铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊研究现状

铝锂合金具有低密度、高比强度和比刚性、优良的低温性能、良好的耐腐蚀性能和超塑性等优点,是理想的航空航天结构材料。搅拌摩擦焊作为一种新型的固相连接方法,应用于铝锂合金焊接时展现出制造成本低、环境污染小和接头力学性能好等一系列优点。为进一步提升搅拌摩擦焊在铝锂合金焊接领域的应用,文章从铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织性能方面的国内外研究现状进行了综述,并对未来铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊的研究方向进行展望。     

Development of Ir based tool for friction stir welding of high temperature materials

Abstract

A friction stir welding (FSW) tool with high strength and high wear resistance at elevated temperature is needed to perform FSW of high temperature materials. The purpose of this study is to develop a welding tool suited for FSW of high temperature materials. It has been clarified that Ir is little oxidised at elevated temperatures and that the addition of Re within the solubility limit to Ir increases the recrystallisation temperature, the high temperature strength and the high temperature hardness of the Ir alloy. SUS304 stainless steel was successfully friction stir welded by an Ir–10?at‐%Re welding tool without significant wear.     

Establishing empirical relationships to predict grain size and tensile strength of friction stir welded AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy joints

AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy(Al-Mg-Si alloy) has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring a high specific strength and good corrosion resistance.Compared with the fusion welding processes that are routinely used for joining structural aluminium alloys,friction stir welding(FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material welded does not melt and recast.Joint strength is influenced by the grain size and tensile strength of the weld nugget region.Hence,an attempt was made to develop empirical relationships to predict grain size and tensile strength of friction stir welded AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy joints.The empirical relationships are developed by response surface methodology(RSM) incorporating FSW tool and process parameters.A linear regression relationship was also established between grain size and tensile strength of the weld nugget of FSW joints.     

紫外光对铝合金焊接接头腐蚀行为的影响

通过光学显微镜分析研究了6061铝合金熔化极惰性气体保护焊(metal inter gas welding, MIG焊)和搅拌摩擦焊(friction stir welding, FSW)对接头组织的影响.结合极化曲线测试，比较了紫外光照射与暗态对预沉积NaCl的基材及焊接接头腐蚀行为影响的差异.结果表明，MIG焊接头组织均匀性较差，焊缝Mg含量远高于母材，使得表现出较差的热力学稳定性.紫外光照射加速了铝合金焊接接头的腐蚀，尤其是明显加速了MIG焊接头的腐蚀.30天的紫外光照射对FSW接头的影响与母材相近.这些影响与材料本身的耐腐蚀性能及铝合金表面形成的半导体性质腐蚀产物密切有关.     

Optimizing friction stir welding parameters to maximize tensile strength of AA2219 aluminum alloy joints

AA2219 aluminium alloy (Al-Cu-Mn alloy) has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of lightweight structures requiring a high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. In contrast to the fusion welding processes that are routinely used for joining structural aluminium alloys, the friction stir welding (FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt and recast. This process uses a non-consumable tool to generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. The welding parameters such as tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force etc., and the tool pin profile play a major role in determining the joint strength. An attempt has been made here to develop a mathematical model to predict the tensile strength of friction stir welded AA2219 aluminium alloy by incorporating FSW process parameters. A central composite design with four factors and five levels has been used to minimize the number of experimental conditions. The response surface method (RSM) has been used to develop the model. The developed mathematical model has been optimized using the Hooke and Jeeves search technique to maximize the tensile strength of the friction stir welded AA2219 aluminium alloy joints.     

AZ61A镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接头在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为(英文)

对6mm厚的挤压态AZ61A镁合金板进行搅拌摩擦对接焊。采用浸泡试验研究焊接接头在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为,建立了一个经验公式来预测在不同的溶液pH值、浸泡时间和氯离子浓度下的接头腐蚀速率。该经验公式的可信度水平为95%。采用3因素、5水平的中央复合旋转设计方法来减少实验工作量。采用响应面方法来构建方程。结果表明,在碱性溶液中AZ61A镁合金接头的腐蚀速率要比其在酸性或中性溶液中的低,而且腐蚀速率随着氯离子浓度的降低和浸泡时间的延长而减少。β相的分布对其腐蚀形貌有重要影响。     

Friction stir welding of thick plates of Al–Mg–Sc alloy

A technology is developed for single-pass friction stir welding (FSW) of 11- and 35-mm-thick plates of Al–Mg–Sc alloys. The microstructural and mechanical heterogeneity of the welded joints is investigated. The welded joints obtained under the optimum welding conditions are free from macrodefects. The strength of the welded joint equals 98% of the strength of the parent metal, which is higher than the strength of fusion-welded joints. It is concluded that the FSW of thick plates of Al–Mg–Sc alloy can be used efficiently in practice.     

Corrosion susceptibility of peened friction stir welded 7075 aluminum alloy joints

Effects of surface treatment techniques like laser and shot peening on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of friction stir welded (FSW) 7075 aluminum alloy joints were investigated. This study had two parts; the first part investigated the peening effects on stress corrosion cracking susceptibility in FSW samples by slow strain rate testing in a 3.5% NaCl solution. The second part of the study investigated the effects of peening on corrosion while submerged in a 3.5% NaCl solution with no external loads applied. No signs of corrosion pitting or SCC were evident on any of the tensile samples during the slow strain rate testing. The FSW plates exposed in 3.5% NaCl solution for 60 days were inspected periodically for signs of corrosion and stress corrosion cracking in the areas expected to have residual stresses due to welding. Pitting corrosion was seen on the samples, but even after 60 day exposure no stress corrosion cracking was detected on any of the peened or unpeened samples.     

2219铝合金FSW和TIG焊接头力学与腐蚀行为

评价了2219-CS铝合金FSW和TIG焊接头的力学性能,并采用晶间腐蚀、剥落腐蚀及电化学腐蚀方法对2219-CS铝合金FSW和TIG焊接头进行了整体及分区域腐蚀行为表征,借助光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜分析了表面腐蚀形貌. 结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊接头焊核区的细晶结构和弥散再分布的沉淀相大幅度提高了其耐腐蚀性能,热影响区中沉淀相回溶及粗化较TIG焊接头热影响区较弱,耐腐蚀性能有一定提高,搅拌摩擦焊接头的高电化学均质性宏观表现为其整体腐蚀速率的显著降低.     

Evaluation of joint performance of 5056 aluminium alloy friction welded joints by heat input. On the tensile strength of welded joints (1st report)

Ferritic stainless steel SUS430 sheets were friction stir welded by using a Ni-base dual two-phase intermetallic alloy tool. After friction stir welding (FSW), the SUS430 work and the tools were evaluated in terms of microstructure and mechanical properties. The tensile specimens cut from the welded joints fractured in the base metal portion and their fracture strength was equal to that of the base metal. The stir zone comprised of recrystallized fine microstructure was observed, and also the thermo-mechanically affected zone was observed in an advanced side. Hardness in the upper one-third layer of the welded cross section was higher than the base metal. The admixture matter from work to tool surface occurred whereas that from tool to work surface did not take place in the scanning electron microscopy-EPMA resolution level. The amount of wear of tool was negligibly small, suggesting that the Ni-base dual two-phase intermetallic alloy is promising as a new type of FSW tool used for high melting materials such as steel.     

2219高强铝合金焊接接头的腐蚀性能

采用浸泡试验、极化曲线以及电化学阻抗测试,对2219高强铝合金母材和焊接接头在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀性能进行研究。浸泡后试样的显微形貌表明,试样中铜元素的分布及存在形态与其腐蚀性能密切相关;极化曲线表明,在电化学腐蚀过程中,搅拌摩擦焊接头的腐蚀电流最小,电子束焊接接头次之,而钨极氩弧焊接头的腐蚀电流最大;电化学阻抗测试表明,腐蚀过程中体系阻抗值由大到小顺序为搅拌摩擦焊的接头,电子束焊的接头,母材,钨极氩弧焊的接头。     

Microstructure and properties of friction stir welded aluminium alloys

Aluminium alloy 7136 belongs to the Al–Zn–Mg–Cu group of aluminium alloys strengthened by precipitation. These alloys offer very good properties, i.e. high strength combined with good corrosion resistance, which makes them suitable for aerospace applications. The limited range of applications of these alloys is due to problems associated with their welding. The Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys are classified as non-weldable. The aim of this study was to determine the quality and properties of friction stir welded (FSW) joints of alloy 7136-T76. This article presents the results of a detailed study into the microstructure and mechanical properties of FSW welds. The paper demonstrates that the FSW method is suitable for joining Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys. The FSW joints are of good quality and high mechanical properties. Tests of joints created at various tool rotation speeds have shown that joints of suitable quality, in terms of microstructure and properties, can be obtained for a relatively wide range of process parameters. The tool rotation speeds applied during the welding process did not have a significant influence on the quality of the welds.     

基于摩擦加工技术的镁合金表面改性研究现状

鉴于当前高性能镁合金的应用需求,亟待提高镁合金的表面硬度、摩擦磨损性以及耐蚀性等表面性能。新型固态加工技术——搅拌摩擦加工以及摩擦堆焊能够实现材料的大塑性变形,在镁合金表面微观组织结构改性、表面复合材料化以及金属焊敷层制备等方面得到了成功的应用。在介绍搅拌摩擦加工以及摩擦堆焊技术特性的基础上,分别从工艺手段、组织演变以及性能改善等方面综述了摩擦加工技术用于镁合金表面改性的研究现状。国内外研究结果显示,搅拌摩擦加工可有效细化镁合金表面晶粒,破碎粗大第二相,导入增强粒子,实现表面复合化,进而显著提高镁合金的硬度、耐磨性以及耐蚀性。摩擦堆焊技术可在镁合金表面成功制备无稀释、结合完整性高、均匀细化的金属焊敷层,有效改善镁合金表面硬度及耐磨性。通过对用于镁合金表面改性的摩擦加工技术研究现状的总结,展望了镁合金搅拌摩擦加工以及摩擦堆焊的发展前景,提出了需要进一步研究的方向。     

搅拌摩擦焊与手工电弧焊接头电化学腐蚀性能研究

通过测定H65铜合金搅拌摩擦焊接头和手工电弧焊接头在3.5%NaCl溶液中的开路电位和极化曲线,研究其电化学腐蚀性能。结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊接头的抗腐蚀性能优于手工电弧焊接头。搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织的细化、均匀化和致密化降低了晶界和晶粒在电化学上的不均匀性。手工电弧焊接头脱锌层和基体界面处产生的拉应力对抗腐蚀性能有较大影响。     

6061铝合金厚板搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与耐蚀性

采用搅拌摩擦焊对30 mm厚的6061铝合金进行了双面对接焊,分别采用金相显微镜、显微硬度仪和电化学工作站对焊接接头的组织、硬度和耐蚀性能进行观察、测量和研究。金相观察显示,双面搅拌摩擦焊焊缝前进侧与母材有明显的分界,后退侧分界模糊;焊核区呈均匀细小的等轴晶。硬度测试表明,搅拌摩擦焊接接头硬度呈“W”形特征分布,硬度最低值出现在前进侧热影响区。腐蚀试验表明,双面焊焊核重叠区腐蚀电流(2.396 3×10-5A/cm2)较大,一旦开始腐蚀,腐蚀速度很快,耐腐蚀能力相对较差。     

钛合金搅拌摩擦焊接最新研究进展

钛合金具有密度低、比强度高,耐蚀性好,加工性能优异等优点,主要应用于航空航天、交通运输和石油化工等领域。当钛合金作为结构材料应用在不同领域时,传统的熔融焊接方法会产生较大残余应力,组织粗化,变形大,裂纹和孔隙等缺陷;而采用搅拌摩擦焊接技术可以避免传统熔融焊接方法产生的缺陷,从而大幅度提高钛合金焊接接头质量。目前,钛合金的搅拌摩擦焊接技术已成为国内外研究热点。主要介绍搅拌摩擦焊接的原理、工艺特点,国内外关于钛合金FSW焊接接头的宏观形貌、微观组织(晶粒大小、织构)和力学性能等方面的最新研究进展,最后展望了钛合金FSW未来的研究方向。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦与MIG焊接接头疲劳性能对比试验

根据疲劳S-N曲线试验结果,对5A06铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和MIG焊接接头的疲劳性能进行了初步比较,分析讨论了搅拌摩擦焊过程中所产生的焊接缺陷对其疲劳性能的影响.结果表明,在焊态下由于焊接接头几何形状等的影响,FSW的疲劳强度明显高于MIG焊接接头;对FSW焊缝根部的"吻接"缺陷(kissing-bonds)是降低FSW焊接接头疲劳寿命的主要因素,旋转搅拌工具在焊缝表面形成的多余飞边将对疲劳行为产生明显影响.     

Fabrication of structures by upsetting‐pressure welding

Results of investigations into the mechanical and corrosion properties and structure of friction stir welded joints in V95 alloy of the Al–Zn–Mg–Cu system are presented. It is shown that friction stir welding produces high-strength high-quality welded joints in welding of the ‘unweldable’ alloy, and the properties are determined by the condition of the heat-affected zone. It is also shown that a non-recrystallized structure forms in the core of the welded joints and the most probable mechanism of the formation of the ultrafine-grained equiaxed structure is collective dynamic polygonization and not dynamic recrystallization.     

20mm厚2219铝合金可回抽搅拌摩擦焊接及接头组织和性能分析

为了解决封闭环缝的焊接匙孔问题,研究了采用可回抽搅拌摩擦焊接进行匙孔消除的焊接工艺. 在厚板可回抽焊接过程中,搅拌针末端的瞬时空腔问题受体积效应影响将更为显著且更难控制. 研究了不同回抽焊接长度下20 mm中厚板2219铝合金可回抽焊接接头的内部质量、组织形貌和力学性能. 结果表明,在焊接速度100 mm/min、搅拌头转速400 r/min的参数组合下,回抽焊接区长度为200 ~ 500 mm时,可获得无内部缺陷的可回抽搅拌摩擦焊焊缝;回抽焊接区接头横截面上存在2个焊核,靠近焊缝上表面的焊核大小随着回抽过程不断减小;一次焊接、重复焊接和可回抽焊接接头的拉伸性能依次降低,且可回抽焊接接头的力学性能随着回抽距离的增长而有所提升;在实际工程应用中回抽距离500 mm为较优的参数选择.     

AZ91D镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊对AZ91D镁合金进行焊接试验,研究了搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织与性能.结果表明,当转速为1 000～1 400 r/min、焊速为50～150 mm/min时,均可得到表面成形良好、内部无孔洞和隧道的焊缝;焊接区与母材组织差异极大,焊接区形成细小、均匀的再结晶组织,具有锻造组织特征;热影响区为部分再结晶组织,再结晶晶粒沿原铸造晶粒的晶界生长;对接头进行拉伸试验,断裂发生在母材处,表明接头的抗拉强度高于母材.