拓扑多边形自动构建的一种改进算法

多边形的构建是地理数据拓扑关系建立的难点之一,其算法的自动化、速度和复杂性一直是GIS界研究的一个重点。在分析文献犤6犦算法局限性的基础上,根据解析几何的原理,提出了一种基于方位角计算的拓扑多边形自动构建的改进算法,较好地解决了多边形构建中弧段断开处理和多边形拓扑关系确定的问题。所提算法结构清晰、简单易懂,且程序容易实现。     

一种基于加减法求交和顶点类型的凹多边形水平扫描填色算法

本文给出了一种只有加减运算就能求大平线线与凹多边形边界交点的方法,并根据顶点类型定义,将凹多边形顶点分成“水平顶点”、“极占”、“拐点”三类。设计了基于三类顶点的边界存储结构;建立了凹多边形水平扫描填色算法,解决了当交为顶点时可能产生的“交点对”不配对的问题。     

GIS中孤岛和内点快速归属算法

针对GIS拓扑数据结构的建立,该文提出了一种快速进行内点和孤岛归属的算法．算法首先利用“面积法”实现外多边形的识别并获得外多边形左极点,然后利用“改进的射线法”将识别后的外多边形左极点和内点向左侧引出射线,并获得与弧段的交点,最后利用弧段的特征获得外多边形和内点的归属关系．由于该算法充分利用了弧段的特征,从而避免了多边形的组织和弧段的重复处理以及非直接包含关系的判断,保证了海量数据生成拓扑数据结构的效率．同时文章还对归属中的退化问题提出了解决方案．算法的实际应用表明,该算法具有较高的效率和较强的实用性．     

图形裁剪算法研究

本文介绍和研究直线、曲线和多边形的最新裁剪算法,包括作者近期的研究成果。首先对于矩形窗口,介绍了直线裁剪算法,圆和椭圆裁剪算法以及参数曲线的裁剪算法。然后,介绍了多边形窗口的直线裁剪算法和多边形窗口的多边形裁剪算法以及区域间的“交”、“差”和“并”操作。最后,介绍了圆形和椭圆形窗口的直线裁剪算法。     

基于夹角变化趋势的多边形自动搜索和生成算法

利用左转算法生成多边形是GIS中面域组织和拓扑关系建立的常用算法。根据算法规则,对于由顺时针方向和逆时针方向建立的多边形都可以生成多边形文件,这就会产生一些重复多边形和无效的多边形。为此,提出了基于夹角变化趋势判断多边形搜索方向的算法,根据左转或右转算法得到的点组顺序,分别计算由起始点出发的弧段的方位角,根据相邻弧段夹角的和来判断多边形的搜索方向,实现了每一多边形都是由左转算法生成,完成了多边形的自动建立。该算法有效地判断了多边形的搜索方向,避免了无效多边形的生成。     

传感器网络节点位置不确定性研究3

讨论了传感器网络节点定位中的位置不确定性问题,引入节点的可行地理区域反映出节点的所有可能位置范围.使用简单的多边形近似不规则的实际可行地理区域,并给出了一种分布式计算方法.仿真结果表明,使用6个顶点的多边形近似可行地理区域,其精度比使用4个顶点提高了约30%.此外,开销较小的分布式算法能最终收敛到集中式算法的计算结果.     

利用双邻点判断法优化拓扑关系自动生成算法

拓扑关系自动生成算法的效率直接影响地理数据空间关系的建立和查询等操作的性能。作者在实际的软件设计过程中，发现双邻点判断法可以在算法至关重要的２个环节处大大减少运算量，显著提高算法效率。这２个环节就是多边形的区域归属判断以及点与多边形包含关系的判断。     

直线剖分平面算法的实现和应用

本文引入一种称为“区域树”的二叉树结构来表示若干直线由于相交而形成的对平面的剖分,并以之实现了一个“增加构造”方式的直线剖分平面算法。算法可用于解决许多与平面直线图形有关的问题,本文给出了如下应用实例：点定位问题,半平面公共交问题,简单多边形凸分解问题,简单多边形求交问题。     

一种新的多边形填充算法

作者在对已有的多边形填充算法深入研究的基础上,给出了一种称之为“完全记忆求交法”的新的多边形填充算法,新算法较已有算法有更高的效率。     

多边形中的点可见性快速算法

针对点的可见性计算这一计算几何中的基础问题,提出一种支持任意查询点的可见多边形快速计算的基于多边形Voronoi图的点可见性算法.以与Voronoi骨架路径对应的Voronoi通道概念,以及相应的局部最短路径概念为基础,按照深度优先策略对Voronoi图进行遍历,在计算Voronoi骨架路径的同时计算局部最短路径,并基于局部最短路径计算所遍历的多边形边的可见部分.该算法可以处理“带洞”多边形,而且只对多边形进行局部访问;对于“带洞”多边形,由于该算法的数据结构比较简单、剖分空间合理且易于实现,因此仅需O(n)空间和O(nlgn)预处理时间.最后给出了在三维室内虚拟场景设计与漫游系统中的应用实例,结果表明文中算法是实际可行,且运行时间与点的可见多边形的边数和多边形的边数均呈线性关系.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).