大秦线上HXD1型电力机车车轮轮缘偏磨原因分析及措施

通过对HXD1型机车转向架弹簧垫的调整，较好的调整了轴重的分配，消除了走行部各部件组装产生的偏差，提升了机车质量，保证了重载安全，为大秦线列车正常运营提供了保障。     

鄂尔多斯盆地致密气勘探开发形势与未来发展展望

鄂尔多斯盆地致密气主要分布在上古生界石炭—二叠系,致密气资源量10.37×1012 m3,占盆地天然气总资源量的68 %,1995年以来先后发现了米脂、乌审旗、大牛地、神木、苏里格5个致密大气田,致密气地质储量3.78×1012 m3,目前已进入储量产量快速增长阶段,近5年来储量年均增幅超过5 000×108 m3,致密气产量年均增幅30×108 m3,建成了以苏里格气田为代表的致密气生产基地,集成创新形成了以全数字地震、优化钻井、储层改造、井下节流、排水采气、数字管理等为核心的致密气勘探开发关键技术,转变发展方式形成了以“标准化设计、模块化建设、数字化管理、市场化运作”为重点的致密气田开发模式,2011年苏里格气田生产致密气137×108 m3,成功地向北京、上海、西安、银川、呼和浩特等重点城市供气。综合评价认为：苏里格南部、靖边—高桥、神木—米脂、盆地西南部是近期致密气增储上产的主要地区,预计2015年以前,盆地致密气储量规模将超过4.5×1012 m3,致密气产量将达到255×108 m3,并持续长时间稳产。     

我国西部天然气东输的可行性

我国西部天然气资源十分丰富,占全国天然气总资源量的75%、探明储量的80%,已累计探明储量达13 110×108m3,西部地区已有能力长期稳定年外输气150×108m3。西气东输塔里木天然气有决定意义,目前正在评价的新发现的两个大型气田预计可迅速新增天然气探明储量约5 000×108m3。这些气田储量丰度大,单井产量高,采气成本低。东部长江三角洲地区经济发达,能源短缺,自给率仅为13%,目前能源消费构成中煤炭占76%,城市环境污染严重,是天然气消费的巨大市场。预计2010年天然气需要量253×108m3。西气东输有两个方案,一是塔里木气单独东输,开始年输量100×108m3,第八年开始增加至150×108m3;二是西部诸盆地联合东输,开始年输量150×108m3,第八年开始增加至230×108m3。两个方案均有经济效益,以联合东输方案优点较多。天然气在上海门站每立方米的销售价为1.2～1.3元,是很有竞争力的。项目一旦启动,对东部及西部地区均会带来巨大的好处。     

HXD3/HXD3C重载机车在雨雪等恶劣天气条件下的起动浅谈

本文针对HXD3/HXD3C重载机车在雨雪等恶劣天气条件下的起动现状与特点进行分析,总结出HXD3/HXD3C电力机车司机制动牵引中的重点,并联系重载机车实际操纵时遇到的问题,结合现有的理论知识,目的是为HXD3/HXD3C重载机车司机在雨雪等恶劣天气条件下可以更方便快捷的起动机车,综合提高他们的实际操作水平,同一时间在规程与制度上也提供了一些参考性意见。     

创新石油与战略思考

中国油气勘探开发的历史,就是开拓创新的历史。这段历史取得了辉煌的成就,实现了陆相和海相油气勘探两大跨越。自主创新了八大油气地质理论和八大技术系列,发现500多个油气田,2010年产油达2.1×108 t油当量,天然气950×108 m3。从近期研究和实践认为,中国油气资源十分丰富,勘探潜力巨大,勘探领域广泛,并提出了油气资源开发的战略。     

中国可持续发展水资源战略研究综合报告

我国水资源总量28000×108m3,按1997年人口计算,人均水资源量为2220m3,预测到2030年人口增至16×108时,人均水资源量将降到1760m3。按国际上一般承认的标准,人均水资源量少于1700m3为用水紧张的国家,我国未来水资源的形势是严峻的。     

云南煤层气资源分布及勘探开发前景

云南煤炭资源量达439×108t,煤层气资源约为45×1010~50×1010m3,占全国总量的1·85%,广泛分布于21个聚煤区内,其中14个煤区和7个煤田,但其分布具有很大的差异性。在分析云南煤层气资源分布特征的基础上,根据煤层气地质构造选区条件,通过优选提出恩洪盆地、老厂—圭山盆地、镇雄盆地、昭通盆地等煤层气勘探方向,并分析和展望了云南煤层气勘探开发的前景。     

矿山尾矿和煤矸石是资源 重新开发前景广阔

我国8 843个县级以上国有矿山中，2/3已进入老年期，资源形势严峻。现有2 000多座矿山尾矿库储有50×108t尾矿，1900座煤矸石山储有38×108t煤矸石，应用近年开发成功的矿山固体废料综合利用技术，可以将之变为新的矿物资源，可开发成为矿山、矿业城市经济转型的资源基础和接续产业。通过示范矿山的地质评价和试验研究，提出把矿山固体废物作为建材原料和硅材料原料开发；把煤矸石作为非金属矿产的接续资源；对尾矿进行开发利用。     

《CEN》空分信息报道三则

<正>一、据CEN1994年7月报道,1993年度在美国50种最高产量的化学品中,氧和氮的产量仍占第三位和第二位,氧产量为 15．91× 103m3(562 × 108ft3),氮产量为25．51×103m3(901×108ft3),分别比1992年上升7%和8%。二、据CEN报道,空气制品公司历年雇员人数和研究、开发费用如下:     

电解锰行业污染防治最佳可行技术评估 及污染减排潜力

电解锰行业废水排放量大,污染物浓度高,属于高污染行业,是我国实现污染物控制减排的主要威胁之一。通过对电解锰行业污染防治现状进行分析,构建了污染防治技术评估指标体系,利用层次分析法确定各评价指标的权重,利用综合评价值法对电解锰行业污染防治技术进行了评估。在此基础上,利用自底向上模型对评估出的最佳可行技术的污染减排潜力进行预测。结果表明,与基准年2010年相比,2015年电解锰行业废水排放总量可削减270多万吨,氨氮减排6.6×104 t,减排回收的锰和重铬酸钾可分别达到1.9×105 t和3.747×107 t,锰渣减排4×106 t;同时也表明清洁生产技术减排的能力高于末端治理技术减排,清洁生产技术具有较大的推广普及潜力。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...