外加横向磁场对高速GMAW焊缝成形的影响

对于高速熔化极气体保护焊接（GMAW）过程,当焊接速度超过临界值后,会出现驼峰焊道,焊缝成形变差.研究证明,熔池中动量很大的后向液体流是产生驼峰焊道的主要原因.研发了外加横向磁场发生装置,通过产生的电磁力来抑制后向液体流的动量,从而抑制驼峰焊道的形成.应用特斯拉计测试和考察了工件上磁感应强度大小及分布的影响因素.通过开展焊接工艺试验分析了不同强度的外加磁场作用下的焊缝成形规律.结果表明,外加横向磁场能明显调控熔池流态,有效抑制驼峰焊道和咬边等缺陷,显著改善焊缝成形,提高临界焊接速度.     

Effects of torch configuration and welding current on weld bead formation in high speed tandem pulsed gas metal arc welding of steel sheets

Abstract

Undercut and humping bead are the common defects that limit the maximum welding speed of tandem pulsed gas metal arc (GMA) welding. In order to increase the maximum welding speed, effects of the inclination angle, interwire distance and welding current ratio between the leading wire and trailing wire on bead formation in high speed welding are investigated. The undercut and humping bead is attributed to the irregular flow of molten metal towards the rear part of the weld pool. This irregular flow can be prevented by the trailing wire with a push angle from 5° to 13° , which provides an appropriate component of arc force in the welding direction. The irregular flow is also related to the distance between the leading wire and the trailing wire, and the flow becomes regular when the distance is in the range 9–12 mm. Moreover, the stabilisation of the bulge of the weld pool between the two wires, the presence of enough molten metal below the trailing arc, and the reduced velocity of molten metal flow towards the rear part of the weld pool, are essential to increase the maximum welding speed. These conditions can be obtained by adjusting the ratio of the leading arc current to the trailing arc current. A maximum welding speed as high as 4–4·5 m min^?1 is achieved by setting the current ratio to a value ranging from 0·31 to 0·5.     

Optimization procedures for GMAW of bimetal pipes

Autogenous gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and pulse rapid arc gas metal arc welding (GMAW) of butting bimetal (Bubi) pipelines were studied. GMAW was carried out from the outside of the pipe while GTAW was done from the inside to prevent lack of penetration and to promote a smooth internal weld bead surface. Current, welding speed, electrode diameter, shielding gas and orbital positions were defined as variables. The requirement for the GTA weld was to achieve 2 mm penetration depth without undercutting. The required penetration was difficult to achieve due to the outwards flow pattern in the molten pool driven by the Marangoni effect as a result of low sulphur content. It was shown that, under optimised conditions, it was possible to obtain sound welds with proper geometry and defect free. The conditions needed were a combination of current of 170 A, welding speed of 200 mm/min and an electrode angle of 30°, with shielding gas protection of He-25%Ar for narrow groove welding of a J-beveled pipe.     

Effect of rotating arc process on molten pool control in horizontal welding

This paper describes the effect of rotating arc process on molten pool control in narrow gap horizontal welding. From energy strategy and force strategy, technical advantages of rotating arc process in molten pool control are explored. On the one hand, because of the decrease of temperature and holding time in weld centre, rotating arc process limits the tendency of molten pool sagging with the arc rotating frequency no more than 10 Hz, which is indicated from the simulation results of heat distribution characteristics. On the other hand, rotating arc process induces the flow of molten metal in the weld width direction by the periodical effect of arc force and droplets impingement, which is observed by the high speed photography system. This oscillation propels the molten metal at lower side against the effect of gravity to flow to the upper side, which is beneficial for the molten pool formation of horizontal welding.     

A study on V-groove GMAW for various welding positions

This study performed three-dimensional transient numerical simulations using the volume of fluid method in a gas metal arc V-groove welding process with and without root gap for flat, overhead, and vertical welding positions. The elliptically symmetric arc models for arc heat flux, electromagnetic force and arc pressure were used to describe the more accurate molten pool behaviors. The numerical models not only formed a stable weld bead but also simulated the dynamic molten pool behaviors such as overflow which was not described before. This study analyzed these molten pool flow patterns for various welding positions and validated the numerical models used by comparing the simulation results with experimental ones.     

铝合金TIG电弧横焊接头缺陷及控制

重型运载火箭燃料贮箱要求对铝合金进行立式装配焊接,TIG电弧横焊是能够较好满足制造要求的方法之一.对铝合金TIG电弧横焊接头的成形特点和焊接缺陷进行分析,利用平板堆焊试验研究焊接电流、焊接速度和焊枪角度对焊缝正面偏移量的影响,最后研究焊接电流频率对气孔缺陷的影响规律.结果表明,采用较小的焊接电流、较快的焊接速度有助于降低焊缝正面的不对称性,利用电弧分力可以抑制熔池下淌,焊接频率为100 Hz时气孔缺陷最少.结合上述试验结果提出了铝合金横焊缺陷的控制措施并进行了试验验证.     

激光-电弧复合焊接咬边缺陷分析及抑制方法

为了提高激光-电弧复合焊接的可靠性,对复合焊接咬边缺陷成形机理及抑制方法进行了研究.结果表明,激光能够提高复合焊接的临界咬边速度,最高可达电弧焊接的5倍.在激光-电弧相互作用下,复合焊接存在两种抑制咬边的机理.一种是改变焊趾处固、液、气三相的表面张力状况,形成指向熔池外部的合力.另一种是通过提高熔池内温度梯度和热输入来增加熔池内由内向外的流动速度和时间,使熔化金属能够流向并填充焊趾,这种抑制机理作用更为显著.试验确定了复合焊接临界咬边速度的经验公式和电弧电压的合理调节范围.     

The humping phenomenon during high speed gas metal arc welding

Abstract

A commonly observed welding defect that characteristically occurs at high welding speeds is the periodic undulation of the weld bead profile, also known as humping. The occurrence of humping limits the range of usable welding speeds in most fusion welding processes and prevents further increases in productivity in a welding operation. At the present time, the physical mechanisms responsible for humping are not well understood. Thus, it is difficult to know how to suppress humping in order to achieve higher welding speeds. The objectives of this study were to identify and experimentally validate the physical mechanisms responsible for the humping phenomenon during high speed gas metal arc (GMA) welding of plain carbon steel. A LaserStrobe video imaging system was used to obtain video images of typical sequences of events during the formation of a hump. Based on these recorded video images, the strong momentum of the backward flow of molten metal in the weld pool that typically occurred during high speed welding was identified as the major factor responsible for the initiation of humping. Experiments with different process variables affecting the backward flow of molten weld metal were used to validate this hypothesis. These process variables included welding speed, welding position and shielding gas composition. The use of downhill welding positions and reactive shielding gases was found to suppress humping and to allow higher welding speeds by reducing the momentum of the backward flow of molten metal in the weld pool. This would suggest that any process variables or welding techniques that can dissipate or reduce the momentum of the backward flow of molten metal in the weld pool will facilitate higher welding speeds and productivity.     

旋转电弧GMAW堆焊短路过渡熔池动态仿真

为探究旋转电弧GMAW堆焊短路过渡时熔池的温度和对流分布规律,利用Flow-3D软件建立三维数学模型,采用球形旋转热源模型,考虑重力、熔滴拖拽力、表面张力、浮力作用,模拟了堆焊状态下,工件材料为Q235的旋转电弧GMAW短路过渡的熔池成形规律. 采用流体体积法追踪熔滴过渡和熔池表面的自由变形,并分析熔滴进入熔池时熔池内部温度场和流场的变化. 结果表明,熔池形成过程中,旋转熔滴对熔池有搅拌作用,并使熔池内部液态金属活性增强,流速变快,熔池内部液态金属体积变大,熔池的宽度变大. 模拟预测的焊缝尺寸、形状与试验吻合良好. 为优化焊接工艺参数、改善旋转电弧GMAW堆焊焊缝质量提供参考依据.     

Study on weld formation in a novel rotating arc horizontal GMAW

A novel rotating arc horizontal welding process was developed for solving the sagging of the molten pool which bottlenecks the application and the development of the horizontal welding. The principle of the effect of the rotating arc on the molten pool is that the rotating arc process not only can reduce the welding heat input by prolonging the welding path in the same welding distance caused by the arc rotation, but also disperse the arc force to affect the sidewall periodically to support the molten metal near the upper sidewall. The effects of the rotating speed and arc voltage on the weld formation were studied.The results indicate that there is an appropriate range of the rotating speed and the arc voltage to obtain the defect free horizontal welding.     

焊剂带约束超窄间隙焊接母材熔化及熔池形成

为认识超窄间隙焊接母材熔化特性及熔池形成机制,在放置焊剂带的I形坡口中进行熔化极电弧焊接试验,采用一种快速中断电弧的方法,保留焊接过程中焊剂带、坡口底部和侧壁的熔化形态.结果表明,电弧区焊剂带热收缩效应和固壁约束作用能有效约束坡口中电弧作用范围.当选择合适的侧壁根部焊剂带裸露高度时,电弧加热区域控制在坡口底部和侧壁根部,熔滴过渡的冲击作用及电弧力集中在熔池前端,使熔融金属产生有利于排出熔池中气体和熔渣的流动,形成无缺陷焊缝.当侧壁根部焊剂带裸露高度大于一定值时,电弧所受约束减小,加热区域扩展到较大范围的坡口侧壁上,熔滴过渡分散在坡口底部和侧壁,熔融金属难以形成贯穿熔池的流动,焊缝存在较多孔洞.     

直流叠加脉冲型TIG焊电弧─熔池特性分析

针对乏燃料后处理溶解器腐蚀裂纹等缺陷的快速、一次性、可靠焊接修复工程技术需求,提出一种直流叠加脉冲型TIG深熔焊接方法,在10和16 mm厚304不锈钢板上进行了系列平板堆焊工艺试验.以电弧-熔池特性变化为研究对象,对比分析脉冲电流作用和直流叠加脉冲型电流作用的电弧行为、熔池流动行为及温度场的变化规律,探讨了直流叠加至...     

High speed fusion weld bead defects

Abstract

A comprehensive survey of high speed weld bead defects is presented with strong emphasis on the formation of humping and undercutting in autogenous and non-autogenous fusion welding processes. Blowhole and overlap weld defects are also discussed. Although experimental results from previous studies are informative, they do not always reveal the physical mechanisms responsible for the formation of these high speed weld bead defects. In addition, these experimental results do not reveal the complex relationships between welding process parameters and the onset of high speed weld bead defects. Various phenomenological models of humping and undercutting have been proposed that were based on observations of events in different regions within the weld pool or the final weld bead profile. The ability of these models to predict the onset of humping or undercutting has not been satisfactorily demonstrated. Furthermore, the proposed formation mechanisms of these high speed weld bead defects are still being questioned. Recent welding techniques and processes have, however, been shown to be very effective in suppressing humping and undercutting by slowing the backward flow of molten metal in the weld pool. This backward flow of molten weld metal may be the principal physical phenomenon responsible for the formation of humping and undercutting during high speed fusion welding.     

The element transfer behavior of gas pool coupled activating TIG welding

This paper deals with a novel dual shield TIG welding method named gas pool coupled activating TIG( GPCA-TIG)welding. The welding method divides the shielding gas into two layers. Inert gas such as Ar is adopted as the inner layer gas to protect the tungsten electrode and the molten pool metal. Pure O_2,N_2 or mixture of them are used as the outer layer gas to increase the weld penetration and improve the low temperature toughness of weld metal. Through analyzing the interaction between outer gas and arc and the distributions and existing forms of oxygen and nitrogen elements,the transfer behaviors of nitrogen and oxygen from arc to pool were investigated. The results show that,the interaction between the outer gas and arc plasma makes the arc slightly constrict. The incoming oxygen enriches on the molten pool surface and exists in the form of iron oxide,chromium oxide,manganese oxide and silicon oxygen compounds. The incoming nitrogen evenly distributes in the molten pool and exists in the form of nitrogen atom.     

焊丝熔化方式对激光焊接过程的影响

研究了两种焊丝熔化方法(电弧预熔丝激光焊、激光填丝焊)激光焊接过程对匙孔稳定性以及焊缝成形的影响,进一步研究了焊丝熔化方法对焊接接头质量的影响,并对比分析了两种焊丝熔化方式对焊接速度的适应性. 结果表明,电弧预熔丝激光焊过程中,熔池表面匙孔开口尺寸变化不大,匙孔较为稳定;激光填丝焊方法由于熔化的液态金属距离匙孔边缘很近,焊接过程中熔池表面匙孔开口尺寸变化较大,而且容易出现熔池表面匙孔的闭合. 与激光填丝焊相比,电弧预熔丝激光焊熔化的焊丝端部可以沿熔池边缘流入,与匙孔边缘的距离较远,匙孔稳定性较好,焊缝气孔数量较少. 当焊接速度为8 m/min时,电弧预熔丝激光焊的焊缝成形良好;而激光填丝焊焊缝背面成形不连续,并且出现了未焊透的缺陷.     

抑制高速GMAW驼峰焊道的外加磁场数值分析

当熔化极气体保护焊的焊接速度高于一定临界值时,会出现驼峰焊道成形缺陷.为防止驼峰焊道的出现,通过外加磁场与熔池中的焊接电流相互作用,产生指向熔池前方的电磁力,抑制熔池中后向液体流的动量从而抑制驼峰的产生.通过建立焊前工件上外加磁场的三维模型,计算了工件上的外加电磁场分布.提出热-磁耦合分析方法,实现焊接过程中熔池内外加电磁场的数值计算.结果表明,高速焊过程中,外加磁场主要以横向磁场分布在熔池区;焊丝与磁极间的距离会显著改变熔池内外加横向磁场的分布.     

Three-dimensional turbulent model of heat transfer and fluid flow in GTAW process

A two-equation K-ε turbulent fluid flow model is built to model the heat transfer and fluid flow in gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process of stainless steel SUS310 and SUS316.This model combines the buoyancy force,lorentz force and marangni force as the driving forces of the fluid flow in the weld pool.The material properties are functions of temperature in this model.The simulated results show that the molten metal flowing outward is mainly caused by the marangoni convection,which makes the weld pool become wider and shallower.The comparison of the weld pool shape of SUS310 and SUS316 shows that the slight differences of the value of thermal conductivity mainly attributes to the difference of the weld pool shape and the distinction of heat transport in laminar and turbulent model makes large diversity in the simulated results.     

活性MAG焊电弧特征及熔池流动分析

提出了活性熔化极气体保护焊新方法,可增加焊接熔深,改善难熔焊接结构的熔合不良,获得高质量的焊接接头.对活性熔化极气体保护焊电弧状态和熔池表面形态进行了采集和分析,用钨粒子示踪法进行试验,分析了电弧形态和熔池流动.结果表明,活性熔化极气体保护焊电弧收缩显著,电弧形态更加集中,熔池内部液态金属的流动方向为从熔池周边向中心流动,熔池流动更为有序.对于钢的活性熔化极气体保护焊方法,熔池流动行为改变是增加焊接熔深的主要因素.     

脉冲MAG-TIG双电弧打底单面焊双面成形机制分析

基于中厚板打底焊接存在着自动化程度及效率低的问题,采用脉冲熔化极气体保护焊-钨极氩弧焊(MAG-TIG)双电弧热源焊接对板厚为24 mm的Q235-B进行打底焊接单面焊双面成形工艺研究及机制分析. 结果表明,脉冲MAG-TIG双电弧热源打底焊接时,利用TIG电弧与MAG电弧间的电磁力来调节MAG电弧在熔池前端的加热位置,使得一部分电弧热量直接作用于钝边上;结合焊接电弧放电行为与熔池流动分析发现,打底成形稳定性最佳时,利用TIG电弧与熔池的剪切力使得液态金属向后方流动,熔池前端底部液态金属减少,易于平衡稳定,可获得熔透均匀、连续、稳定的打底焊缝背面成形.     

焊丝自转式MAG焊焊接过程与接头组织分析

提出了通过焊丝自转搅动熔池进而细化焊缝组织的MAG焊接新方法.试验中采集了焊接过程电信号和熔池形态,分析了焊丝转速对低碳钢表面堆焊接头组织特征的影响.结果表明,焊丝自转可以增加短路过渡的频率,使焊接过程更稳定,熔滴过渡近似熵的计算也证明焊接过程的稳定性可以明显地提高.利用钨颗粒示踪技术可以发现焊丝自转能够显著增加熔池金属流动性,熔池宽度随着焊丝自转速度的改变先变大后变小,焊缝金相组织分析也证明熔池流动性的改变可以有效细化焊缝金属晶粒,减少联生结晶的生成.