十八烷基甲基二羟乙基溴化铵的应用性能研究

研究了合成的阳离子季铵盐表面活性剂十八烷基甲基二羟乙基溴化铵的乳化性能、泡沫性能、增溶性能、再润湿力、柔软性及白度、杀菌性及抗静电性等应用性能,其CMC值为3.18×10-5mol/L,表面张力为22.7 mN/m,Krafft点小于0℃。其增溶性能、杀菌性、再润湿性能优越,同时有较好的乳化性能、发泡力和柔软性能,对织物白度的影响较小。该阳离子表面活性剂可用于配置性能优良的洗涤剂、纺织助剂、杀菌剂。     

含多官能团Gemini表面活性剂的合成及性能

以氯乙酰氯、间苯二甲酰氯、长链伯胺（碳链长度为8、12、14和16）和N,N-二甲基乙醇胺为原料合成了一系列含多官能团Gemini阳离子表面活性剂目标产物（I₈、I₁₂、I₁₄和I₁₆）。采用红外光谱和核磁氢谱对产物进行了结构表征。通过电导率法测量目标产物在不同温度下的临界胶束浓度（CMC），并计算出胶束的热力学参数（、、）；在298.15K条件下，通过表面张力法测定目标产物的表面张力（γ_CMC），并探讨了目标产物的泡沫性能和乳化性能。结果表明：目标产物有较低的临界胶束浓度值（CMC），在298.15K条件下，最低CMC达到0.05mmol/L；I₁₆的γ_CMC最低为36.14mN/m；泡沫性和乳化性测试结果表明，在298.15K条件下，I₈的起泡能力最好，I₁₂和I₁₄的稳泡性最好，均达到100%；目标产物对苯和二甲苯具有很好的乳化性能，其中I₁₂对二甲苯的乳化性能最好，乳化时间为900s，I₁₆对苯的乳化性能最好，乳化时间为629s。     

脂肪酸三乙醇胺单酯琥珀酸磺酸盐的制备及表面活性

以三乙醇胺、长链脂肪酸为原料,先经酯化、柱色谱提纯得到脂肪酸三乙醇胺单酯(FTME),再经磺化反应合成了4种脂肪酸三乙醇胺单酯琥珀酸酯磺酸盐(FTMS)两性表面活性剂,以月桂酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸为脂肪酸合成的FTMS分别命名为FTMS-1、FTMS-2、FTMS-3、FTMS-4,通过FTIR与1HNMR表征了其结构,分别用碱性亚甲基蓝法和酸性溴酚蓝法验证了产物的离子性,并考察了FTMS结构中的烷基链长度及其不饱和度对表面张力、Krafft点、样品液粒径及粒径分布、乳化能力的影响。实验结果表明：产物显示出两性离子的特征;在系列FTMS中,随着脂肪链碳数增加,其Krafft点升高,平均粒径逐渐增大,但脂肪链中的不饱和双键有助于Krafft点的降低和粒径的减小。FTMS-1和FTMS-4具有优异的表面活性,其中FTMS-1的临界胶束质量浓度(CMC)为52.97mg/L,表面张力γCMC为36.1mN/m,其乳化能力（分离时间为148.8s）与AEO-9（分离时间为139.0s）相当且优于十二烷基磺酸钠(分离时间为113.8s)。     

N-烷基苯并三氮唑阳离子表面活性剂的合成及性能

以苯并三氮唑、不同链长的卤代烷烃、硫酸二甲酯为原料合成了几种N-烷基苯并三氮唑阳离子表面活性剂,通过IR1、HNMR对中间产物进行结构表征,并对最终产物进行定性分析。测定了所得产物的表面活性和发泡性能,结果表明,合成的N-丁基、辛基、十二烷基、十六烷基苯并三氮唑阳离子表面活性剂最低表面张力分别为:51.0 mN/m、36.5 mN/m、33.4 mN/m、35.4 mN/m;临界胶束浓度分别为:9.0×10-2mol/L、4.8×10-2mol/L、3.0×10-3mol/L、9.7×10-3mol/L。N-丁基、辛基、十二烷基苯并三氮唑阳离子表面活性剂最低表面张力随烷基链增长而降低,但N-十六烷基苯并三氮唑阳离子表面活性剂的最低表面张力却高于N-十二烷基苯并三氮唑阳离子表面活性剂的最低表面张力。合成的表面活性剂中,N-十二烷基苯并三氮唑阳离子表面活性剂的发泡性能最佳,而所有的泡沫稳定性均较差。     

含亚砜基蛋氨酸型表面活性剂的合成及性能

以蛋氨酸和长链脂肪酸为原料,合成了4种不同碳链长度的含亚砜基蛋氨酸型表面活性剂(CnMSO)。通过FTIR、1HNMR和ESI-MS表征了产物的结构,并对该系列表面活性剂的表面张力、临界胶束浓度(CMC)、乳化性能、发泡性能、硬水稳定性和抑菌性能进行了测定。结果表明,该系列的表面活性剂的最低表面张力(γCMC)为21~24 m N/m,临界胶束浓度为0.15~1.5 mmol/L,在硬水中的平均稳定性均在3级以上,具有良好的泡沫性能和乳化性能。另外,产物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌的生长抑制作用明显,抑菌性优于N-月桂酰谷氨酸(C12G)。     

2,3-双八氟戊烷基甘油醚-1-硫酸酯钠的合成及表面性能

以八氟戊醇（HCF2CF2CF2CF2CH2OH）和2, 3-二溴丙醇为原料，设计并合成了甘油醚类氟碳表面活性剂（2,3-双八氟戊烷基甘油醚-1-硫酸酯钠，BOFPGS），通过FTIR、NMR以及MS等对中间产物（2,3-双八氟戊烷基-1-丙醇）和最终产物（BOFPGS）进行了结构表征。对BOFPGS进行了表面张力测试，结果表明，BOFPGS的临界胶束浓度（CMC）为4.16 × 10-3mol/L，CMC对应的表面张力为22.70 mN/m。将不同浓度的BOFPGS水溶液和相同体积的液体石蜡乳化后，析水率随着时间延长而增大，乳液在乳化30 min时趋于稳定。BOFPGS浓度低至0.8 × 10-3 mol/L时，其仍具有较好的乳化性能。利用噻唑蓝（MTT）法对该表面活性剂的细胞毒性进行测试，结果表明，BOFPGS在8.04 × 10-6 ~ 1.60 × 10-4 mol/L内无明显细胞毒性。     

对-烷基-苄基聚氧乙烯醚羧酸甜菜碱的合成与表面活性

以脂肪酸、苯、二缩三乙二醇为原料,经酰化反应、黄鸣龙还原反应、氯甲基化反应、威廉逊成醚反应、卤化反应、季铵化反应,合成出了3个对烷基苄基聚氧乙烯醚羧酸甜菜碱两性离子表面活性剂。用IR、1HNMR和ESI-MS对产物进行了结构鉴定。用Wilhelmy-plate法测定了30℃时它们在水溶液中的临界胶束浓度(CMC)和临界胶束浓度下的表面张力(γCMC)。实验表明,纯水溶液中表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)为10-4～10-6mol/L,临界胶束浓度下的表面张力(γCMC)为27～30 mN/m;随着苯环上长链烷基碳数(n=8、10、12)的增加,CMC分别为1.12×10-4、1.51×10-5、6.21×10-6 mol/L;γCMC分别为27.9、28.4、29.9 mN/m。结果表明,该类表面活性剂具有比较好的表面活性。     

月桂酸酯季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂的合成与表征

以十二烷基二甲基叔胺、环氧氯丙烷为原料,合成了中间体DMAC〔(2,3-环氧丙基)十二烷基二甲基氯化铵〕,再与月桂酸反应,生成月桂酸酯季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂HDAC〔(2-羟基-3-月桂酰氧基丙基)十二烷基二甲基氯化铵〕。通过正交实验确定了最佳合成条件:以异丙醇为溶剂,n(DMAC)∶n(LAC)=1∶1.2,反应时间6 h,反应温度50℃,产率大于90%,Krafft点-4.52℃。通过元素分析、傅立叶变换红外光谱、飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)、1HNMR,确证了目的产物的结构。测定产物的临界胶束浓度CMC为8.91×10-4mol/L,γCMC为34.12 mN/m。表明所合成的月桂酸酯季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂具有较高的表面活性。     

双(3-烷氧基-2-羟基)丙基双季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂的合成与表征

以长链烷基醇、四甲基乙二胺和环氧氯丙烷为原料,经一步反应合成了双季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂(BQAS)。研究了反应时间、反应温度对BQAS产率的影响,确定了合成目标产物的最佳反应时间为24～32h、反应温度为70～80℃,其产率达70.2%～83.3%。目标产物结构通过IR和1HNMR确证。利用吊环法测定目标产物的水溶液在20℃的表面活性,临界胶束浓度(CMC)为7.6×10-6～9.5×10-4mol.L-1,表面张力(γCMC)为34.2～40.6mN.m-1。     

脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚型阳离子聚氨酯表面活性剂的制备与性能

以异氟尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)、N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)、不同长链脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO-2、AEO-5、AEO-9、O-2、O-5、O-10)为主要原料,合成了6个醇醚封端阳离子型聚氨酯高分子表面活性剂(PUS),并对产物进行了红外分析,考察了醇醚结构中烷基链长、环氧乙烷加合数、外加电解质对表面张力和临界胶束浓度的影响。结果表明:当脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚为O-5时,其综合性能优异,溶液的临界胶束质量浓度(CMC)为32.947 mg/L,水溶液的表面张力(γCMC)最低可达34.142 mN/m。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。