机械镀锌沉积机理的研究

通过蒸发皿模拟试验和生产试验,采用体视显微镜观察了机械镀锌形层过程中金属锌粉在预镀工件表面的吸附、沉积过程,并用光学相机记录了金属锌粉的沉积过程.运用物理化学、电化学的基础理论分析了金属锌粉的沉积机理.分析结果表明,基层建立阶段,金属锌粉和Sn2+发生化学反应;镀层增厚阶段,金属锌粉和M2+发生化学反应;金属锌粉表面化学反应造成的库仑引力和机械镀锌过程玻璃珠冲击介质的碰撞是锌粉沉积的主要原因.     

钢丝的锌粉热镀锌法及助镀剂的研究

本文提出用锌粉直接为钢丝表面镀锌的新工艺,克服了传统热镀锌工艺中频繁更换锌锅、锌液等弊端.锌粉热镀锌法的关键是助镀剂,文中提出的松香-酒精系列助镀剂可以得到高质量的镀层.     

机械镀锌层的X射线衍射分析

采用机械镀方法制备了锌镀层,运用X射线衍射技术分析了镀层的物相组成和锌粉颗粒的晶格参数。研究结果表明,机械镀锌层是由单质金属锌、锡和铁构成,镀层中没有辞、锡和铁之间的化合物或固溶体等合金相存在;由纳米亚晶构成的锌粉颗粒是镀层的主体,锌粉形成镀层后没有发生晶粒细化。     

新型光亮镀锌添加剂ZB-80

一、引言锌酸盐镀锌溶液是一种成份简单、成本低廉、性能稳定的镀液。几年来,已经发展成为我国镀锌的主体,总槽液量近700万升。其中应用DPE添加剂的锌酸盐镀锌已遍及全国二十几个省市,槽液量接近400万升。当然,DPEX工艺在几年的实际应用中,发现一些不足之处,影响了它的进一步推广,急待进行提高工作。原DPE镀锌工艺最大的缺陷是选用了三乙醇胺作辅助添加剂。由于三乙醇胺对某些金属离子有一定的络合作用,特别是对铁离子有较强的络合力,使镀液中的铁离子不能用加入锌粉的方法去处理,有的工厂由于工艺掌握不严,维护管理差,如错误地使用了铁板作不溶性阳极,沿用氰化镀锌铁槽,铁镀件落入槽中不及时取出,都会使镀液中铁离子的含量逐渐增多,致使镀锌层钝化后变色,增大镀层脆性,使镀层起雾,弹性零件除氢后镀锌层颜色变暗。     

机械镀锌中先导金属锡的沉积与作用

目前,对机械镀的镀覆机理的研究未完整、统一,但众多学者倾向于先导金属的作用,进一步弄清其机理,可为获得性能良好的镀层打下基础.以机械镀锌为例,研究了加入浓度为0.01,0.10,1.00mol/L的SnCl2,溶液后先导金属Sn在锌粉沉积中的规律及其作用.提出了先导金属Sn在锌粉上沉积的电化学模型.结果表明:其2种沉积方式为:(1)先导金属Sn在锌粉颗粒之间沉积,并将锌粉连接在一起;(2)在堆积锌粉与溶液的界面上形成Sn枝晶,像"搭扣"一样将锌粉颗粒连接到一起.指出为了获得成分均匀、结构致密的机械镀锌层,应当强化先导金属Sn的第一种沉积方式,抑制第二种沉积方式.随着加入SnCl2溶液浓度的提高和加入量的提高,在堆积锌粉的表面形成Sn枝晶的过程加强.     

机械镀锌层的结构分析

运用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析等研究了机械镀锌层的断口形貌和化学成分。结构分析表明，机械镀锌层不是扁平状锌粉的层层镶嵌叠加，而是尺寸大小不同的锌粉颗粒相互填充堆积；镀层中只有少部分锌粉颗粒发生塑性变形，并且变形取向也无明显的规律。化学成分分析表明，镀层中存在“先导金属”，“先导金属”存在于锌粉颗粒的间隙之中。     

机械镀无结晶镀层致密化分析

采用少锡盐沉积机械镀锌工艺制备了机械镀锌的镀层.利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察机械镀锌层的断口形貌,借助晶体学的基础理论分析了镀层的结构,按其规律用散乱钢球堆积模型直观地模拟了镀层的立体结构,以此分析镀层的致密化机理.结果表明,机械镀锌镀层中的锌粉颗粒以散乱密堆的方式结合,形层过程不发生结晶现象;研究建立了机械镀无结晶镀层的最密填充理论模型,定量求得了镀层的孔隙率.     

机械镀锌层的组织结构研究

为加深对机械镀锌层组织结构的认识,以球状锌粉为原料,通过机械镀方法制备了锌防护层.运用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及其配备的能谱仪观察了镀层的结构形貌,分析了镀层的化学成分;采用XRD技术分析了镀层的物相组成;采用贴滤纸法对镀层进行了孔隙率测试.结果表明,镀锌层是由锌粉颗粒、空隙、金属锡、金属M等构成的多相混合体系,镀层具有一定的致密度;镀层属于由少量Sn,M和大量Zn构成的金属复合镀层,镀层中没有合金相产生;锌粉颗粒是镀层的主体,部分锌粉颗粒发生团聚.     

锌酸盐镀锌槽液的净化处理

我厂电镀车间具有50,000升锌酸盐镀锌液,前几年常碰到杂质积累过量而严重影响镀件质员的难题。由于当时槽液中还使用三乙醇胺,尽管平时也定期用锌粉、硫化钠等常规方法清除槽液,但效果不佳。到82年7月,镀液中杂质愈积愈多,添加剂、光亮剂的用量虽大幅度增加,而回镀率仍高达50%以上,面临被迫停产的窘境,仅七月份就亏损五～六万元。     

锌粉特性对机械镀锌层性能的影响

通过OLYMPUS-GX51型光学显微镜进行机械镀层金相组织检测和厚度测量、划线和划格试验及按GB/T 3091-2001 要求的硫酸铜溶液腐蚀试验,研究了锌粉粒度及形状对机械镀锌层性能的影响.试验表明:在相同机械镀锌工艺规范下,320目颗粒状锌粉镀层颗粒粗大且不均匀,厚度范围33～55 mm,500目颗粒状锌粉镀层不及500目片状锌粉镀层致密,厚度范围45～58 mm,500目片状锌粉镀层最致密颗粒分布也最均匀,厚度范围33～41 mm; 320目颗粒状锌粉、500目颗粒状锌粉、500目片状锌粉机械镀锌层与钢铁基体之间附着强度均达到有关国家标准;均匀性均达到GB/T 3091-2001要求;锌粉粒度越小对应其镀层耐蚀性及均匀性也越好;在相同粒度尺寸下(500目锌粉),片状锌粉比粒状锌粉的镀层具有更好的耐腐性.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to