Effect of temperature field on types and distribution of reinforcing phases in ＂in-situ＂ weld-alloying/PAW of SiCp/6061AI

Based on theories of heat transfer, physical metallurgy and hydro-mechanical, in order to analyze the effect of welding parameters on species and distribution of reinforcing phases visually and legibly,finite element software ANSYS was used to simulate transient temperature field for SiCp/AI in ＂in-situ＂ weld-alloying/plasma arc welding. The results show that the calculated results approximately agreed with the experimental measured results. So the model is basically correct and credible., Based on the numerical solutions and experimental results, effect of temperature field in different welding process parameters（welding current, welding velocity） on species and distribution of reinforcing phases is analyzed. The results show that adjusting and optimizing temperature field appropriately is an effective method to obtain welded joint with better microstructure and property.     

Effect of temperature field on types and distribution of reinforcing phases in “in-situ” weld-alloying/PAW of SiC_p/6061Al

Based on theories of heat transfer,physical metallurgy and hydro-mechanical,in order to analyze the effect of welding parameters on species and distribution of reinforcing phases visually and legibly,finite element software ANSYS was used to simulate transient temperature field for SiC_p/AI in“in-situ”weld-alloying/plasma arc welding.The results show that the calculated results approximately agreed with the experimental measured results.So the model is basically correct and credible.Based on the numerical solutions and experimental results,effect of temperature field in different welding process parameters(welding current,welding velocity)on species and distribution of reinforcing phases is analyzed.The results show that adjusting and optimizing temperature field appropriately is an effective method to obtain welded joint with better microstructure and property.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of heat-affected zone of 680MPa grade steel endured thermal cycle of double-wire SAW

Based on the measured thermal cycle of double-wire submerged arc welding (SAW), the gleeble thermal test was performed. Meanwhile, the Charpy V-notch impact test at -50℃ and hardness test at room temperature were carried out after the thermal test. Thermally cycled microstructure and fracture surfaces were observed too. The results indicate that impact toughness of heat-affected zone (HAZ) at -50℃ is lower than that of parent metal with different wire spacing and welding speed. The microstructure of coarse-grains heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) is mainly made up of lath bainite with serious brittleness. The study also shows that a smaller energy input could be adopted to ensure the toughness of welded joints at the welding process in a common molten pool, while a higher energy input could be exerted to enhance welding efficiency at the welding process in two separate molten pools.     

Synthesis of Mg＇Cu-Gd amorphous alloy by mechanical alloying and its thermal stability

Mg65Cu25Gd10 amorphous alloy powders were synthesized by mechanical alloying （MA）. The most suitable process is that the milling velocity is 600 r/min and the mass ratio of ball to powder is 20：1, so the shortest forming time of the amorphous is about 40 h. The thermal stability of the powders was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）. The glass transition temperature, （Tg）, onset temperature of crystallization（Tx）, width of supercooled liquid region, were determined to be 444.8, 531. 1 and 86.3 K, respectively. Contrasting them with the parameters of samples produced by traditional copper-mold casting, it is found that the thermal stability of the former is better than .that of the latter. At the same time, the crystallization kinetics of those amorphous powders was researched by Kissinger equation and the apparent activation energy at Tg and Tx was calculated.     

Effect of groove angle and preheating temperature on temperature profile and fluid velocity in weld pool

The three dimensiotud transient weld pool dynamics are numerically analyzed ,for Forcearc welding, which is a new gas metal arc welding technology to get deep fusion penetration with smaller angle sf V groove to enhance welding efficiency significantly. The influence of groove angle and preheatin,g temperature on heat and .fluid .flow is studied and compared to get an optimal welding parameter. Good agreement is shown between the predicted and experimental results, such as weld bead cross-section and thermal cycles. It can he seen that an apprpriate groove angle could be used to replace high preheating temperature to get inproced penetration and thermal cycles.     

The Coupled FEM Analysis of the Transient Temperature Field During Inertia Friction Welding of GH4169 Alloy

The inertia friction welding process is a non-linear process because of the interaction between the temperature field and the material properties as well as the friction force. A thermo-mechanical coupled finite element model is established to simulate the temperature field of this process. The transient temperature distribution during the inertia friction welding process of two similar workpieces of GH4169 alloy is calculated. The region of the circular cross-section of the workpiece is divided into a number of four-nodded isoparametric elements. In this model, the temperature dependent thermal properties, time dependent heat inputs, contact condition of welding interface, and deformation of the flash were considered. At the same time, the convection and radiation heat losses at the surface of the workpieces were also considered. A temperature data acquisition system was developed. The temperature at some position near the welding interface was measured using this system. The calculated temperature agrees well with the experimental data. The deformation of the flash and the factor affecting the temperature distribution at the welding interface are also discussed.     

DIMENSIONAL INSTABILITY OF LD31 Al ALLOY WELDMENTS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE AND AFTER THERMAL CYCLES

The unstable dimensional distortion of LD31 aluminum alloy weldments at room temperature and after thermal cycles was studied by use of light interference and CMM(three-coordinate measuring machines). At the same time, distortion mechanism was analyzed from the viewpoint of mechanics and micro structure. Experimental results show that there exists obvious difference of unstable dimensional distortion between LD31 welded specimens under two conditions mentioned above. Under room temperature, dimensional variation of welded specimens will decrease gradually and finally tends to be stable during 200h after welding. The relative elongation of welded specimen is 3.0×10-5; After thermal cycles, distortion of welded specimen is much larger than that at room temperature. After 11 thermal cycles, the dimension will tend to be stable. Dimensional unstable distortion of weldments mainly results from temperature condition, microstructure variation and relaxation of welding residual stress.     

Novel thermal expansion of lead titanate

Lattice parameters of lead titanate were precisely re-determined in the temperature range of -150-950℃ by high precision XRPD measurements. It was clarified that there was no any evidence for a new phase transition at low tempera-tures. Tetragonal distortion strain decreases with temperature increasing. A novel thermal expansion was observed, positive thermal expansion from -150℃ to room temperature (RT) and above 490℃, and the negative thermal expansion in the temperature range of RT-490℃. A big jump of thermal expansion coefficient is attributed to the tetragonal-cubic phase transition. A rationalization for the negative thermal expansion of PbTiO3 is due to the decrease of anion-anion repulsion as polyhedra become more regular at heating. The mechanisms of positive and negative thermal expansions were elucidated as the same nature in the homogenous tetragonal phase at present case.     

INFLUENCE OF PROCESSING ON SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT OF Fe-Mn-Si-Ni-C-RE SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY

Effect of carbon, compound RE, quenching temperature, pre-strain and recovery temperature on shape memory effect (SME) of Fe-Mn-Si-Ni-C-RE shape memory alloy was studied by bent measurement, thermal cycle training, SEM etc. It was shown that the grains of alloys addition with compound RE became finer and SME increased evidently. SME of the alloy was weakening gradually as carbon content increased under small strain (3%). But in the condition of large strain (more than 6%), SME of the alloy whose carbon content range from 0.1% to 0.12% showed small decreasing range, especially of alloy with the addition of compound RE. Results were also indicated that SME was improved by increasing quenching temperature (>1000℃). The amount of thermal induced martensite increased and the relative shape recovery ratio could be increased to more than 40% after 3-4 times thermal training. The relative shape recovery ratio decreased evidently depending on rising of pre-strain. Furthermore, because speed of martensite transi     

High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of SiC_p/Al–Mg–Si–Cu Composite

A 17 vol% SiCp/Al–Mg–Si–Cu composite plate with a thickness of 3 mm was successfully friction stir welded(FSWed) at a very high welding speed of 2000 mm/min for the first time. Microstructural observation indicated that the coarsening of the precipitates was greatly inhibited in the heat-affected zone of the FSW joint at high welding speed, due to the significantly reduced peak temperature and duration at high temperature. Therefore, prominent enhancement of the hardness was achieved at the lowest hardness zone of the FSW joint at this high welding speed, which was similar to that of the nugget zone. Furthermore, the ultimate tensile strength of the joint was as high as 369 MPa, which was much higher than that obtained at low welding speed of 100 mm/min(298 MPa). This study provides an effective method to weld aluminum matrix composite with superior quality and high welding efficiency.     

Finite element analysis of the effect of micro-pore defect on linear friction welding of medium carbon steel

Micro-pore is a very common material defect. In the present paper, the temperature fields of medium carbon steel joints with and without micro-pore defect during linear friction welding （LFW） were investigated by using finite element method. The effect of micro-pore defect on the axial shortening of joints during LFW was examined. The x- and y-direction displacements of micro-pore during the LFW process were also studied. In addition, the shape of micro-pore after LFW was observed. The heat conducted from the weld inteace to the specimen interior. The fluctuation range of the temperature curves for the joint with micro-pore is larger than that without micro-pore. Position of micro-pore changes with the change of the friction time. The circular shape of micro-pore becomes oval after welding.     

Numerical Simulation of Temperature Field in Nanostructured Al2O3-13TiO2 Feedstock in Supersonic Plasma Spraying

Velocity and temperature of nanostructured Al2O3-13TiO2 feedstocks in supersonic plasma spraying was detected applying CCD thermal spray monitor.Based on the detect results,temperature field in the feedstock in spraying process was analyzed via finite element method.Result shows that the highest velocity of the flying particles exceed to 800m/s.With the increase of spraying distance,velocity decline parabolic.Surface temperature of the feedstock increase firstly and then decrease and the highest temperature exceed to 2600℃.Internal temperature of the feedstock is higher than the melting point when the distance reaches to 80mm.As the spraying distance increase,temperature gradient in the particle decreased gradually.     

Characteristics of 5A90 Aluminum-lithium Alloy by YAG-MIG Hybrid Welding

The characteristics of 5A90 Aluminum-Lithium alloy by YAG laser and MIG arc hybrid welding (Hybrid welding) were studied.Compared with the laser beam welding (LBW),the hybrid welding could not only improve the weld appearance significantly,but also have better engineering compatibility.The obvious microstructure characteristics of joint by the hybrid welding are fine-grained layer near fusion-line and the equiaxed grain in most area of welded seam.The subgrains of the equiaxed grains,located in the weld center,tend to coarse from bottom to top of weld joint.The microhardness of welded seam by the hybrid welding (83.57HV0.2) is lower than that by LBW (95.65HV0.2),but the uniformity of the former is better than that of the latter.The ultimate strength and the elongations after fracture of the joint by the hybrid welding are lower than that by LBW.The tensile fracture always occurs in HAZ or weld centerline,and the fractography presents mixture rupture.Therefore,if the combined mechanical properties of joint by the hybrid welding meet the operation requirements,it should be improved by reasonable artificial aging or heat treatment after welding,and it also should develop a better filler wire matched with the base metal.     

Wear and isothermal oxidation kinetics of nitrided TiAl based alloys

Gas nitridation of TiAl based alloys in an ammonia atmosphere was carried out.The evaluation of the surface wear resistance was performed to compare with those of the non-nitridd alloys.It is concluded that high temperature nitridation raised wear resistance of TiAl based alloys markedly.The tribological behaviors of the nitrided alloys were also discussed.The oxidation kinetics of the nitrided TiAl based alloys were investigated at 800-1000℃ in hot air.It is concluded that nitridation is detrimental to the oxidation resistance of TiAl based alloys under the present conditions.The nitrided alloys exhibit increased oxidizing rate with the prolongation of nitridation time at 800℃.However,alloys nitrided at 940℃ for 50h display a sign of better oxidation resistance than the other nitrided alloys at more severe oxidizing conditions.The parabolic rate law is considered as the basis of the data processing and interpretation of the mass gain vs time data.As a comparison with it ,attempts were made to fit the data with the power law.The oxidation kinetic parameter kn,kp and nwere measured and the trends were discussed.     

Characteristics of Joint Welded by Laser Welding of Aluminium-Lithium Alloy with Filler Wire

The characteristics of weld shape,microstructure,mechanical properties and defects of 5A90 Al-Li alloy joint by laser welding (LBW) and laser welding with filler wire (LWFW) were studied and analyzed.The results indicated that the microstructure of joint by LWFW was fine-grained layer and the equiaxed grain in most of seams,which were similar to the joint by LBW.Compared with the joint by LBW,the microstructure of joint by LWFW tended to fine,and the range of the columnar crystals zone was prone to decrease.The Microhardness of the joint by LWFW (92.57HV0.2) was lower than that by LBW (95.65HV0.2),but the uniformity was better.The ultimate tensile strength of the joint by LWFW was lower than that by LBW slightly,which reached to 73.03% and 79.22% of the base metal respectively.However,the elongation of the LWFW joint was higher than that of the LBW joint significantly,which reached to 38.65% and 20.38% of the base metal respectively.The microstructure and mechanical properties of 5A90 Al-Li alloy by LWFW were better than that by LBW.The defects of joint were mainly forming defects which were caused by improper parameters and porosity inside the joint,which was caused by uncleaned surface and incomplete penetration.     

Evolution of residual stress field in 6N01 aluminum alloy friction stir welding joint

Based on the characteristics of friction stir welding( FSW) and Coulomb friction work theory,the residual stresses field of FSW joints of 6 N01 aluminum alloy( T5),which was used in high speed train,were calculated by using the ANSYS finite element software. During the FEM calculation,the dual heat source models namely the body heat source and surface heat source were used to explore the evolution law of the welding process to the residual stress field. The method of ultrasonic residual stress detecting was used to investigate the residual stresses field of the 6 N01 aluminum alloy FSW joints. The results show that the steady-state temperature of 6 N01 aluminum alloy during FSW is about 550 ℃,and the temperature mutates at the beginning and at end of welding. The longitudinal residual stress σ_x is the main stress,which fluctuates in the range of-25 to 242 MPa. Moreover,the stress in the range of shaft shoulder is tensile stress that the maximum tensile stress is 242 MPa,and the stress in the outside of shaft shoulder is compressive stress that the maximum compressive stress is 25 MPa. The distribution of the tensile stress in the welding nugget zone( WNZ) is obviously bimodal,and the residual stress on the advancing side is higher than that on the retreating side. With the increasing of the welding speed,the maximum temperature decreased and the maximum residual stress decreased when the pin-wheel speed kept constant. With the increasing of the pin-wheel speed,the maximum temperature of the joint increased and the maximum residual stress increased when the welding speed was constant. The experimental results were in good agreement with the finite element results.     

Laser-pulsed MIG hybrid welding technology of A6N01S aluminum alloy

Welding research of A6N01S-T5 aluminum alloy profile for high-speed train was done by using laser-MIG hybrid welding and MIG welding individually. And the weld appearance,welding distortion,mechanical properties of the joints and microstructures were analyzed. The test results demonstrated that high-efficient welding for the profile can be achieved by using laser-MIG hybrid welding,the speed of which can be over 3. 0 m/min. The processing had a good gap bridging ability,even if the gap of the butt joint was up to 2. 0 mm,a good weld appearance can also be got. While the hybrid welding speed was greater than 2. 5 m/min,the welding distortion of the laser-tandem MIG hybrid joints was just about 33% of that of the MIG joints,but the welding efficiency was over 3 times of MIG welding. And tensile strength of the hybrid joints was 85% of that of A6N01S-T5 base metal,9% higher than that of the MIG joints. Fatigue properties was tested individually with pulsed tensile fatigue method in the condition of 1 × 10~7 lifetime. The test results demonstrated that the fatigue strength of the joints was a little lower than that of base material,which could be up to 115 MPa. But the fatigue strength of hybrid welding joints was 107. 5 MPa,which was 23% higher than 87 MPa of MIG welding joints.     

Numerical analysis of temperature profile and weld dimensions in laser ＋ GMAW hybrid welding of aluminum alloy T-joint

The temperature fields in the transient state and weld dimensions in laser ＋ gas metal arc welding （GMAW） hybrid welding of aluminum alloy T-joint for different welding conditions were calculated using the developed heat source model, and the effect of welding speed on them was analyzed. The results show that the temperature field for the first weld pass only shows the feature of GMAW and the one for the second weld pass has the characteristics of both laser welding and GMAW. Welding speed can affect greatly weld dimensions and temperature distribution. When welding speed reaches 3.5 m/min, the fusion zones of two weld passes are separated and the maximum peak temperature of thermal cycle on the workpiece surface decreases largely.     

Numerical simulation of small section rectangular tube in parallel welding

The welding temperature field and deformation of parallel arrangement small-section rectangular tubes is calculated by using a non-contact model. After comparing the computed results with the experimentally measured results, it shows that there exist big errors when applying this model to the numerical simulation of small-section rectangular tube＇ s welding temperature field and deformation. Based on a simple analysis of the errors, a contact model is presented. The heat transfer and stress analysis between small-section rectangular tubes and clamping fixture are simulated by using direct constraints method, and then the laws of the temperature distribution, which coincide with experiment, are obtained. A further numerical analysis of the stress and deformation are made, it shows that a ＂T＂ shaped stress-field is formed in the vicinity of the weld. As the stress-field departs from the centroid of tubes＇, this leads to the small rectangular tubes not only have a longitudinal deflection, but also have a transverse bending and deformation.     

Effect of poling condition on piezoelectric properties of （K0.5Na0.5）NbO3 ceramics

The lead-free piezoelectric ceramics （K0.5Na0.5）NbO3 （abbreviated as KNN） with the relative density of 97.6% were synthesized by press-less sintering owing to the careful control of processing conditions. The phase structure of KNN ceramics was analyzed. The results show that the pure perovskite phase with orthorhombic symmetry is in all ceramics specimens. The effect of poling conditions on the piezoelectric properties of KNN ceramics was investigated. The results show that the piezoelectric constant d33 and electromechanical coupling factor kp increase with poling field, poling temperature and poling time increasing, then decrease because of electric broken. Take into account of poling conditions and piezoelectric properties of pure KNN ceramics, the optimum poling conditions for pure KNN ceramics are poling field of 4 kV/mm, poling temperature of 140 ℃ and poling time of 20-25 min.