金银纪念币压印成形中的缺陷预测

闪光线、光亮带和压印不足是金银纪念币压印成形中的主要缺陷。基于实验室研发的压印成形模拟系统COINFORM,对纪念币的压印过程进行了数值模拟。在对光亮带缺陷分析的基础上,建立了径向摩擦功模型预测光亮带的位置。结合实验结果和成形模拟中金属的流动情况,分析了闪光线的形成机理。将原有算法进行改进,根据计算过程中坯饼表面和模具的接触状态确定结束计算时刻,并以计算结束时的坯饼反作用力来预测实际成形时所需的压印力。实验结果表明,所预测的压印力对压印不足缺陷的消除是有效的。     

基于连续介质损伤力学的高强度钢板热成形性数值预测

基于连续介质损伤力学模型,建立耦合损伤的热成形本构方程。将该本构方程引入到自主开发的金属成形有限元软件KMAS中,从而可对高强度钢板在热成形过程中的损伤演化及成形性能进行预测。本构方程中与温度及应变率相关的损伤参数控制着热成形过程中的损伤演化,对成形性数值预测具有重要的意义。为标定本构方程中的损伤参数,进行不同温度及应变率下的等温热拉伸试验,并对拉伸过程进行数值模拟,通过优化对比数值计算和试验所得的力-位移曲线,获得了不同温度及应变率下的损伤参数。随后将损伤参数引入KMAS中,对一款典型汽车B柱在热成形过程的成形性进行数值预测,并与试验结果进行对比,结果证明了所建立耦合损伤本构方程的正确性。     

半固态材料触变成形通用本构方程及其优化

采用半固态成形机理分析和试验研究相结合的方法,建立半固态触变成形的粘塑性本构方程,并提出本构方程的优化新方法。通过半固态Al-4Cu-Mg合金的等温压缩试验研究,分析试验数据,得到本构方程中的4个待定系数,并以此作为优化设计的初试值。结合本构方程的形式,对其进行特性分析和优化。将含优化变量的本构方程作为子程序引入到有限元数值模拟中,可以得到对照热模拟试验结果的若干工艺条件下半固态Al-4Cu-Mg合金的应力应变曲线。通过比较有限元数值模拟结果和热模拟试验结果可知,利用提出的本构方程优化新方法,不仅可以剔除热模拟试验数据中几何效应的影响,而且还能准确地描述半固态材料的触变成形规律,从而可以提高数值模拟的精度与可靠性。     

高强铝合金热塑性变形本构关系研究现状及发展趋势

高强铝合金热成形工艺条件下的变形行为表征,需要在考虑温度、应变速率及应变影响的基础上结合微观演化行为建立热塑性本构关系。总结了高强铝合金热塑性变形本构关系相关研究成果。研究结果表明：广泛应用的唯象本构模型通过修正模型参数可以充分耦合应变、温度及应变速率作用,并准确地预测不同变形条件下的流动应力,然而缺乏对变形机制的明确解释,使得唯象本构模型对试验温度、应变速率变化范围较大以及试验条件范围外的变形行为预测精度难以得到保证;基于物理意义的本构模型能够模拟位错密度、晶粒尺寸及动态再结晶等微观演化过程,对流动应力进行精确计算,展现了强大的宏微观变形预测能力,是高强铝合金热塑性变形本构关系的研究趋势。     

六面体单元在压印成形模拟中的应用

针对动力显式压印成形模拟系统COINFORM中单点积分单元的沙漏问题,建立了一种采用多点积分方案的八节点六面体单元。推导了体积闭锁和剪切闭锁的产生机理,采用假设应变法,成功消除了单元在近似不可压缩变形中的体积闭锁和弯曲变形中的剪切闭锁。将建立的六面体单元与COINFORM相结合,对银999纪念币压印成形模拟算例进行了分析。研究结果表明,提出的多点积分六面体单元在压印模拟中不存在闭锁现象,且比COINFORM原有单元具有更高的计算精度。     

双峰结构纳米晶铜的力学行为

通过分子动力学模拟、黏塑性本构模型和纳米压痕试验验证相结合的研究方法,系统研究了双峰结构(晶粒尺寸服从统计学中双峰分布)纳米晶铜的变形机理与力学性能。结果表明：在塑性变形过程中位错首先在纳米晶铜的细晶区形核和扩展,且方向互相平行;而粗晶区的位错滑移方向相互交叉,且粗晶尺寸越大,越容易发生位错缠绕和交滑移。双峰结构纳米晶铜的流变应力随着粗晶尺寸的增大而增大,硬度随着粗晶体积分数的增大而减小。由黏塑性本构方程计算得到的应力变化规律与由经验公式和分子动力学模拟得到的结果一致,且本构方程计算得到的流变应力和经验公式所得结果的相对误差小于5%。     

面向微细制造的微成形技术

综述了近年来微成形(微尺度金属零件和微结构金属零件成形)技术的发展概况，包括微成形工艺系统、成形中的微尺度效应、微尺度冲裁、挤压、拉深、超塑成形等工艺的试验和研究结果，以及已经提出和发展的考虑微尺度效应的各种力学本构模型，并简要介绍了微成形相关的工艺装备系统的发展现状，分析了微成形技术的发展趋势和经济潜力。     

高强度钢板热成形热、力、相变数值模拟分析

在已建立的高强度钢板热成形热、力、相变多场耦合本构模型和板料、水冷模具相互耦合的接触热传导模型基础上,基于自主开发的商业化金属成形CAE软件KMAS(King-Mesh analysis system)构建热成形热、力、相变耦合的非线性、大变形静力显式数值模拟模块。对典型U形高强度钢板的热成形过程进行数值模拟分析;计算板料与模具相互耦合的温度场变化规律,并将钢板组织相变释放的潜热考虑其中;将温度场计算结果引入热成形热、力、相变多场耦合的本构方程和静力显式有限元列式中,计算钢板等效应力和组织相变分布变化规律。通过钢板温度场以及马氏体转变量数值模拟结果与试验结果的一致性对比,验证建立的多场耦合本构模型和KMAS热成形仿真模块的正确性和有效性。     

40Cr冷滚打成形中位错密度变化研究

为揭示40Cr在高速冷滚打中的成形机理,将40Cr宏观应力变化和位错密度变化机理相结合,得到了40Cr位错密度变化曲线;基于位错密度变化的微观组织演变模型,建立了40Cr位错密度变化模型,并验证了该模型的正确性;利用XRD实验得到40Cr在不同变形条件下的XRD图谱,结合Dunn公式求得40Cr在不同变形条件下各个晶面及晶面整体位错密度变化。通过模型验证和试验分析,进一步从微观角度解释了40Cr在冷滚打成形过程中的变化规律。      

Thermo-mechanical-martensitic Transformation Numerical Simulation of High Strength Steel in Hot Forming

在已建立的高强度钢板热成形热、力、相变多场耦合本构模型和板料、水冷模具相互耦合的接触热传导模型基础上,基于自主开发的商业化金属成形CAE软件KMAS(King-Mesh analysis system)构建热成形热、力、相变耦合的非线性、大变形静力显式数值模拟模块.对典型U形高强度钢板的热成形过程进行数值模拟分析;计算板料与模具相互耦合的温度场变化规律,并将钢板组织相变释放的潜热考虑其中;将温度场计算结果引入热成形热、力、相变多场耦合的本构方程和静力显式有限元列式中,计算钢板等效应力和组织相变分布变化规律.通过钢板温度场以及马氏体转变量数值模拟结果与试验结果的一致性对比,验证建立的多场耦合本构模型和KMAS热成形仿真模块的正确性和有效性.     

Anti-plane analysis of functionally graded materials weakened by several moving cracks

This paper considers several finite moving cracks in a non-homogeneous material. The shear modulus and mass density of the plane are considered for a class of functional forms for which equilibrium equation has analytical solutions. The distributed dislocation technique is used to carry out stress analysis in a non-homogeneous plane containing moving cracks under anti-plane loading. The solution of a moving screw dislocation is obtained in a non-homogeneous plane by means of Fourier transform method. The stress components reveal the familiar Cauchy singularity at the location of dislocation. The solution is employed to derive integral equations for a plane weakened by moving cracks. Finally several examples are solved to show the effects of the material non-homogeneity and speed of cracks on the stress intensity factors.     

Modelling grain growth evolution and necking in superplastic blow-forming

A stability analysis is carried out to investigate necking in superplastic materials characterised by the sinh-law constitutive equation . The effects of load and the strain rate sensitivity parameter β on necking are quantitatively studied and a necking map is obtained for conditions of uniaxial loading. Finite element simulations of a superplastic blow-forming process are carried out in order to investigate both non-uniform thinning and grain size distribution which result from the use of the sinh-law constitutive equation. The pressure cycle required to ensure a target maximum strain rate is not exceeded in the material is obtained. The effects of strain rate and the magnitude of the parameter β on the grain size and through-thickness strain distributions for the formed part are investigated.     

介观尺度磷青铜薄板韧性断裂和变形行为的尺寸效应

借助单轴微拉伸试验研究了磷青铜薄板力学性能和韧性断裂的尺寸效应。结果表明,屈服强度与材料厚度t、晶粒尺寸d之间均存在着第Ⅱ类尺寸效应,但与t/d之间却存在着第Ⅰ类尺寸效应。断口形貌显示,随着t的减小,断裂机制由韧窝-微孔聚集断裂向滑移分离过渡;随着d的增大,韧窝逐渐变大变深,但当t/d<1时,拉伸过程过早形成微裂纹,导致试样迅速断裂。最后,基于表面层模型构建了介观尺度磷青铜薄板的混合本构方程。     

热采井口装置材料30CrMo的拉伸及蠕变性能研究

针对油田热采井口装置服役寿命的评价问题,对其材料30CrMo进行了拉伸和蠕变性能研究。通过拉伸试验获得材料的常温和390℃下的力学性能;进行该材料在390℃、五个不同应力下的蠕变试验,并对试验数据进行Norton-Bailey方程拟合,得到了低应力区和高应力区蠕变本构方程;对原始试样和五个蠕变后的试样进行扫描电镜和透射电镜观察,发现材料长期处于390℃温度下,晶体内的碳元素扩散造成基体上析出物数量的增多及颗粒的增大,导致材料强度的下降;材料30CrMo在低应力区和高应力区的蠕变微观组织变化机理不同,低应力区以位错热攀移为主,高应力区以Orowan绕越方式为主。     

一种考虑空洞效应的共晶钎料合金粘塑性-损伤本构模型

共晶钎料具有连接作用而广泛地用于电子封装中.锡铅焊料具有高的同系温度,因而在工作时表现出较为明显的时间、温度和率相关特性.复杂的力学机理使得本构模型的建立成为一件及其复杂而又重要的工作.文中提出一种考虑孔洞效应的粘塑性-损伤模型,基于Guron-Tvergaard-Needleman思想和正交法则,引入孔洞体积分数,以描述共晶钎料的力学特性.并在各种测试条件下,通过实验验证模型的力学响应,表明该模型能够用于分析电子封装中焊点为损伤变量的可靠性问题.     

Correlation between Single Factor Material Constitutive Model Parameters and Temperature for Ti6Al4V Alloy

Accurate material constitutive model is considered highly necessary to perform finite element simulation and analysis.However,it is difficult to establish the material constitutive model because of uncertainty of mathematical relationship and constraint of existing experimental condition.At present,there exists considerable gap between finite element simulation result and actual cutting process.Particular emphases were put on investigating the correlation between "single factor" material constitutive model parameters and temperature for Ti6Al4V alloy,and also establishment of material constitutive model for this kind of material.Theoretical analyses based on dislocation theory and material functional relations showed that material model was deeply affected by variation temperature.By the least squares best fit to the available quasi-static and high-speed impact compression experiment data,material parameters at various temperatures were found.Experimental curves analyses and material parameters comparison showed that the "single factor" material constitutive model parameters were temperature dependent.Using the mathematical mapping between material parameters and temperature,"single factor" material constitutive model of Ti6Al4V alloy was established,which was proven to be right by comparing with experimental measurements.This work makes clear that the "single factor" material constitutive model parameters of Ti6Al4V alloy are temperature dependent.At the same time,an accurate material constitutive model is established,which helps to optimize cutting process and control machining distortion for Ti6Al4V alloy aerospace parts.     

基于改进温度模型的300M钢本构方程参数识别

为了提高通过切削实验获取材料本构方程参数的精度,提出了将基于移动热源理论的温度分布模型沿剪切面积分计算剪切区平均温度的方法,结合不等距剪切区模型求得等效应变和应变率,建立了材料Johnson-Cook(J-C)本构方程参数的求解模型。根据切削实验获取的切削力和切屑厚度数据并采用遗传算法求得了300M钢J-C本构方程参数。与AdvantEdge FEM软件自带的300M钢本构模型相比,用所求模型参数仿真得到的主切削力、进给力和切屑厚度的精度有显著提高,验证了所建本构方程参数求解模型的有效性。     

多场交互作用下镁合金塑性变形研究

采用压缩圆柱形镁合金铸锭的试验方法，研究了不同变形温度和不同应变速率对AM60B铸态镁合金塑性流动应力的影响规律。采用电子显微镜观察了压缩试样微观组织，结果显示，镁合金在高温下塑性变形以基滑移为主，并出现位错攀移，在临近晶界处有明显的交滑移产生。采用数理统计的方法建立了变形温度为573-673K、应变速率为0．01～0．1s^-1条件下的AM60B铸态镁合金塑性变形本构模型，试验表明所建立的本构模型能充分反映AM60B铸态镁合金的塑性变形规律。     

Effect of material microstructure and tool geometry on surface generation in single point diamond turning

There is a strong desire in industry to improve surface finish when performing ultra-precision, single point diamond turning (SPDT) to reduce the amount of post process polishing required to meet final product specifications. However there are well known factors in SPDT which limit achievable surface finish. This paper focuses on the role of material microstructure, including grain boundary density and the presence of inclusions, as well as tool design on surface roughness using the concept of size effect. Size effect can be described as an interplay between the material microstructure dimension and the relative size of the uncut chip thickness with respect to the cutting edge radius. Since one of the controllable parameters in size effect is grain size and dislocation density, controlled studies were performed on samples whose microstructure was refined by mechanical strain hardening through rolling and a friction stir process (FSP). The use of the ultra-fine grained workpiece prepared using an FSP was observed to reduce side flow as well as grain boundary and inclusion induced roughness. The role of tool geometry on material induced roughness was investigated using a tool with a rounded primary cutting edge and a flat secondary edge. The use of the flat secondary edge was observed to improve surface finish when machining a flat surface. This improvement was primarily attributed to a reduction in side flow and material microstructural effects. By combining these approaches an average surface roughness R_a value of 0.685 nm was achieved when SPDT a flat surface. Furthermore the custom tool has the potential to significantly improve the productivity of SPDT by allowing for a much higher feed rate while still achieving a high quality surface finish.