磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂复配体系的黏度性质研究

对以溴代十四烷、乙二胺和1,3-丙磺内酯为原料合成的磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂的表面活性进行了评价。主要研究了不同碳链长度的季铵盐、无机盐和有机盐的加入,剪切时间以及温度对上述表面活性剂体系黏度性质的影响。结果表明,磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度比相应的单链表面活性剂低1~2个数量级;当向质量分数为1%的磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂中加入季铵盐时,复配体系的黏度先增加后减少,且季铵盐的碳链越长,增黏效果越明显,复配体系的黏度最大可达245.5 m Pa·s,碳链的增长有助于蠕虫状胶束的形成;在磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)的复配体系中,随着KCl,Na Cl以及水杨酸钠质量分数的增加,复配体系的黏度先增加后减少,其中KCl的增黏效果最为显著,当KCl的质量分数为0.12%,复配体系的黏度达到最大,为430.2 m Pa·s;在磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂/CTAB/KCl的复配体系中,随着剪切时间和温度的增加复配体系的黏度逐渐降低。     

月桂酰肌氨酸钠自增稠体系的研究

研究了月桂酰肌氨酸钠(LS)与非离子型、阴离子型以及两性离子型表面活性剂的复配体系。通过改变表面活性剂用量、配比等参数,发现对于二元复配体系,少量烷基糖苷(APG)即可实现协同增稠;而在三元复配体系中,配比对体系黏度影响极大,其中LS、椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱(CAB)和APG复配能实现较好的自增稠效果。当在复配体系中CAB质量不低于LS时,复配体系黏度≥3 000 mPa?s,市场上流行的无硅油无硫酸盐类洗发产品可以借鉴此类自增稠方案。     

N，N二羟乙基油酰胺的泡沫及增稠性能的研究

研究了用从工厂下脚料中回收的脂肪酸甲酯与二乙醇胺反应得到的1：1型油酰胺在AES复配体系中的泡沫及增稠性能,并与市购的6501进行了比较。实验结果表明,N－N二羟乙基油酰胺与AES复配时具有良好的稳泡性;与AES和SB－12复配时并用NaCl调黏,当黏度达到5.7Pa.s时N－N二羟乙基油酰胺复配体系NaCl用量为1．3％而6501复配体系NaCl用量为3．5％。因此N－N二羟乙基油酰胺对AES具有良好的稳泡、增稠协同效应,能够作为辅助表面活性剂应用于液体洗涤剂中。     

MAP体系洁面乳流变性的研究

本文主要针对以单烷基磷酸酯盐MAP为主表面活性剂的洁面乳体系,研究了主要成分增稠剂、主表面活性剂以及三种辅助表面活性剂对产品粘度的影响,研究结果表明:在单烷基磷酸酯为主表面活性剂的洁面乳体系中,汉生胶有较好的增稠性能,并能赋予产品良好的剪切变稀性能;主表面活性剂MAP明显降低体系的粘度,加入量较大时加大了体系增稠的难度;辅助表面活性剂羟磺甜菜碱和椰油酸单乙醇酰胺都有很好的稳泡、增稠性能;烷基糖苷增稠性能一般,而且不同浓度APG的加入量不会改变产品剪切稀化的趋势.     

柠檬酸酯类表面活性剂的性能测试

对柠檬酸单酯类表面活性剂（MAEG-EC-Na、MAE03-EC-Na）和柠檬酸酯类表面活性荆（AEC-EC-Na、AE03-EC-Na）的物化性能进行了测定和比较。结果表明：柠檬酸单酯二钠盐的CMC和托Mc均比柠檬酸酯钠盐的低I柠檬酸单酯类表面活性剂在硬水中的发泡能力比在蒸馏水中的好,且泡沫更稳定;复配体系的泡沫性能比较好,泡沫体积均高于565mL,泡沫稳定性均大于0．955;用NaCI对复配体系增稠,体系的粘度变化是一个突变过程,NaCI对MAEG-EC-Na复配体系粘度的影响最大。     

氨基酸表面活性剂三元复配体系的应用研究

将氨基酸表面活性剂、两性表面活性剂和非离子表面活性剂进行复配,调节配比和pH,获得了自增稠体系,考察了复配体系的黏度、泡沫性能、表面张力和微观结构。梳理性和刺激性评价结果表明,将三元复配体系用于制备氨基酸透明洗发香波,梳理性好,温和不刺激。     

羟基季胺盐清洁压裂液的制备及流变性行为研究

通过酰化和季铵化两步反应制得两种酰胺型季胺盐类阳离子表面活性剂C22-3N和C18-3N。通过室内评价,当C22-3N和C18-3N质量浓度为2∶1,异丙醇做溶剂时,复配形成清洁压裂液稠化剂后效果最佳,同时考察了浓度、温度等对其粘度的影响。在高温下,发现加入2%~3%乙二醇后能有效抵御体系的粘度变小,并从微观结构上分析表面活性剂的结构与性能的关系,探索稠化原理。     

丙烯酸酯共聚物在温和表面活性剂体系配方中的研究

研究了丙烯酸酯共聚物在氨基酸和烷基糖苷表面活性剂及其复配体系中的性能表现,并对表面活性剂用量、pH值以及聚合物用量对体系黏度的影响进行了研究。结果表明,丙烯酸酯聚合物对氨基酸和烷基糖苷体系具有较好的配伍性,且与甲基葡糖二油酸酯具有协同增稠能力。     

月桂酰甲基羟乙基磺酸钠在清洁产品中的性能研究

研究了化妆品新原料月桂酰甲基羟乙基磺酸钠的增稠、透明度和去污力,并与常见的温和表面活性剂进行性能对比。将8%主表面活性剂与4%椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱复配,通过氯化钠对黏度的影响考察各个表面活性剂增稠的难易程度。实验结果表明,0.5%的盐即可增稠月桂酰甲基羟乙基磺酸钠至5000 mPa·s,而常见的氨基酸类阴离子表面活性剂需要较多盐才能增稠或者难以用盐增稠。考察了室温和4℃下,6%表面活性剂水溶液在pH值5～8范围内的透明度。实验结果表明,月桂酰甲基羟乙基磺酸钠具有良好的透明度,而常见的氨基酸类阴离子表面活性剂中,除月桂酰肌氨酸钠以外均会因温度或pH值变化出现不同程度的不透明或者析出现象。通过使用0.05%表面活性剂水溶液清洁皮脂污布,测量清洗前后污布白度差值衡量其对于皮脂的去污力。实验发现月桂酰甲基羟乙基磺酸钠去污力强于大部分氨基酸类阴离子表面活性剂,接近月桂醇聚醚硫酸酯钠（SLES）和甲基椰油酰基牛磺酸钠。     

乳液型阻燃纤维有机硅消泡剂的制备及性能

将质量比90∶10甲基硅油和气相法二氧化硅于130℃～140℃搅拌2～3 h,在180℃～190℃搅拌2 h后再次将聚醚硅油、复合乳化剂(Tween 80和Span 80组成)、聚丙烯酸等复配,制得阻燃纤维有机硅消泡剂。最佳制备条件:甲基硅油的粘度分别为350 m Pa·s和1 000mPa·s,用量为13%～14%,107硅橡胶粘度50 000 mPa·s,用量为4%～5%;气相法二氧化硅用量为1.7%聚醚硅油,用量为4%;复合乳化剂的HLB值为10,用量为4%;羧甲基纤维素钠用量为1%。所制消泡剂的乳化状态稳定,适用于阻燃纤维生产体系,在不同温度及强酸条件下均可保持优良的消泡、抑泡活性,是一种性能优良、有广泛应用前景的有机硅消泡剂。     

稳定的阳离子型聚合物纳米粒子胶乳的研制

以甲基丙烯酸甲酯 ( MMA)和丙烯酸乙酯 ( EA)为主单体 ,甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵( DMC)为功能单体 ,分别采用 4种阳离子乳化剂和阴离子引发剂过硫酸铵 ( A PS)进行自由基乳液共聚合。探讨了乳化剂种类和用量、聚合温度及加料方式对乳胶粒大小、胶乳稳定性和胶膜耐水性的影响。研究发现 ,当采用十六烷基三甲基氯化铵 ( 16 31)作乳化剂 ,用量为 1.75%～ 2 .0 % ,聚合温度为 70℃ ,采用种子半连续法可以成功研制出粒径为 57.5nm、稳定的耐水性较好的阳离子型聚合物纳米粒子胶乳     

乙羧·草铵膦微乳剂的研制及对非耕地杂草防效

通过表面活性剂的筛选,制备出20%乙羧·草铵膦微乳剂,并将其应用于防除非耕地杂草。结果表明:利用电荷屏蔽等界面手段制备的20%乙羧·草铵膦微乳剂性能良好,其中SKCL-7和SKCL-19(质量比2︰1)复配作为表面活性剂,SK-21为助表面活性剂,表面活性剂总用量为35%。20%乙羧·草铵膦微乳剂速效性与持效性优于18%草铵膦水剂、10%乙羧氟草醚乳油和20%乙羧·草铵膦可分散油悬浮剂。     

正交试验法在辛硫磷微乳剂配方选择中的应用研究

采用单因素试验法初选出10%辛硫磷微乳剂的适宜表面活性剂组份,再通过正交试验法以浊点为主要考察指标对复配表面活性剂的用量、配比、助表面活性剂用量进行了筛选和优化,确定了该微乳体系中最佳表面活性剂组分及其含量:农乳1602#+宁乳33#为9%,农乳500#为5%、乙醇5%及消泡剂0.2%。研究结果表明:应用正交试验法可快速筛选出适量的表面活性剂及助表面活性剂,获得性能优异的微乳剂配方,并可降低配方成本。     

功能洗发水的性能研究

以十二烷基硫酸钠、月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠、椰子油二乙醇酰胺等为主表面活性剂,按一定配方配制了功能性洗发水。研究了表面活性剂种类、添加剂用量以及中草药提取液等对洗发水的发泡性能、稳定性、细腻度和调理性能等的影响,确定了主要组分的最佳配比。     

Removal of Dissolved Organic Carbon and Color from Dyeing Wastewater by Pre-ozonation and Subsequent Biological Treatment

The effects of pre-ozonation and subsequent biological treatment on the decrease in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and color from dyeing wastewater were investigated. Moreover, the compositions of organic compounds in raw wastewater (RW) and the respective treated waters were estimated, and microscopic observations of the mixed liquor were conducted. The amount of ozone required to remove 1 mg of DOC and the DOC removal rate brought about by pre-ozonation ranged from 6.6 to 13.2 mgO₃/mgC and 12 to 15%, respectively. The total amount of DOC removed was increased by the combined use of pre-ozonation and subsequent biological treatment, and pre-ozonation did not necessarily lead to an increase in the amount of DOC removed by biological treatment. However, this combined method was effective in decreasing color and adsorbable organic halide formation potential (AOXFP). The rates of the dyestuff in RW and the respective treated waters were less than 10% of total DOC, and those of the other non-biodegradable compounds were much higher than those of the dyestuff. The morphological difference was observed in the predominant bacteria in RW with and without pre-ozonation.     

Surfactant-Based Oil Extraction of Corn Germ

An aqueous surfactant-based extraction system was developed for the extraction of corn oil from corn germ with anionic extended surfactants. The surfactants used in this study were sodium linear-alkyl polypropoxylated polyethoxylated sulfates (C_12,14–P₁₀–E₂–SO₄Na and C₁₀–P₁₈–E₂–SO₄Na). Interfacial tension, critical microemulsion concentration (CμC), and optimum salinity values of the extended surfactants with corn oil were determined. In the extraction process, the ground corn germ was shaken with predetermined surfactant and salt concentrations at room temperature for 45 min. About 83%, the sum of total free oil and total oil-in-water emulsion, of the corn oil was extracted from the corn germ using a formulation of 0.4% C_12,14–P₁₀–E₂–SO₄Na and 1% NaCl. A solid/liquid ratio of 1/10 performed best for efficient oil recovery. The chemical compositions of the extracted corn oils were found to be similar to that of hexane extracted corn oil.     

High-performance poly(butylene oxide)/poly (ethylene oxide) block copolymer surfactants for the preparation of water-in-oil high internal phase emulsions

High-performance surfactants have been developed for the preparation of water-in-oil high internal phase emulsions (HIPE), particularly for the preparation of polymerized HIPE foams. High-efficiency surfactants with poly(butylene oxide)/poly(ethylene oxide) (BO/EO) block copolymer backbones have been developed that can stabilize an HIPE through polymerization at concentrations as low as 0.006 wt% based on total emulsion weight. Polymerizable versions have been developed that bind into the polymeric foam backbone. BO/EO block copolymer surfactants also allow preparation of polymerized HIPE foams without salt in the aqueous phase. HIPE with the BO/EO surfactants have been prepared at room temperature and polymerized at temperatures exceeding 90°C. By minimizing the required amount of surfactant, allowing the surfactant to react during HIPE polymerizations, eliminating the need for salt, and stabilizing over a broad range of temperatures, BO/EO block copolymer surfactants have demonstrated their place as high-performance HIPE surfactants.     

Macroporous Ceramics from Particle-Stabilized Wet Foams

We present a novel direct-foaming method to produce macroporous ceramics using particles instead of surfactants as stabilizers of the wet foams. This method allows for the fabrication of ultra-stable wet foams that resist coarsening upon drying and sintering. Macroporous ceramics of various chemical compositions with open or closed cells, average cell sizes ranging from 10 to 300 μm and porosities within 45% and 95%, can be easily prepared using this new approach. The sintered foams show high compressive strengths of up to 16 MPa in alumina foams with porosities of 88%.     

High solid content multisized emulsion copolymerization of styrene,butyl acrylate,and methacrylic acid

Polymer lattices with a multimodal particle size distribution (PSD) polymer latex were prepared by introducing additional surfactants during the semicontinuous emulsion polymerization of styrene, butyl acrylate, and methacrylic acid. The polymerization was investigated by following the variation of the particle size, the size distribution, the number of particles, the T_g of the different particle sizes, and the total conversion at different steps of the polymerization process. The results show that bimodal and trimodal PSD polymer lattices can be obtained by this method and that the secondary generation of particles is greatly influenced by the nature and the amount of additional surfactants, as well as the moment when they are introduced. When the amount of additional surfactants is increased, the diameters of both the small and large particles decrease and the number of particles in each of the populations increases. Earlier introduction of these surfactants favors the generation and the growth of the small particles and thereby leads to a reduction of the relative fraction of large particles in the final latex. On introduction of 7 wt % of additional surfactants, based on the total monomers, 100% of the monomers of the second-stage polymerization were consumed to form the small particles. This fraction decreases with a decreasing amount of the additional surfactants. These results were further demonstrated by measuring the T_g's of both the large and the small particles of two lattices, in which the T_g's of the copolymers produced in each of the stages were different. High solid content (>65%), low viscosity, and coagulum-free lattices have been obtained through secondary nucleation, and a minimum in viscosity was found when the weight fraction of the large particles was around 80%. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 70: 2667–2677, 1998     

Kinetics of precipitation of surfactants. II. Anionic surfactant mixtures

Precipitation kinetics were measured for calcium-induced precipitation of mixtures of two anionic surfactants. The overall time required for precipitation to occur increased dramatically in specific ranges of compositions for the surfactant mixtures when compared to single components. Adsorption of the nonprecipitating surfactant onto the precipitate surface was shown to be responsible for this remarkable synergism. The higher the supersaturation of surfactant monomers, the more rapidly precipitation occurred. Under conditions where both surfactants were supersaturated, precipitation sometimes occurred in stepwise fashion, where crystals of different composition were formed with different induction times. Image analysis of the crystalline precipitate showed that crystal habit was affected when the two surfactants were mixed, indicating that processes such as adsorption and coprecipitation (most likely by inclusion) were occurring. When the crystals were allowed to age in solution for a period of 1 wk, the crystalline phase from the mixed surfactant solutions was found to separate into two types of crystals, which resembled week-old crystals formed from single surfactant systems.