A highly efficient PV system using a series connection of DC–DC converter output with a photovoltaic panel

A photovoltaic (PV) power conditioning system (PCS) must have high conversion efficiency and low cost. Generally, a PV PCS uses either a single string converter or a multilevel module integrated converter (MIC). Each of these approaches has both advantages and disadvantages. For a high conversion efficiency and low cost PV module, a series connection of a module integrated DC–DC converter output with a photovoltaic panel was proposed. The output voltage of the PV panel is connected to the output capacitor of the fly-back converter. Thus, the converter output voltage is added to the output voltage of the PV panel. The isolated DC–DC converter generates only the difference voltage between the PV panel voltage and the required total output voltage. This method reduces the power level of the DC–DC converter and enhances energy conversion efficiency compared with a conventional DC–DC converter.     

Direct power control of grid connected PV systems with three level NPC inverter

This paper presents the control of a three-level Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) voltage source inverter for grid connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. The control method used is the Extended Direct Power Control (EDPC), which is a generic approach for Direct Power Control (DPC) of multilevel inverters based on geometrical considerations. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms, that allow maximal power conversion into the grid, have been included. These methods are capable of extracting maximum power from each of the independent PV arrays connected to each DC link voltage level. The first one is a conventional MPPT which outputs DC link voltage references to EDPC. The second one is based on DPC concept. This new MPPT outputs power increment references to EDPC, thus avoiding the use of a DC link voltage regulator. The whole control system has been tested on a three-level NPC voltage source inverter connected to the grid and results confirm the validity of the method.     

A ripple-based maximum power point tracking algorithm for a single-phase, grid-connected photovoltaic system

This paper describes a maximum power point tracking algorithm for a single-phase, grid-connected photovoltaic system with a transformerless, diode-clamped inverter. The algorithm is based on the fact that in single-phase systems the instantaneous power oscillates at twice the line frequency. The oscillation of the AC power also causes a ripple of twice the line frequency on the DC voltage and DC power of the photovoltaic array. The described algorithm requires the analysis of the phase relationship between the DC voltage and DC power ripple to determine the maximum power point. To establish a steady state balanced system a secondary DC-voltage controller is applied. Simulation results are presented and compared with the perturb and observe method and show the superiority of the proposed algorithm.     

Multilevel PWM inverters suitable for the use of stand-alone photovoltaic power systems

This paper presents a new multilevel pulse width-modulation (PWM) inverter scheme for the use of stand-alone photovoltaic systems. It consists of a PWM inverter, an assembly of LEVEL inverters, generating staircase output voltages, and cascaded transformers. To produce high-quality output voltage waves, it synthesizes a large number of output voltage levels using cascaded transformers, which have a series-connected secondary. By a suitable selection of the secondary turn-ratio of the transformer, the amplitude of an output voltage appears at the rate of an integer to an input dc source. Operational principles and analysis are illustrated in depth. The validity of the proposed system is verified through computer-aided simulations and experimental results using prototypes generating output voltages of an 11 level and a 29 level, respectively, and their results are compared with conventional counterparts.     

A new control scheme of a cascaded transformer type multilevel PWM inverter for a residential photovoltaic power conditioning system

From the viewpoint of high quality output voltage generation in a residential photovoltaic system, a multilevel inverter employing cascaded transformers can become a good substitute for the conventional pulse width modulated inverters and other multilevel counterparts. However, to obtain more sinusoidal output voltage waves, it should increase the number of switching devices and transformers resulting in a cost increase. To alleviate this problem, an efficient switching pattern is proposed and applied to a multilevel inverter equipped with two cascaded transformers, which have a series-connected secondary. Operational principle and analysis are illustrated focusing on a change of the switching pattern. High-performance of the proposed multilevel scheme embedded in a photovoltaic power conditioning system is verified by computer-aided simulations and experimental results.     

直流模块式光伏发电系统前级DC/DC变换研究

针对传统集中式光伏发电系统结构存在的问题,介绍了直流模块式光伏发电结构,并利用反激变换器作为直流模块式光伏发电系统的前级直流模块,采用变步长的滞环比较法实现光伏电池的最大功率跟踪控制,采用带有输入电压前馈控制的电压闭环控制策略实现直流母线的稳压控制。试验结果表明,该方案可行。     

基于改进型恒压控制与直流电压控制的交流微网协调控制方法研究

PQ控制、下垂控制与交流微网中光伏发电、风力发电等微电源之间存在协调性差问题,该文通过采用交流微网的直流电压控制策略,可使直流电压控制与光伏发电、风力发电之间的配合与协调更好,但当采用直流电压控制时,光伏发电、风力发电微电源的恒压控制策略就无法实现,为此改进恒压控制策略,提出基于改进型恒压控制与直流电压控制的交流微网的协调控制策略。Matlab/Simulink仿真结果验证了该文所提控制策略的有效性和可行性。     

The elimination of leakage currents in the neutral point clamped photovoltaic grid-connected inverter by the improved space vector pulse width modulation method

In this paper, the reason of high-frequency leakage current in neutral point clamped photovoltaic grid-connected inverters that adopts traditional modulations is analysed. In order to solve the problem, this article puts forward two improved methods based on the three-level space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM), which can reduce the leakage current by applying three medium vectors or using only two medium vectors and one specific zero vector to compose the reference vector. In addition, the system control method adopts the coordination control of the current inner loop and the DC voltage outer loop, which can reduce voltage fluctuation at the DC side. Thereby, the suppression of leakage current can be realised without requiring any modification on the multilevel inverter. Compared with the traditional three-level sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and SVPWM, the two new methods are advantageous in having a stable common-mode voltage, low leakage current, and low harmonic component of grid current. The theoretical analysis and results show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.     

光伏系统中的新型高增益直流升压变换器

针对光伏系统中对电压增益高、电压应力小的高性能直流升压变换器的需求,研究了一种新型高增益变换器的拓扑结构。首先,阐述了该变换器的结构来源,介绍了该变换器的工作原理,再推导其电压增益、开关管和二极管的电压应力公式,展示了部分元器件的电压、电流波形,并对比研究了该变换器与一些同类型的变换器的部分参数,最终通过开环试验验证了该变换器的有效性。该变换器具有一定的推广应用价值。     

集散式光伏逆变系统低电压穿越控制策略

针对集散式光伏逆变系统低电压穿越时稳定性差的问题,提出了一种低电压穿越控制策略。该策略以智能控制器和逆变器相互耦合的直流母线电压为参考量,对智能控制器和逆变器进行协调控制,实现低电压穿越时的功率平衡。并通过负序电流指令补偿,抑制电网电压不平衡时直流母线电压2次纹波。1 MW集散式光伏逆变系统LVRT试验结果表明,该方法具有良好的动态响应和稳态性能,低电压穿越时,直流母线电压控制稳定;低电压穿越恢复时,有功功率恢复平稳快速。研究成果有重要的工程应用价值。     

并网光伏发电系统暂态特性研究

基于光伏发电系统的物理模型研究,在matlab/simulink中开发了包含光伏阵列模型、光伏阵列的最大功率跟踪（MPPT）模块、DC/DC升压电路和采用电压及电流环控制的逆变系统在内的动态仿真模型,并建立了基于电压型逆变器的暂态数学模型;并通过仿真得到了并网光伏发电系统辐射强度突变和发生短路时的暂态运行特性,为深入研究并网光伏发电系统的暂态特性建立了基础。     

一种基于三端口能量路由的单级式光储并网系统及其高压穿越技术

该文提出一种具有高压穿越能力的基于三端口能量路由的单级式光储并网系统（PV-ESS）。光伏最大功率跟踪始终由三相变换器控制完成。多端口能量路由器可根据不同运行工况使储能灵活接入,平抑光伏输出,使得系统具有更高的效率。在电网高压故障下,通过储能装置抬升直流母线电压,从而使系统具有高压穿越的能力,可在电网高压状态下不脱网连续运行,直至故障恢复。     

Energy storage-based power buffering control for photovoltaic power generation system

光伏发电系统输出的最大功率随外界环境变化而波动,无法满足负荷的供电需求,针对该问题,建立了基于储能系统的光伏发电系统结构,介绍了光伏发电系统运行原理,分析了系统功率与直流母线电压的关系,设计了无源式储能系统和有源式储能系统对功率进行缓冲以满足控制目标.仿真结果表明,有源式储能系统较无源式储能系统有更好的功率调节作用,通过双向DC-DC变换器的储放能量自动切换控制,使得光伏发电系统输出的功率与负荷需求功率良好匹配,直流电压稳定.     

The concept of distribution flexible network PV system

In stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems, when the battery is fully charged, the excess generated power is wasted. To solve the problems of wasted excess power, a distributed flexible network photovoltaic (DFNPV) system is studied. It incorporates many PV subsystems each consisting of PV panel, DC/DC converter, and load, and are connected to each other with shared batteries. The excess generated power of the subsystem is transferred between PV subsystems to compensate the lack of power in other subsystems.The control method of transferring power is based on simple voltage control of the subsystems. The output voltage in a given subsystem decreases if a transient excessive load is larger than the generated power; as a result excess power is transferred from another subsystem that has sufficient power and higher voltage output. In this study, this proposed operation method is demonstrated by simulation of power transfer between two subsystems and among four subsystems. Furthermore, to estimate the size of the DFNPV system within an acceptable voltage drop, the relationships between cable length, power loss, and cable types are discussed.     

A novel hybrid boost converter with extended duty cycles range for tracking the maximum power point in photovoltaic system applications

Nowadays, a large number of power conversion applications is commonly based on DC/DC converters with high voltage boost capability. Different voltage-boosting techniques have been reported in the literature. Each technique has its own merits and demerits depending on the application, cost, complexity, power density, reliability and efficiency. To meet the growing demand for such applications, new power converter topologies are continuously being proposed. This paper focuses on a novel hybrid boost converter, which combines the conventional boost (CB) and the quadratic boost (QB). This new topology allows the extension of the output voltage gain and the duty cycle range regarding to the original topologies. Thus, it ensures high conversion voltage ratio for almost duty cycle values. Consequently, it has two working modes, one as QB mode and the other one as CB mode. In order to verify the performance of the proposed topology, several simulations have been carried out under Matlab/Simulink environment for both QB and CB modes. The well-known P&O algorithm was implemented into a FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) board in order to verify experimentally the designed hybrid boost. Experimental results confirm the convenience of the proposed topology for tracking the maximum power point in photovoltaic systems.     

Harmonic control using matrix converter of unbalanced input voltage supplied from solar power system

Most of the renewable energy sources are not distributed directly to consumer. It gone through several section to get optimum output voltage and current with the almost zero distortion. Direct Matrix converters are well known of its better power quality and low power distortion to the reactive loads. Conversely, multilevel H bridge inverters are broadly used to attain a sinusoidal output voltage in solar photovoltaic application. Reactive power is subject to high importance for the operation of alternating current (AC) power systems. Moreover there is always a challenge to obtain the balance current control from an unbalanced supply voltage with minimum harmonic distortion for reactive load application from solar power system. The main objective of the proposed system is to maximize the power usage by maintaining the current and power factor nearby unity. There are many different optimization techniques are used so far in matrix converter, a novel method of optimization BAT algorithm is proposed for the power quality to get the best result. This work mainly deals with the compensation of reactive power used in Solar Photovoltaic Power System. Bidirectional energy flow is possible with matrix converter for battery charging. Simulation results are presented to confirm the appropriate operation of the system under different of operating conditions. Also, in the proposed method the percentage of the higher order harmonics can reduced less than 9% of matrix converter for solar photovoltaic application.     

Coordinated control strategy for a PV-storage grid-connected system based on a virtual synchronous generator

Due to the characteristics of intermittent photovoltaic power generation and power fluctuations in distributed photovoltaic power generation, photovoltaic grid-connected systems are usually equipped with energy storage units. Most of the structures combined with energy storage are used as the DC side. At the same time, virtual synchronous generators have been widely used in distributed power generation due to their inertial damping and frequency and voltage regulation. For the PV-storage grid-connected system based on virtual synchronous generators, the existing control strategy has unclear function allocation, fluctuations in photovoltaic inverter output power, and high requirements for coordinated control of PV arrays, energy storage units, and photovoltaic inverters, which make the control strategy more complicated. In order to solve the above problems, a control strategy for PV-storage grid-connected system based on a virtual synchronous generator is proposed. In this strategy, the energy storage unit implements maximum power point tracking, and the photovoltaic inverter implements a virtual synchronous generator algorithm, so that the functions implemented by each part of the system are clear, which reduces the requirements for coordinated control. At the same time, the smooth power command is used to suppress the fluctuation of the output power of the photovoltaic inverter. The simulation validates the effectiveness of the proposed method from three aspects: grid-connected operating conditions, frequency-modulated operating conditions, and illumination sudden-drop operating condition. Compared with the existing control strategies, the proposed method simplifies the control strategies and stabilizes the photovoltaic inverter fluctuation in the output power of the inverter.     

基于滑模变功率跟踪的PV-VSG控制技术

针对含储能装置的传统光伏虚拟同步发电机（PV-VSG）不仅投资成本高且未考虑光伏阵列输出特性的问题,提出一种基于滑模变功率点跟踪（SM-VPT）的PV-VSG控制策略。该方法在滑模控制的基础上引入直流母线电压偏差控制,调整光伏阵列的功率跟踪轨迹,实现光伏出力自适应匹配负载需求,即当光伏容量充足时,只提供与负载相匹配的功率;光伏功率不足时,可实现传统的MPPT控制以减少电力短缺,同时防止直流电压骤降,保证系统稳定运行。该方法使PV-VSG能够按需向负载供电,无需增加额外的储能设备,可实现光伏发电系统直接以VSG形式接入并网,仿真结果验证了所提控制方法的有效性。     

光伏并网逆变器辅助电源设计

太阳能是清洁安全可靠的可再生能源,采用光伏并网技术的太阳能发电已成为应用面最广的光伏新能源应用技术。基于电流型PWM控制芯片UCC2801设计了一种光伏并网逆变器用辅助电源,采用4路输出的单端反激式拓扑,由光伏并网逆变器的直流母线供电,并采用电压基准源及光耦实现隔离反馈。试验结果表明,该辅助电源输入电压范围宽、输出纹波小、交叉负载调整率低,还能防止反复启停及在电源启动后自动关断。