TC4钛合金三点弯曲超高周疲劳性能研究

针对航空发动机压气机叶片复杂载荷环境下的超高周疲劳问题,开展了TC4钛合金三点弯曲超高周疲劳试验,研究其在弯曲加载下的超高周疲劳破坏行为。疲劳试验结果表明：在两种应力比（R=0.3、0.5）下,当循环次数超过107次时,试件仍发生疲劳断裂,S-N曲线均呈现双线性特征;SEM断口分析表明,随着最大应力的降低,裂纹萌生位置由试件表面向次表面转移,疲劳裂纹萌生是表面滑移和内部解理断裂之间相互竞争的结果;基于疲劳寿命建立模型分析了应力比对2种裂纹萌生机制之间竞争行为的影响。采用红外热像仪监测试件表面的温度,高周疲劳试件的温度变化分为四个阶段：稳定升高、稳定降低、快速升高和快速降低阶段,而超高周疲劳试件的温度变化分为三个阶段：稳定升高、快速升高和降低阶段。最后,阐述了疲劳过程中热产生和传热的特点,并分析了温度变化与应力分布的关系。     

合金材料超高周疲劳行为的基本特征和影响因素

合金材料在超高周疲劳下具有与低周和高周疲劳不同的裂纹萌生和扩展行为以及不同的 S--N曲线特征. 材料的强度、循环加载的频率、所处的环境等都显著影响超高周疲劳的特性. 本文综述了合金材料超高周疲劳行为的基本特征和影响因素的研究进展.     

疲劳载荷下P／M Rene95合金中夹杂物的微观行为研究

采用人工植入Al2O3夹杂的试样，通过SEM下的原位试验，动态跟踪及分析了拉－拉疲劳载荷下P／M Rene95合金中表面或近表面夹杂物的微观行为。结果表明：在所研究的夹杂物的尺度范围内，载荷波形对夹杂物的微观力学行为有很大影响。在三角波加载条件下，虽然夹杂物／基体界面更易萌生裂纹，但表面或近表面夹杂物对试样的断裂影响较小；在正弦波载荷条件下，疲劳裂纹的萌生、扩展及试样的断裂均与表面或近表面夹杂物的基本特性有关。而且，降低正弦波加载时的应力幅值可大大提高夹杂物／基体界面疲劳裂纹的萌生寿命。     

海洋柔性立管用钢的疲劳断裂行为

采用GPS100高频疲劳试验机研究了海洋柔性立管用钢在温轧工艺下的疲劳断裂行为。结果表明,海洋柔性立管用钢疲劳寿命随加载应力幅的升高而不断下降;疲劳裂纹产生于试样表面,裂纹源区可见变形带及河流花样,裂纹扩展区存在大量二次裂纹,瞬断区疲劳裂纹呈韧性断裂特征。在疲劳裂纹扩展过程中,裂纹的扩展能力因大角度晶界的铁素体和高强度贝氏体的相互作用而受到限制,同时在晶界处形成的二次裂纹同样可减缓扩展速率,达到提高疲劳寿命的效果。     

Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of HT250 Gray Cast Iron for Engine Cylinder Blocks

The strain-controlled low cycle fatigue properties were evaluated on specimens of HT250 gray cast iron (GCI) at room temperature. The material exhibited cyclic stabilization at a low strain amplitude of 0.1% and cyclic softening characteristic at higher strain amplitudes (0.15-0.30%). At a representative total strain amplitude (0.30%), the hysteresis loops of HT250 GCI were asymmetric with a large amount of plastic deformation in the compressive phases. Furthermore, the hysteresis loop became larger in both width and height with increasing total strain amplitude (from 0.10 to 0.30%), and tended to exhibit a clockwise rotation. The fatigue crack propagation mechanisms were different at various total strain amplitudes, where high stress concentration due to dislocation pile-up favored fatigue crack initiation in the examined HT250. Finally, the roughness-induced crack closure was a key to determine the crack growth rate as well as fatigue life.     

Effect of microstructure on resonant vibration fatigue fracture of ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron

The effect of graphite nodule size, counts and eutectic cell wall inclusions on the fatigue fracture behaviour under resonant vibration of spheroidal graphite (SG) cast iron was investigated in this study. Experimental results indicated that the variations of graphite nodule size and counts slightly influence resonant frequency. The D-N curves (deflection amplitude vs. number of vibration cycles) of all test materials show similar manner. The deflection amplitude maintains a constant value for a certain period of vibration cycles (region I) and then decreases significantly with increasing the vibration cycles (region II). The feature of fatigue fracture behaviour under resonant vibration of ferritic SG cast iron can be concisely divided into four steps, namely (1) crack initiation, (2) crack linking, (3) the major cracks formation, and (4) deepening of the major cracks in the through-thickness direction. The initial three steps correspond to the region I period of the D-N curves, and the fourth step occurs in the region II period. Increasing the graphite nodule counts and refining the microstructure increase the region I period, and improve the resonant vibration fatigue life. During fatigue fracture process under resonant vibration, cracks mainly initiate from graphite nodules and some from eutectic cell walls. The eutectic cell wall inclusions are more crowded in SF specimen than that in PF specimen. So, the crack path of SF specimen is more tortuosity. The feature of fracture surface is mostly the brittle fracture.     

Corporate Effects of Temperature and Strain Range on the Low Cycle Fatigue Life of a Single-Crystal Superalloy DD10

Low cycle fatigue behavior of a nickel-based single-crystal superalloy DD10 was investigated at 760 and980 °C under different strain ranges. Results show that the fatigue life(Nf) of DD10 alloy exhibits different temperature dependence under various strain ranges. Under low strain range, the alloy exhibits a longer Nfat 760 °C than that at980 °C. However, under high strain range, a reverse result is obtained. This difference can be attributed to the change of dominant damage modes under various test conditions, which is manifested in different modes of crack initiation(crack nucleation and its early propagation). At 760 °C, the crack initiates at pores in subsurface due to local stress concentration.This process is mainly controlled by plastic amplitude and plastic property, but not affected by oxygen-induced damage before the crack propagates to the surface. At 980 °C, the crack initiates at surface instead of pores due to the more homogeneous plastic deformation and the disharmony between the external oxidation layer and the bulk material when the strain amplitude is high. At that temperature, the process is mainly controlled by oxidation damage and strain amplitude simultaneously. Therefore, under high strain range, the crack initiation is much easier at 760 °C due to plastic deformation and the poor plasticity, while under low strain range obvious oxidation damage at 980 °C may accelerate the crack initiation.     

深层滚压加工对高碳铬轴承钢超长寿命疲劳行为的影响

深层滚压加工对高碳铬轴承钢超长寿命疲劳行为的研究表明：与深层滚压加工前相同,在高应力幅短寿命区,疲劳裂纹萌生于试样表面;由于表面压缩残余应力的影响,疲劳强度有所提高．在低应力幅长寿命区,疲劳裂纹萌生位置从未经深层滚压加工试样的次表面向深层滚压加工试样内部没有压缩残余应力和硬化层的位置转移;因弯曲应力梯度的影响,疲劳强度有了较大的提高．深层滚压加工可以提高高碳铬轴承钢在超长寿命区的旋转弯曲疲劳强度．     

Development of a Non-collinear Nonlinear Ultrasonic-Based Technique for the Assessment of Crack Tip Deformation

Non-collinear nonlinear ultrasonic (NCNLU) wave mixing technique has been established to study the localized plastic deformation at the crack tip during fatigue. A pair of ultrasonic shear wave was mixed non-collinearly to obtain a longitudinal wave of frequency equal to the sum of the two shear wave frequencies under a resonant condition. Experiments were carried out on notched 9Cr-1Mo 3-point bend specimen during high-cycle fatigue. The variation of the NCNLU parameter with the stress accumulation at the crack tip during the fatigue crack initiation and propagation and mapping of the deformation zone around the crack tip are described in this paper.     

In situ characterization of fatigue damage evolution in a cast Al alloy via nonlinear ultrasonic measurements

A new methodology is described for in situ characterization of fatigue damage accumulation using nonlinear ultrasonic measurements via analysis of the feedback signal of a closed-loop ultrasonic fatigue system. In the very high-cycle fatigue regime, ultrasonic nonlinearity increases with initiation and growth of a dominant, life-limiting fatigue crack. Based on the increase in the ultrasonic nonlinearity with fatigue cycling, crack initiation, small fatigue crack growth and fast crack growth regimes have been distinguished during cycling in specimens with different pore sizes tested at various stress amplitudes. The fraction of fatigue life spent in initiation of a life-limiting fatigue crack decreases with increasing stress amplitude. For a constant stress amplitude, the initiation life also decreases with increasing pore size. The present study also demonstrates the applicability of the methodology for fatigue crack growth studies from natural defects located internally or at the surface in smooth specimens.     

DZ125高温合金超高周疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展

裂纹的萌生与扩展是研究合金材料超高周疲劳行为的重要方面。本研究分析与探讨了温度和表面状态对DZ125合金的超高周疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展特征的影响。不同温度下,DZ125合金的超高周疲劳裂纹萌生位置和扩展方式不同。室温下,裂纹均沿表面起源,裂纹扩展以拉伸模式为主;700℃下,裂纹均沿亚表面起源,裂纹扩展以剪切模式为主。室温下,DZ125合金经激光冲击处理前后的超高周疲劳裂纹萌生位置和扩展方式均存在差异。经过激光冲击处理后,裂纹萌生于合金的内部孔洞缺陷,裂纹扩展完全以剪切模式进行。     

7050铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头超高周疲劳性能

采用超高周疲劳试验系统研究7050-T7451铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的超高周疲劳性能. 试验结果表明,焊接接头在107周次以上仍然会发生疲劳失效,S-N曲线在108周次左右出现转折点,呈折线型下降;通过SEM对超高周疲劳断口形貌进行观察发现,当应力范围较高时,试件的疲劳裂纹往往在表面萌生,随着应力范围的降低,裂纹有亚表面和内部萌生的倾向;裂纹萌生位置取决于表面起裂和内部起裂相互竞争的结果;试件的断裂位置多为焊接接头的热力影响区和热影响区,EBSD和接头硬度的分析结果表明断裂位置与接头组织不均匀密切相关.     

Influence of Microstructural Inhomogeneity and Residual Stress on Very High Cycle Fatigue Property of Clean Spring Steel

The present study investigated the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) properties of a spring steel SUP7-T386 under the conditions of surface grinding and electro-polishing by performing the axial loading test at a stress ratio of ?1. The influence of the microstructural inhomogeneity (MI) generated in the process of heat treatment and the residual stress induced by surface grinding on the VHCF properties was discussed. This steel with surface grinding exhibits the continuously descending S-N characteristics, corresponding to the surface flaw-induced failure at high stress level and the interior flaw-induced failure at low stress level. Otherwise, with surface electro-polishing, it exhibits continuously descending S-N characteristics with lower fatigue strength, but only corresponding to the surface flaw-induced failure even at low stress level. Compared with the evaluated maximum inclusion size of about 11.5 μm, the larger MI size and the compressive residual stress play a key role in determining fatigue failure mechanism of this steel under axial loading in the VHCF regime. From the viewpoint of fracture mechanics, MI-induced crack growth behavior belongs to the category of small crack growth, and threshold stress intensity factors controlling surface and interior crack growth are evaluated to be 2.85 and 2.51 MPa m^1/2, respectively. The predicted maximum MI size of about 27.6 μm can be well used to evaluate surface and interior fatigue limit of this steel under axial loading in the VHCF regime, combined with the correction of residual stress.     

Interaction of Rayleigh surface waves with a tightly closed fatigue crack

A miniature interdigital transducer (IDT) tuned to resonate at 3.1 MHz of frequency is designed, fabricated, and used to generate narrow band Rayleigh waves on aircraft grade metallic alloys. Electrodes of the IDT are precisely machined by a laser machining technique and its acoustical wave properties are characterized by using a scanning laser interferometry system with a spatial resolution of less than 10 microns. Unlike the conventional contact surface wave generation methods using wedges or combs, the biggest advantage of an IDT are its miniature physical size and its high efficiency in converting electrical signals to mechanical vibrations. Narrow band surface waves with finite amplitudes generated by an IDT are used to investigate the wave interaction with a tightly closed fatigue crack on a metallic test specimen. High-resolution images for the time-resolved ultrasonic field and time-averaged amplitude displacement are generated to understand the interaction of the wave with a surface-breaking fatigue crack. From the amplitude displacement data, three-dimensional surface contour plots of the wave energy are generated to find out how the elastic energy interacts with the tight fatigue crack interfaces. Results show that a tightly closed fatigue crack can transmit Rayleigh waves through the crack due to interfacial contact within the crack, where transmission of elastic energy was found to be more dominant towards the crack tip as expected. The sum of transmitted and reflected energy at the crack interface suggests that there is an additional energy loss mechanism which is proved experimentally by visualizing part of the incident Rayleigh wave energy propagating along the interfacial surfaces of the crack and continues its propagation along the surface of the opposite side of the test specimen.     

大型精轧支撑辊疲劳断裂失效分析

某单位1580生产线精轧支撑辊在轧制过程中突然发生断裂,为查明失效原因,利用光学显微镜、拉伸、冲击试验机以及扫描电镜对轧辊材料显微组织、力学性能、断口形貌、起裂源位置进行了综合分析。结果表明,精轧支撑辊芯部材料为球墨铸铁,其组织主要由珠光体、棒状渗碳体、球状石墨及聚集在石墨周围的牛眼状铁素体构成。组织洁净度较差,夹杂物主要为球状Al₂O₃-MgO-SiO₂、Al₂O₃-MgO、Al₂O₃氧化物,尺寸集中在10～15 μm。支撑辊断口呈现典型旋转弯曲疲劳断口特征,裂纹源区位于轧辊内部且为多源起裂,断口内部呈现典型“鱼眼”特征,“鱼眼”区中最大夹杂物直径3 mm,为球状Al₂O₃-MgO-SiO₂。裂纹源最大拉应力30 MPa。裂纹在夹杂物周围萌生时其裂纹尖端最大应力强度因子为1.385 MPa·m^1/2,大于内部起裂裂纹扩展门槛值,因此裂纹在夹杂物与基体界面处形核。裂纹扩展至“鱼眼”区之外时,裂纹在应力作用下快速扩展并汇聚形成一条长裂纹,最终导致轧辊发生瞬断。     

Computer-aided experiment on arc welding

Fatigue properties of cast aluminium welded joints by friction stir welding (FSW) and MIG welding were investigated, comparing with that of the base plate. Fatigue crack propagation tests for the da/dN ? ΔK relation and bending fatigue tests for the S–N relation were carried out. Fatigue cracks in both FSW and MIG specimens were accelerated, when the fatigue crack tip reached the stir zone or the weld metal. This behaviour was discussed based on the crack closure induced by the crack surface roughness and the residual stress. In the S–N properties, the influence of specimen surface finishing on fatigue life was also examined. Fatigue lives of the FSW and MIG specimens in the ‘as weld’ condition were in the range of the largely scattered base plate fatigue lives, in spite of the different fatigue crack initiation sites in each specimen such as the porosity in the base plate, the tool mark bottom in the FSW and the weld toe in the MIG. The FSW specimens with the polished surface showed the particular improvement in fatigue strength for finite fatigue life.     

金属材料在循环载荷下塑性变形传播对疲劳性能的影响

对疲劳裂纹萌生寿命和扩展速率的研究表明，４０Ｃｒ钢调质和正火态存在加载频率效应，而１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ钢固溶处理态未发现加载频率效应。引起加载频率效应的实质是，随加载频率不断提高，金属材料塑性变形传播速度不断减小，从而改变塑性区特性。     

Effect of stress ratio on long life fatigue behavior of Ti-Al alloy under flexural loading

A new ultrasonic three-point bending fatigue test device was introduced to investigate fatigue life ranging up to 10^10 cycles and associated fr＇dcture behavior of Ti-Al alloy. Tests were performed at a frequency of 20 kHz with stress ratio R=0.5 and R=0.7 at ambient temperature in air. Three groups of specimens with different surface roughness were applied to investigate the effect of surface roughness on fatigue life. Furthermore, optical microscopy（OM） and scanning electron microscopy（SEM） were used for microstructure characteristic and fracture surface analysis. The S-N curves obtained show that fatigue failure occurs in the range of 10^5-10^10 cycles, and the asymptote of S-N curve inclines slightly in very high cycle regime, but is not horizontal for R=0.5. Fatigue limit appears after 10s cycles for R=0.7. Surface roughness （the maximum roughness is no more than 3 μm） has no influence on the fatigue properties in the high cycle regime. A detailed investigation on fatigue fracture surface shows that the Ti-Al alloy studied here is a binary alloy in the microstructure composed of α2-Ti3Al and γ-Ti-Al with fully lamellar microstructure. Fractography shows that fatigue failures are mostly initiated on the surface of specimens, also, in very high cycle regime, subsurface fatigue crack initiation can be found. Interlamellar fatigue crack initiation is predominant in the Ti-Al alloy with fully lamellar structure. Fatigue crack growth is mainly in transgranular mode.     

结合S-N曲线和断裂力学的焊接结构疲劳寿命分析

针对焊接结构的疲劳裂纹演化过程,将焊接结构的疲劳寿命定义为裂纹萌生寿命N_i和裂纹扩展寿命N_p之和,提出一种结合S-N曲线和断裂力学理论的疲劳寿命分析方法.采用等效结构应力法和99%下限主S-N曲线计算焊接结构的裂纹萌生寿命,并将这一阶段结束时的裂纹看作为半椭圆表面裂纹.采用Paris裂纹扩展模型和半椭圆表面裂纹应力强度因子ΔK计算裂纹扩展寿命N_p.参照某起重机走行梁的疲劳试验结果进行对比和验证研究.结果表明,等效结构应力可以较好地表征复杂焊接结构的裂纹萌生特性,结合S-N曲线和断裂力学的疲劳寿命计算结果与试验结果具有较好的一致性.     

Fatigue behavior of plasma radical nitrided SCM435 steel in super-long life regime

Fatigue behavior in a super-long life regime was investigated for plasma radical nitrided JIS SCM435 steels at room temperature in air. Specimens were nitrided at the 723 K and 823 K for 3 h and at 773 K for 1 h, 3 h, and 5 h. The fatigue strengths of the nitrided specimens were greater than that of the un-nitrided specimen. However, the fatigue strength and fracture mechanism of the nitrided specimens were markedly influenced by nitriding temperature and time. Both surface cracking and subsurface cracking, e.g. fish-eye fractures, were observed in the specimens subjected to the nitriding conditions. Hardened layers and compressive residual stress were formed on the specimen surfaces by nitriding, which led to an improvement of the fatigue strength and determined the initiation type of the fatigue cracking. Stress intensity factor at crack initiation was evaluated in fish-eye type fractures. As a result, the stress intensity factor range in the facet area indicated a constant value, approximately 3.5 MPa·m^1/2, regardless of the fatigue life.