ELID磨削砂轮表面氧化膜状态的表征

在线电解修整磨削(ELID)是一种电化学加工技术,可在磨削过程中对铸铁基砂轮进行连续修整,非常适合硬脆材料的超精密镜面加工.在ELID磨削过程中,砂轮表面氧化膜的状态对ELID磨削影响重大,在磨削过程中维持良好的氧化膜状态是获良好表面质量的前提保证.本文通过粘附性实验,建立了氧化膜的状态归一化模型,利用在ELID磨削过...     

塑性材料专用ELID磨削金属结合剂砂轮的研制

本文在已有通用型ELID磨削用金属结合剂砂轮的基础上，根据塑性材料磨削的特点和ELID磨削过程特点以及在ELID磨削过程中砂轮电解修锐作用及生成钝化膜的效应，通过调整合金中各种成分的搭配比例，适量地增添四氧化三铁，使其有良好的电解成膜特性，优化出专用ELID磨削砂轮(BJUTL-SXI型)。     

基于砂轮径向振动主动控制的ELID内圆磨削

在线电解修整(ELID)磨削过程中砂轮表面会生成一层具有一定厚度的氧化膜,其刚度远小于工件及砂轮结合剂的刚度,可以有效衰减磨削过程中的振动。将ELID技术应用到无心内圆磨削中,通过调节电解参数来改变氧化膜的状态,进而对砂轮径向振动进行控制。通过试验研究了电解参数的改变对砂轮径向振动的影响规律,并基于此规律设计了控制器,对磨削过程中的砂轮径向振动进行了主动控制磨削试验。试验结果表明,该控制器可以将磨削过程中的砂轮径向振动控制在设定值附近,维持ELID磨削的稳定。在实际的ELID内圆磨削中,可以先将砂轮径向振动控制在较高值,以实现较大的材料去除率;一段时间后再将砂轮径向振动控制在较低值,以提高工件表面质量。     

在线电解修锐(ELID)磨削液的成膜特性实验研究

ELID技术是金属结合剂超硬磨料砂轮修锐的一种重要方法，ELID磨削液的选择是否合理将直接影响修锐的质量和效率。磨削液成份种类的选择以及它们之间的配比关系对砂轮表面氧化膜的生成速度、硬度、致密性、粘附性、以及绝缘性等方面都有很大的影响。本文针对青铜结合剂金刚石砂轮，对几组不同配比关系的磨削液进行了电解及成膜能力实验，通过观察电解过程电流的变化规律以及电解后阳极表面生成氧化膜的质量，较准确地对磨削液的成膜特性进行了评定，确定了磨削液配比优化方案，为青铜结合剂金刚石砂轮ELID磨削的实现奠定了理论与实验基础。     

光学玻璃超精密镜面磨削表面质量影响试验研究

在线电解砂轮修整(ELID)磨削技术是一项新的、高效的磨削方法,可用于许多难加工材料的超精密加工和高效加工。采用ELID磨削方法对光学玻璃进行精密加工,通过实验研究了ELID磨削中电解电流和电压对加工表面的影响,得到了一定条件下优化的电解频率、电解电压参数。结果表明:在较高的电解频率下,加工工件的表面质量较好,但电解频率过高,表面质量会出现下降;加工工件的表面质量随着电解电压的增大有降低的趋势;在本文试验条件下,电解频率为100kHz,电解电压为60V时,加工表面质量最好。     

ELID磨削预修锐与氧化膜成膜的影响因素

设计了蓝宝石ELID(在线电解修整)磨削工艺的实验装置和实验方案.基于电化学理论,建立了蓝宝石ELID磨削预修锐氧化膜形成的数学模型,定性分析了氧化膜的成膜过程,并通过磨削实验,研究了极间间隙、电压等工艺参数对预修锐时间的影响规律,揭示了氧化膜厚度和生长速率的变化规律,提出了基于厚度、粘附力和孔隙率,并考虑预修锐时间的氧化膜状态的评价表征方法,对极间间隙、脉冲频率、电压和砂轮转速等ELID电解加工参数进行了优化.实验获得最佳加工条件为极间间隙0.5 mm,脉冲频率90 kHz,电压120 V,砂轮转速1500 r/min.     

磨削参数对ELID内圆磨削轴承外圈的影响

从磨削过程中振动功率的角度研究了在线电解修整(ELID)内圆磨削轴承外圈时,磨削深度和砂轮进给速度对磨削表面波纹度的影响,并通过不同的磨削参数组合,从磨削过程中氧化膜状态和材料去除机理等角度分析比较了磨削深度和砂轮进给速度对磨削过程影响的程度。试验结果表明,磨削深度的作用更重要,在实际ELID内圆磨削过程中可以先采用较大的磨削深度以实现高的材料去除率,再采用较小的磨削深度以提高表面质量,并且在ELID磨削过程中可以通过振动的大小来预测加工后工件表面的波纹度大小。     

ELID磨削占空比对铁基金刚石砂轮氧化膜特性影响

在线电解砂轮修整(ELID)镜面磨削硬脆材料可以获得高质量的加工表面,在加工中铁基金刚石砂轮的氧化膜起着至关重要的作用.通过磨削BK7光学玻璃的试验研究,电解参数占空比对氧化膜生成速度、厚度及其对加工表面质量有着重要影响,在保证加工质量及降低砂轮损耗率的基础上找到了最优的占空比参数.     

ELID 磨削工艺控制研究

砂轮表面氧化膜的形成规律与特性对ELID超精密磨削质量有着重要的影响。研究在ELID磨削中氧化膜的形成规律,基于电化学基本原理,模拟砂轮表面氧化膜形成过程,并分析金刚石砂轮电解预修整过程中氧化膜的生长规律。在此基础上,总结出控制氧化膜生长的几个主要因素之间的关系,分析和确定氧化膜生长厚度与电压之间的关系,应用循环结构编程设计实现ELID磨削工艺控制。     

ELID磨削专用磨削液的研究

为提高ELID磨削液的防锈性能和电解速度 ,通过调整ELID磨削液添加剂的成分及配比 ,研制了新型的ELID磨削专用磨削液 ,较好解决了提高防锈性能与加快电解速度的矛盾 ,强化了对砂轮基体的电解成膜作用。     

Grinding of aluminium silicon carbide metal matrix composite materials by electrolytic in-process dressing grinding

The grinding cost of metal matrix composite materials is more due to low removal rates and high rates of wear of super abrasive wheels. This electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) technique uses a metal-bonded grinding wheel that is electrolytically dressed during the grinding process for abrasives that protrude continuously from super abrasive wheels. This research carries out ELID grinding using various current duty ratios and conventional grinding of 10% SiC_p reinforced 2,124 aluminium composite materials. Normal forces and tangential forces are monitored. Surface roughness of the ground surface, Vickers hardness numbers and metal removal rate (MRR) are measured. The results show that the cutting forces in the ELID grinding are unstable throughout the grinding process due to the breakage of an insulating layer formed on the surface of grinding wheel and are less than conventional grinding forces. A smoother surface can be obtained at high current duty ratio in ELID grinding. The micro-hardness is reduced at high current duty ratio. In ELID, the MRR increases at high current duty ratio. The results of this investigation are presented in this paper.     

在线电解修整磨削与化学机械抛光相结合的蓝宝石基片组合加工技术

通过分析ELID磨削和CMP抛光两种加工技术的原理和特点,充分结合两种技术的优点,对蓝宝石基片进行超光滑纳米级精度的组合加工。从理论上分析和计算了蓝宝石的临界切削深度,以及在不同粒度砂轮下的脆性和延性磨削方式;采用不同粒度的砂轮对蓝宝石基片进行超精密ELID磨削实验,快速地获得高质量的加工表面,同时采用磁流变斑点法对加工面的亚表面损伤进行测量;利用CMP抛光技术对磨削加工后的表面进行光整,以减少磨削时产生的加工缺陷,使工件的表面质量得到进一步改善与提高,最终获得亚纳米级的表面粗糙度。     

ELID磨削钝化膜弹簧刚度计算模型研究

钝化膜在ELID磨削中具有至关重要的作用。结合磨削原理建立了ELID磨削钝化膜弹簧刚度计算模型,对计算模型进行了理论分析及仿真研究,并进行了实验验证。研究表明,ELID磨削钝化膜弹簧刚度计算模型可以很好表征ELID磨削过程中弹簧刚度的动态变化,这一特性对ELID磨削表面质量的提高起到显著作用。     

Precision grinding of bearing steel based on active control of oxide layer state with electrolytic interval dressing

The oxide layer state directly relates to machining quality in electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) grinding. In this paper, intermittent grinding control strategy was used to monitor and control the state of the oxide layer in interval ELID (ELID II) grinding. Some experiments were implemented based on active control of the oxide layer state. The influence of dressing current, wheel speeds, and grit size on surface roughness and waviness has been discussed in detail with ELID II grinding for bearing steel. The experimental results illustrate that the ELID II method can realize a stable grinding process based on active control of the oxide layer state. The surface roughness (Ra) and waviness (Wa) increase with increase of the dressing current. When the dressing current is constant, Ra and Wa reduce as wheel speed increases and decrease as grain size of wheel decreases. The experimental results also show that sufficient abrasive protrusion can be ensured in ELID II grinding, especially for grinding with a W2.5 super-abrasive wheel which may produce a very smooth surface quality, Ra 0.0166 μm and Wa 0.018 μm.     

在线电解修整磨削液研究现状及其展望

在线电解修整(electrolytic in-process dressing,ELID)镜面磨削过程中,磨削液的成份及配比对砂轮表面氧化膜的生成速度、致密性、黏附性以及绝缘性等都有着很大的影响,磨削液的配比及优化成为ELID磨削过程中的关键技术之一。主要介绍了ELID磨削液的成分配比、磨削液对氧化膜的影响以及ELID磨削液改进这几个方面的研究进展,并对ELID磨削液下一步的研究重点进行了展望。     

A study on wear mechanism and wear reduction strategies in grinding wheels used for ELID grinding

Metal-bonded superabrasive diamond grinding wheels have superior qualities such as high bond strength, high stability and high grindability. The major problems encountered are wheel loading and glazing, which impedes the effectiveness of the grinding wheel. Electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) is an effective method to dress the grinding wheel during grinding. The wear mechanism of metal-bonded grinding wheels dressed using ELID is different form the conventional grinding methods because the bond strength of the wheel-working surface is reduced by electrolysis. The reduction of bond strength reduces the grit-depth-of-cut and hence the surface finish is improved. The oxide layer formed on the surface of the grinding wheel experiences macrofracture at the end of wheel life while machining hard and brittle workpieces. When the wheel wear is dominated by macrofracture, the wheel-working surface is free from loaded chips and worn diamond grits. When the oxide layer is removed from the wheel surface, the electrical conductivity of the grinding wheel increases, and that stimulates electrolytic dressing. The conditions applied to the pulse current influence the amount of layer oxidizing from the grinding wheel surface. Longer pulse ‘on’ time increases the wheel wear. Shorter pulse ‘on’ time can be selected for a courser grit size wheel since that type of wheel needs high grinding efficiency. Equal pulse ‘on’ and ‘off’ time is desired for finer grit size wheels to obtain stable and ultraprecision surface finish.     

Ultra-precision ductile grinding of BK7 using super abrasive diamond wheel

In this paper, a novel conditioning technique using copper bonded diamond grinding wheels of 91 μm grain size and electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) is first developed to precisely and effectively condition a nickel-electroplated monolayer coarse-grained diamond grinding wheel of 151 μm grain size. Under optimised conditioning parameters, the super abrasive diamond wheel was well conditioned in terms of a minimized run-out error and flattened diamond grain surfaces of constant peripheral envelope. The conditioning force was monitored by a force transducer, while the modified wheel surface status was in-situ monitored by a coaxial optical distance measurement system. Finally, the grinding experiment on BK7 was conducted using the well-conditioned wheel with the corresponding surface morphology and subsurface damage measured by atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electric microscope (SEM), respectively. The experimental result shows that the newly developed conditioning technique is applicable and feasible to ductile grinding optical glass featuring nano scale surface roughness, indicating the potential of super abrasive diamond wheels in ductile machining brittle materials. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2006, 42(10): 95–101 [译自: 机械工程学报]     

基于多层钎焊金刚石砂轮在线电解修整技术的超细晶硬质合金精密磨削研究

利用模压成型技术和真空钎焊技术制备出了磨粒把持力大、力学性能优良的多层钎焊金刚石砂轮;采用在线电解修整技术促使磨钝的磨粒及时脱落,使砂轮在磨削过程中始终保持锋利性;并开展了基于多层钎焊金刚石砂轮在线电解修整技术的超细晶硬质合金精密磨削试验。试验结果表明：在相同磨削条件下,多层钎焊砂轮在线电解修整磨削力较无修整时的磨削力下降了33.7%～57.9%;多层钎焊砂轮在线电解修整磨削技术能有效提高加工表面质量。当进给速度为30 mm/s,磨削深度为15 μm时,无电解磨削加工表面粗糙度为0.35 μm,而在线电解修整磨削表面粗糙度仅为82.1 nm;多层钎焊砂轮在线电解修整磨削残余应力仅为无电解磨削时的38.2%～49.5%。且在线电解修整磨削表面完整性较好,没有出现表面/亚表面裂纹等相关缺陷,可实现超细晶硬质合金等难加工材料的高效精密加工。