receiver is integrated on a single chip, and is based on a 23 GHz local oscillator driving four separate phase-coherent 94 GHz subharmonic mixers. The resulting IF signals are takeoff-chip to a IF monopulse processor, which produces sum and difference monopulse patterns for the elevation and azimuth coordinates. Voltage-controlled phase-shifters in each of the IF channels allow the monopulse patterns to be electronically steered. All of the receiver circuits are realized using uniplanar coplanar-waveguide (CPW), slot lines and coplanar striplines (CPS). These features result in a compact, low-cost system suitable for tracking systems operating in poor visibility conditions, as well as in collision avoidance receivers for automotive applications. To our knowledge, this work represents the first demonstration of a fully integrated millimeter-wave subsystem to date     

Exact analysis of radiation patterns using the expansion of theFourier sum

The time required to compute radiation patterns of linear arrays given in a form of a Fourier sum depends on the number of array elements. In this communication, a fast algorithm for computing Fourier sums is presented. The radiation pattern given by this sum can be replaced by an infinite series whose terms depend on the envelope of the excitation function, w(x), and its derivatives at the edges of the linear array. In cases when w(x) has a few nonzero derivatives, this infinite series can be replaced by a finite sum which can be evaluated more rapidly than the original Fourier sum, making the method especially suitable for real-time applications. The effect of critical point is also investigated. Some sample case studies are included     

Antenna Pattern Correction Technique Based on an Adaptive Array Algorithm

An antenna pattern correction technique is presented that is based on an adaptive array algorithm. In the method, the antenna pattern of the antenna under test (AUT) is measured several times at different positions in the quiet-zone. The corrected antenna pattern is obtained by taking a weighted average of the measured patterns. An array synthesis algorithm is employed for obtaining the averaging weights at each rotation angle of the AUT. The weights are adapted specifically for a given AUT. The adaptive array correction technique is demonstrated in a hologram based compact antenna test range (CATR) at 310 GHz with both a synthetic antenna and a physical test antenna. For verification, the accuracy provided by the adaptive array correction technique is compared to that provided by uniform weighting.     

Design of Circular Switched Parasitic Dipole Arrays Using a Genetic Algorithm

Circular switched parasitic dipole arrays are designed in this letter, using the method of genetic algorithms. Three possible configurations are proposed: a simple circular array with one element driven and the others short-circuited, and two implementations of double-ring array. In the latter case, an inner ring of parasitic elements is added. Electronic steering is achieved through switching of the elements by circular permutation. The aim of the design is to obtain a desired radiation pattern, and to achieve impedance matching of the single active element. The arrays are simulated with the SuperNEC2.4 package and the induced emf method. Double-ring arrays offer better patterns and more accurate impedance matching than simple circular arrays at 1.8 GHz. The designed arrays achieve SWR values below 2.5 from 1.7 to 1.9 GHz. The radiation patterns remain satisfying in an average bandwidth equal to 6.5% of the carrier frequency.     

机载相控阵雷达和差通道地面杂波功率谱分析

本文采用沿距离门一等多普勒线区域积分求杂波功率的方法，通过建立和差波束天线方向图模型，对机载相控阵雷达在常规脉冲高、中、低脉冲重复频率（ＰＲＦ）时和差通道的地面杂波功率谱进行了研究，分析了杂波功率谱受载机速度、ＰＲＦ、脉冲宽度、波束指向等参数影响的变化规律．分析结果对机载相控阵雷达杂波模拟和雷达信号处理都有实际应用意义。