In-situ observation of grain refinement in the simulated heat-affected zone of high-strength low-alloy steel by Zr-Ti combined deoxidation

The effect of Zr-Ti combined deoxidation on the grain refinement in the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone of a high-strength low-alloy steel was investigated by means of analytical characterization techniques such as in-situ microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and electron backscattered diffraction analysis. Owing to the Zr-Ti combined deoxidation, a large amount of fine Zr-Ti oxide particles were formed in the steel and retarded the austenite grain growth during simulated welding thermal cycle. The austenite grains were small and uniform. The Mn can diffuse spontaneously from austenite to Zr-Ti oxide inclusion and MnS precipitated on ZrO₂, which can form Mn depleted zone in the vicinity of inclusion. The acicular ferrite grains nucleated on intragranular Zr-Ti oxide inclusions in austenite grains grew in different directions and effectively divided the austenite grain into several finer and separate regions at intermediate temperature. The crystallographic grain size became small in the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone of Zr-Ti-killed steel due to the effective pinning effect by Zr-Ti oxide particles and acicular ferrite formation.     

Ti处理改善船体钢焊接粗晶区的低温韧性研究

采用Gleeble 1500D热模拟试验机对Ti和Al处理船体钢进行不同热输入焊接热模拟实验, 并利用OM和SEM研究了母材和热模拟粗晶区氧化物夹杂及显微组织. 结果表明: Ti处理钢中弥散分布的Ti氧化物具有良好的高温稳定性, 75 kJ/cm的焊接热输入对其形貌、成分及尺寸无影响, 能有效促进晶内针状铁素体(AF)形核长大. Al处理钢中以Al₂O₃为核心的复合夹杂高温易分解, 不能促进晶内AF形核. 线能量大于50 kJ/cm的大热输入条件下, Ti处理钢模拟粗晶区的低温韧性明显高于Al处理钢. t_8/5>40 s时, Ti处理钢中较多的晶内AF组织抑制了M-A岛形成, 细化了基体铁素体组织, Al处理钢中的TiN和Nb(C, N)第二相粒子粗化, 粗晶区晶粒异常长大, 大于Ti处理钢中的奥氏体晶粒尺寸.     

MICROSTRUCTURE AND INCLUSION CHARACTERIZATION IN THE SIMULATED COARSE-GRAIN HEAT AFFECTED ZONE WITH LARGE HEAT INPUT OF A Ti-Zr-MICROALLOYED HSLA STEEL

1. IntroductionA pplication oflargeheatinputw elding techniques, w hich have been developed forlarge engineer-ing structure, e.g., big oiland gas tanks, bridge, pipe-line and architecture constructions etc. usuallycausesdeterioration ofm echanicalproperti…     

MICROSTRUCTURE AND INCLUSION CHARACTERIZATION IN THE SIMULATED COARSE-GRAIN I-IEAT AFFECTED ZONE WITH LARGE HEAT INPUT OF A Ti-Zr-MICROALLOYED HSLA STEEL

The microstructure and the characteristics of the inclusions embedded in ferrite matrix in simulated coarse-grain heat affected zone (CGHAZ) of a Ti-Zr-treated high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel have been investigated. The microstructure of the simulated CGHAZ dominantly Consisted of intragranular acicular ferrite (IAF) combining with a small amount of polygonal ferrite (PF), widmanstiitten ferrite (WF), bainite ferrite (BF), pearlite and martensite-austenite (M-A) islands. The PF, WF and BF were generally observed at the prior austenite grain boundaries and the interlocking acicular ferrite was usually found intragranularly. It was found that the inclusions were composed of Ti2O3 ZrO2, Al2O3 locating at the center of the particles and MnS lying on the surface layer of the inclusions. The intragranular complex inclusions prorooted the acicular ferrite formation and the refinement of microstructure whilst those at prior austenite grain boundaries caused PF formation on the inclusions. The simulated CGHAZ consisting of such complicated microstructure exhibited desired mechanical properties.     

含Ti微合金钢中的第二相粒子对焊接粗晶热影响区组织及韧性的影响

利用碳萃取复型技术研究了含Ti微合金钢及其模拟粗晶区 (CGHAZ)中的第二相粒子 ,并利用OM(光镜 )、TEM(透射电镜 )及系列冲击试验对含Ti微合金钢及一种成分相近的不含Ti低合金高强钢焊接粗晶区的组织及韧性进行了研究。研究结果表明 ,含Ti微合金钢中含有大量的、尺寸细小的TiN粒子 ,这些粒子非常稳定 ,在焊接热循环过程中能有效地阻止奥氏体晶粒长大 ,抑制粗大贝氏体的形成 ,促进针状铁素体析出及M -A组元的分解 ,从而显著改善低合金高强钢焊接粗晶热影响区的韧性 ,t8/5(80 0～5 0 0℃冷却时间 )越大 ,这种改善作用越明显     

Grain refinement in coarse-grained heat-affected zone of Al–Ti–Mg complex deoxidised steel

The particles and microstructure characteristics of coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) in Al–Ti–Mg killed steels with different Al contents were investigated. The results show that inclusion in high Al steel consists of Al–Mg oxide surrounded with a layer of MnS. However, inclusion in low Al steel is Al–Ti–Mg oxide covered with a layer of MnS, effectively promoting the formation of acicular ferrite. The precipitates of both steels are (Ti, Nb)N, the finer and more dispersed inclusions and precipitates in low Al steel can effectively inhibit austenite grain growth by grain boundary pinning during the thermal cycle. The fine-grained microstructure is obtained in CGHAZ of the low Al steel due to the pinning effect of finer particles and the high density of acicular ferrite.     

欧标低合金结构钢粗晶热影响区组织和韧性的热模拟研究

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机模拟粗晶热影响区的焊接热循环,研究了热输入对欧标低合金结构钢粗晶热影响区晶粒长大、硬度及韧性和组织的影响。结果表明,随着峰值加热温度的提高和高温停留时间的延长,奥氏体晶粒将发生不同程度的长大,粗晶热影响区的最高硬度也逐渐提高;同时随着t_(8/5)的延长,粗晶热影响区的组织将由少量低碳马氏体、针状铁素体以及粒状贝氏体和大量块状铁素体组织,逐渐转化为大量侧板条贝氏体、粒状贝氏体以及粗大长条状M-A组元,甚至出现一定数量的上贝氏体,使得粗晶热影响区的低温冲击韧度急剧下降,由低温韧性断裂转化为低温脆性断裂。     

外场处理对低合金钢焊接接头组织和性能的影响

研究了电磁搅拌、氩弧表层处理、超声喷丸处理对低合金钢焊接接头组织和性能的影响。结果表明 :电磁搅拌促进奥氏体晶粒内针状铁素体生成和细化 ,使针状铁素体的含量由 85%提高到 92 % ,从而提高了焊缝金属的韧度。氩弧加热处理使焊缝表层发生熔化和重结晶 ,可消除焊缝表层的柱状晶 ,处理后的组织主要由针状和细晶铁素体组成。对接头焊趾部位进行氩弧快速重熔处理可消除焊趾部位的几何截面突变 ,使焊缝与母材圆滑过渡 ,有利于消除焊趾部位的应力集中 ,对抗应力腐蚀性能十分有益 ;焊趾部位热影响区中粗大的晶粒细化。表面高能喷丸处理使焊接接头表面层形成尺寸均匀的等轴状纳米晶 ,不仅提高了表层的硬度 ,而且可使焊接接头的疲劳强度提高 50 %。     

Microstructural characteristics and impact toughness in YS690MPa steel weld metal for offshore structures

The fine-grained mixed microstructure of acicular ferrite (AF) and bainite in YS690MPa steel weld metal contributes to attain high-impact toughness. The morphology and evolutionary mechanism of fine-grained mixed microstructure in this weld metal were investigated. Single or multiple AF grains were nucleated on complex inclusions by forming Mn-depleted zones, where Mn spontaneously diffused into Ti oxide inclusions due to the cation vacancies. It is in good agreement with the theoretical calculation by first principle. The bainite nucleated on austenite grain boundary and then assisted the pre-formed AF to partition the austenite grain into small and separate regions. Furthermore, the later formed ferrite nucleated on the broad surface of pre-formed ferrite plates and grew in those small regions with limited grain size. All of them resulted in the formation of fine-grained mixed microstructure, which provided excellent impact toughness in this weld metal with dimples and quasi-cleavage fracture surface combination.     

980MPa级高强钢焊接接头HAZ的组织和性能

采用焊接热模拟的方法,研究一种980 MPa级低碳贝氏体高强钢焊接接头HAZ不同区域,通过对各个区域的组织及相的分析,以及相应的拉伸及冲击试验研究了此类高强钢的组织和性能.结果表明,粗晶区的冲击性能最好,细晶区的冲击性能最低,为热影响区的薄弱环节.粗晶区组织为均匀粗细相间的板条贝氏体组织;在板条贝氏体上弥散析出碳化物;板条贝氏体界面上的奥氏体薄膜的存在是粗晶区韧性提高的原因.细晶区为孪晶马氏体+少量的板条马氏体,孪晶马氏体是导致细晶区性能下降的主要原因.

Abstract：

Microstructure and mechanical properties of HAZ of 980 MPa low carbon bainite high strength steel joints were studied . The different regions of welded joint HAZ were simulated by welding thermal simulation technique. Microstructure observation, phase analysis, and corresponding tensile and impact test for different regions of welded joint HAZ were taken. The results indicate: the impact property of coarse grain zone is the best, while the impact property of fine grain zone is the worst. So the fine grain zone is the weakest part of the welded joint. Microstructure of coarse grain zone is uniform interweaved coarse and fine lath martensites, and precipitation acicular ferrite are distributed between the lath martensites. Toughness of coarse grain zone is increased owing to the austenite thin film adherent lath martensite interface. Microstructure of fine grain zone are twin martensite and a small number of lath maarten-site, only minor acicular ferrite are distributed in the twin martensite . Toughness of fine-grained zone was decreased owing to twin martensite.     

大线能量焊接EH36船板钢FCB焊接接头组织与性能

对工业化试制的32 mm厚大线能量船板钢EH36进行热输入为228 k J/cm的FCB法焊接试验,并研究了焊接接头的组织和力学性能。结果表明:焊接热影响区的过热粗晶区原奥氏体晶粒尺寸达到300~500μm,组织主要由少量晶界铁素体和晶内形核铁素体(约60%~80%)组成,是该区焊接时峰值温度达到δ相转变温度以上并停留较长时间造成的,并给出δ相转变温度及奥氏体晶粒尺寸与峰值温度之间的关系;粗晶区由15~30μm的多边形铁素体与3~10μm的针状铁素体(10%~20%)构成;细晶区包含10~20μm的多边形铁素体和小于等于10μm的珠光体;临界区表现为混晶组织。焊接接头热影响区的冲击功A_(kv)≥100 J(-20℃),拉伸试样断裂于母材,接头性能满足要求。     

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通过采用扫描电镜、透射电镜及电子能谱等分析测试技术,研究了高铌管线钢的显微组织特征和析出相种类、大小及形态.结果表明,采用控轧控冷工艺(TMCP)生产的高铌管线钢具有细化的显微组织和多种类型的析出相,显微组织主要为高位错密度的针状铁素体、少量多边形铁素体和MA岛;第二相粒子主要包括板坯再加热过程中未溶解的TiN、以TiN为核心的高温析出NbC、形变诱导析出的NbC和低温弥散析出的细小NbC.细化的有效晶粒尺寸,以及高密度位错与弥散析出相间的交互作用,确保了高铌管线钢获得高的强度和韧性.     

感应加热回火对X120管线钢组织和力学性能的影响

为进一步探索改善X120管线钢的韧塑性,用X120工业连铸坯在实验室采用TMCP和TMCP后立即感应加热至500和550℃回火工艺进行模拟轧制试验,并检测其力学性能,采用扫描电镜、透射电镜分析了不同工艺下钢的组织及析出物形貌、尺寸及分布,用X射线衍射方法分析了残留奥氏体。结果表明:X120钢组织为下贝氏体、少量针状铁素体以及微量MA。感应加热回火后,板条贝氏体和针状铁素体粗化,小尺寸析出物数量明显增加。这种回火使X120钢韧塑性改善,伸长率达到17.24%,-60℃下冲击功达到232.7 J;不利的是,钢的屈服强度提高和抗拉强度下降导致屈强比更高。性能变化是回火后贝氏体组织粗化、α-Fe基体上大量析出细小弥散碳氮化铌以及残留奥氏体体积分数的变化引起的.     

低碳微合金Ti-Nb可焊钢中的N及其第二相粒子

研究了系列低碳微合金Ti-Nb可焊钢中的N含量对模拟焊接热影响区(HAZ)高温奥氏体晶粒尺寸和冲击韧度的影响及其第二相粒子的作用.对试样进行了大热输入焊接热模拟,测定了高温奥氏体晶粒尺寸和焊后试样中的冲击韧度值,并用透射电子显微镜萃取复型法观察了典型试样中第二相粒子(Ti,Nb)N的形态及分布特征.结果表明,钢中Ti、N含量及第二相粒子的尺寸和数目与高温奥氏体晶粒尺寸及冲击韧度值具有很好的对应关系;钢中的N由于生成了细小弥散分布的第二相粒子(Ti,Nb)N而细化了高温奥氏体晶粒,改善了焊后韧性.低碳微合金Ti-Nb钢中适宜的含氮量有一个范围.     

The effect of relaxing on the grain refinement of low carbon high strength microalloyed steel produced by compact strip production

The microstructural characterization of a low carbon high strength microalloyed steel produced by compact strip production in conjunction with relaxation precipitation controlling the transformation technique was investigated. The microstructural observations were analyzed by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron backscattering diffraction. The microstructure of the investigated steel consisted of predominantly granular bainite and lots of acicular ferrite and polygonal ferrite. The average crystallographic grain size was approximately 4 mm. Relaxation before fast cooling facilitated the formation of dislocation cells and intragranular acicular ferrite grains. Lath-like or plate-like acicular ferrite partitioned the austenite grains into many smaller parts, and the transformation of granular bainite at lower temperatures was confined to the smaller zones, resulting in smaller grain sizes. The yield strength, elongation and low temperature (−60 °C) impact toughness of the steel plates were 614 MPa, 24.1 %, 116 J, respectively. The excellent combination of mechanical properties was attributed to the formation of fine grains and sub-cellular structures.     

TiNbV微合金钢焊接接头HAZ晶粒长大及相变原位观察

采用激光共聚焦显微镜原位观察方法,研究了大热输入用TiNbV微合金钢在模拟焊接热循环作用下焊接热影响区(HAZ)晶粒长大过程及相变的规律. 热循环过程中加热温度升高至860 ~ 980 ℃时,发生由铁素体和珠光体向奥氏体的转变,1 100 ℃时,奥氏体晶粒开始有明显长大的趋势,1 300 ~ 1 400 ℃时,晶粒以合并长大方式迅速长大;冷却过程中温度降低至1 400 ~ 1 350 ℃时,晶粒以晶界迁移方式缓慢长大,660 ~ 580 ℃时,发生奥氏体迅速向贝氏体转变,焊接HAZ主要由贝氏体与铁素体组成,贝氏体的尺寸是由奥氏体晶粒大小决定的. 热循环高温停留时间延长,奥氏体与贝氏体的形成、终了、转变温度区间均有下降. 结果表明,组织中先共析铁素体含量先降低后增加,贝氏体含量降低,多边形铁素体消失,先共析铁素体含量增加,冷却组织趋于均匀粗大. 焊接过程中,选择合适的高温停留时间可提高组织中IAF的含量,提高力学性能.     

微量Nb对微Ti钢焊接HAZ奥氏体晶粒长大的影响

研究０．０２％Ｎｂ对低碳Ｔｉ－Ｎ钢高温奥氏体晶粒长大的影响。对含Ｎｂ量相同、含Ｔｉ量不同的一组试样进行了焊接热模拟试验及高温奥氏体晶粒度测试;用透射电镜分析了钢中第二相颗粒的形貌和尺寸分布特点;研究了奥氏体晶粒度随试样成分、峰值温度、保温时间以及第二相粒子的尺寸分布而变化的规律;探讨了添加的Ｎｂ在焊接过程中的作用机理。     

Effect of Ti on the microstructure and mechanical properties of MAG multipass weld metal

Metal active gas (MAG)welding has been carried out on microalloy controlled rolling steel (S355J2W)by two kinds of welding wires with different Ti content.The mechanical tests have been carried out on the welded joint.The optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM)observations have been performed to investigate the effect of microalloy element Ti on the microstructure of weld metal and impact fracture,respectively.The microstructure of the MAG multipass weld metal includes the columnar grain zone (CGZ)consisting of primary ferrite (PF),ferrite with second phase (FS)and acicular ferrite (AF),and the fine grain zone (FGZ)consisting of polygonal ferrite due to the heat effect of subsequent welding pass.It has been found that the small amount of Ti can significantly increase the impact energy of the weld metal at low temperature and weakly affect tensile strength of welded joint.By adding small amount of Ti,the inclusions have changed from Mn-Si-O inclusions to Ti-bearing inclusions,which causes the Mn-depleted zones (MDZs)much larger and is beneficial to the impact energy by promoting the AF formation,refining the PF and pinning the austenite grain boundary during the subsequent transformation process.     

Si-Mn-Mo系低碳贝氏体钢焊接热影响区的脆化机理

用焊接热模拟,普通光学金相,透射、扫描电镜及电子探针,X射线和常规拉伸、冲出等手段研究了一种新型Si-Mn-Mo系低碳贝氏体钢焊接热影响区过热区的组织和性能的关系,重点探讨了过热区的脆化机理.结果表明,在焊接热模拟条件下,原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸是影响机械性能的主要因素.少量准下贝氏体与低碳马氏体的混合组织具有最佳的强韧性配合.随线能量增加,影响韧性的主要因素是奥氏体晶粒粗化以及高温时碳原子在奥氏体晶界及其附近的偏聚;而且碳原子的这种偏聚是经过较高线能量热循环后出现沿晶脆性断口的主要原因.粒状贝氏体及粒状组织中的M-A岛不是该钢焊接热影响区过热区脆化的原因.