基准点法和表面匹配法加权结合的MRI图像和EEG电极的配准

融合EEG和MRI是同时获得高时间分辨率和高空间分辨率的脑功能成像的有效方法.在融合中必需解决电极与MRI图像的配准.有两种常见的配准方法:基准点法和表面匹配法.基准点法的主要缺陷是易受基准点的定位和测量误差的干扰,而表面匹配法的主要缺陷是需要另一套高精度的测量仪对头皮表面进行扫描.本文研究了一种加权结合基准点法和表面匹配法的方法,它不需要对头皮表面作扫描,而是利用生理基准点和电极位置进行配准.仿真结果证明了方法的有效性,且采用生理基准点和电极同时配准的新方法的效果优于用单纯基准点配准或用电极作表面匹配两种方法.     

Dynamic Multiresolution Data Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks

Recent years have seen the deployments of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in a variety of applications to gather the information about physical environments. A key requirement of many data-gathering WSNs is to deliver the information about dynamic physical phenomena to users at multiple temporal resolutions. In this paper, we propose a novel solution called the Minimum Incremental Dissemination Tree (MIDT) for dynamic multiresolution data dissemination in WSNs. MIDT includes an online tree construction algorithm with an analytical performance bound and two lightweight tree adaptation heuristics for handling data requests with dynamic temporal resolutions. Our simulations based on realistic settings of Mica2 motes show that MIDT outperforms several typical data dissemination schemes. The two tree adaptation heuristics can effectively maintain desirable energy efficiency of the dissemination tree while reducing the overhead of tree reconfigurations under representative traffic patterns in WSNs.     

一种用于脉冲等离子体电子密度测量的高灵敏度干涉仪

由于等离子体密度梯度和机械振动的存在,对于密度在1013~1016cm-3范围的等离子体,通常需要采用外差式干涉仪进行小相位检测。包括Z箍缩、等离子体枪等在内的脉冲等离子体持续时间通常在数十纳秒到1 ms,而机械振动等因素引起的相位移动的周期大于1 ms,根据这种现象,采取40 mW的He-Ne激光器,迈克尔逊式光路,外差式记录系统和相位跟踪的方法,建立了一种高灵敏度干涉仪。干涉仪的最高灵敏度约为0.5°,空间分辨和时间分辨分别为1.4 mm和250 ns,成功测量的最低等离子体密度为1014cm-2。该干涉仪结构简单而且可以获得连续的时间分辨,能较广泛地用于持续时间较短的等离子体密度测量。     

Retrieval of Total Column Ozone From Imagers Onboard Geostationary Satellites

Geostationary imagers such as the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) proposed for the next generation of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOESs), i.e., GOES Series R and beyond, and the spinning enhanced visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) onboard METEOSAT 8 provide atmospheric total column ozone (TCO) with high temporal (better than 15 min) and spatial (better than 5 km) resolutions. The purpose of this paper is to present a method that evolved from the current GOES sounder TCO retrieval that can be applied to ABI, with SEVIRI serving as a proxy for ABI. Although ABI and SEVIRI have fewer infrared spectral bands than the current series of GOES (-8 to -P) sounders, ABI and SEVIRI can provide TCO with an accuracy that is comparable to the current GOES sounder by using forecast temperature profiles as additional a priori information. Despite the need for additional data, the greatest advantage of ABI and SEVIRI is their fast 15-min coverage of the full disk. The SEVIRI TCO demonstrates how well geostationary imagers can capture ozone transport and change at high temporal and spatial resolutions. The estimated TCO has very good agreement (R = 0.92 and root-mean-square error = 3.7%) with the total ozone measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard the Earth Observing System aura platform.     

Retrieval of Atmospheric Water Vapor Density With Fine Spatial Resolution Using Three-Dimensional Tomographic Inversion of Microwave Brightness Temperatures Measured by a Network of Scanning Compact Radiometers

Quantitative precipitation forecasting is currently limited by the paucity of observations on sufficiently fine temporal and spatial scales. Three-dimensional water vapor fields can be retrieved with improved spatial coverage from measurements obtained using a network of scanning microwave radiometers. To investigate this potential, an observation system simulation experiment was performed in which synthetic examples of retrievals using a network of radiometers were compared with results from the Weather Research and Forecasting model at a grid scale of 500 m. These comparisons show that the 3-D water vapor field can be retrieved with an accuracy of better than 15%-20%. A ground-based demonstration network of three compact microwave radiometers was deployed at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains site in Oklahoma. Results using these network measurements demonstrated the first retrieval of the 3-D water vapor field in the troposphere at fine spatial and temporal resolutions.     

Jaggedness-free millimeter-resolution low coherence reflectometry

We report a millimeter resolution optical low coherence reflectometer (OLCR) that exhibits reduced jaggedness in the Rayleigh backscatter signal. This OLCR was achieved by using an erbium-doped superfluorescent fiber source that can tune narrow-band superfluorescence (~0.2 nm full-width at half-maximum) over a 3-nm range with an output of -8 dBm, The signal averaging that resulted from wavelength tuning with this source efficiently reduced the jagged fluctuation to ±1.4 dB. The spatial resolution was 1.2 mm, and the hidden spaces defined by the full-widths at -20 dB and -60 dB maximum of a Fresnel response of the OLCR were 6 mm and 1.2 cm, respectively. These two hidden spaces are at least ten times narrower than those of a previously reported photon-counting OTDR, although their spatial resolutions are roughly the same. The OLCR enabled the weak Rayleigh backscattering near a connector joint to be measured with a dynamic range of 18 dB without any deconvolution. We confidently expect that this OLCR will be applied to short-haul optical fiber fault location     

Improved speech recognition through videotelephony: experimentswith the hard of hearing

Three experiments were carried out to assess the potential effectiveness of videotelephony as an adjunctive aid to speech reception by the hard of hearing. The experimental procedure consisted of audio-only and audio-visual presentation of standard prerecorded sentences to hard-of-hearing subjects who subsequently had to repeat as many words as possible. The percentage of correctly reported syllables was taken as the speech reception score. Several independent variables related to picture quality parameters. The temporal resolution (frame rate) and the spatial resolution of the video image were the most important of these. The spatial resolutions were QCIF (180×144 pixels) and 1CIF (360×288 pixels), and for both these resolutions the image was processed through a 64-kb/s codec     

基于Himawari-8数据的日间海雾检测方法

新一代静止轨道气象卫星Himawari-8静止气象卫星具有空间分辨率高可持续性观测的特点,对海雾监测具有重要的意义。星载激光雷达(Cloud-aerosol lidar with orthogonal polarization, CALIOP)可以探测大气的垂直剖面信息。利用CALIOP 数据进行海雾检测,获得4类样本点:中高云、低云、海雾和海表样本点,并将这些样本点用于Himawari-8 日间海雾检测的通道选择和动态阈值设定的研究中,建立一套Himawari-8日间海雾检测算法。利用CALIOP和中国气象局国家卫星气象中心的气象卫星雾监测报告数据对海雾检测方法进行验证。对比CALIOP数据,海雾检出率63.42\%,漏检样本点中晴空海表占比71.54\%; 对比雾监测产品,海雾检测率89.7\%。结果表明,提出的海雾检测算法是可行的。     

Normalization and comparison of surface temperatures across a range of scales

The Southern Great Plains 1999 (SGP99) Experiment, conducted in Oklahoma, July 8-21, 1999, provided an opportunity to observe spatial and temporal variations in surface temperature. During the experiment, aircraft (Passive/Active L/S-band airborne sensor) and satellite [Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS)] sensors collected surface temperature that was compared to in situ observations over the same time period to determine the accuracy and consistency of surface temperature measurements at different spatial resolutions using remotely sensed data. In addition, in situ surface temperature was observed in a 400/spl times/400 m field at various spatial grid spacing: 50 m, 10 m, and 1 m in order to quantify the variability of the spatially distributed behavior of surface temperature during a drydown period. Average differences between the in situ surface temperature observations and the aircraft and satellite sensors utilized during this study ranged from 0.7/spl deg/C (AVHRR High Resolution Picture Transmission) to more than 20/spl deg/C (AVHRR Global Area Coverage (GAC), TOVS). We have shown that the temporal adjustments of the remotely sensed surface temperatures (from aircraft and satellite sensors) shows a better comparison to in situ ground data. A ratio was set up using information derived from a mosaic land surface model to temporally locate the various estimates of surface temperature. The corrected surface temperature comparisons decreased the average differences (with in situ) to as much as 78% [AVHRR (GAC)] and as little as 6% (TOVS). The average difference between remotely sensed and in situ observations was around 48%.     

Effect of electrode density and measurement noise on the spatial resolution of cortical potential distribution

The purpose of the present study was to examine the spatial resolution of electroencephalography (EEG) by means of inverse cortical EEG solution. The main interest was to study how the number of measurement electrodes and the amount of measurement noise affects the spatial resolution. A three-layer spherical head model was used to obtain the source-field relationship of cortical potentials and scalp EEG field. Singular value decomposition was used to evaluate the spatial resolution with various measurement noise estimates. The results suggest that as the measurement noise increases the advantage of dense electrode systems is decreased. With low realistic measurement noise, a more accurate inverse cortical potential distribution can be obtained with an electrode system where the distance between two electrodes is as small as 16 mm, corresponding to as many as 256 measurement electrodes. In clinical measurement environments, it is always beneficial to have at least 64 measurement electrodes.     

Spatial resolution enhancement of a Brillouin-distributed sensorusing a novel signal processing method

It is known that the ultimate spatial resolution for a Brillouin-based sensor is limited by the lifetime of the phonons in the fiber that mediate the Brillouin loss process. At optical pulse widths less than 10 ns (corresponding to one meter spatial resolution) the Brillouin line width is considerably broadened, causing a severe penalty in resolving the Brillouin frequency shift. Around 5 ns the Brillouin line width is too broad to allow an accurate frequency determination. The fiber optics group at the University of New Brunswick, Canada, has recently developed an automated system for strain measurements in a distributed sensing system that uses a novel signal processing technique to measure strain at resolutions finer than the Brillouin line width limit. Strain has been resolved to 20 μϵ at 500 mm and to 40 μϵ at 250 mm     

An efficient content-adaptive motion-compensated 3-D DWT with enhanced spatial and temporal scalability.

We propose a novel, content adaptive method for motion-compensated three-dimensional wavelet transformation (MC 3-D DWT) of video. The proposed method overcomes problems of ghosting and nonaligned aliasing artifacts which can arise in regions of motion model failure, when the video is reconstructed at reduced temporal or spatial resolutions. Previous MC 3-D DWT structures either take the form of MC temporal DWT followed by a spatial transform ("t+2D"), or perform the spatial transform first ("2D + t"), limiting the spatial frequencies which can be jointly compensated in the temporal transform, and hence limiting the compression efficiency. When the motion model fails, the "t + 2D" structure causes nonaligned aliasing artifacts in reduced spatial resolution sequences. Essentially, the proposed transform continuously adapts itself between the "t + 2D" and "2D + t" structures, based on information available within the compressed bit stream. Ghosting artifacts may also appear in reduced frame-rate sequences due to temporal low-pass filtering along invalid motion trajectories. To avoid the ghosting artifacts, we continuously select between different low-pass temporal filters, based on the estimated accuracy of the motion model. Experimental results indicate that the proposed adaptive transform preserves high compression efficiency while substantially improving the quality of reduced spatial and temporal resolution sequences.     

Noncontact high-speed waveform measurements with the picosecondphotoelectron scanning electron microscope

The authors have replaced the electron gun and beam blanking system of a conventional voltage contrast scanning electron microscope by a pulse-laser/photocathode combination, resulting in a source producing electron pulses of order 1 ps in duration at a 100 MHz repetition rate and with a peak brightness of 3 10⁸ A/cm² sr at 1.8 keV. This novel instrument has demonstrated stroboscopic noncontact waveform measurements on metal interconnect lines in different environments with a temporal resolution between than 5 ps, a voltage resolution of 3 mV/(Hz)^1/2, and a spatial resolution of 0.1 μm. These measurements are achieved with extraction fields above the sample of about 1 kV/mm     

2D and 3D imaging of small animals and the human radial artery with a high resolution detector for PET

The performance of a pair of multicrystal, high-resolution, bismuth germanate (BGO) block detectors for positron emission tomography (PET) has been investigated. Utilizing the detectors at a separation of 100 mm, the spatial resolutions and count rate response of the block have been measured. These measurements indicate maximum spatial resolutions of 3.6 and 4.5 mm (FWHM) in the two axes of the block and a maximum coincidence rate of 3400 cps. The system has been used to observe the regional kinetics of positron-emitting radionuclides in the rat brain and the human radial artery. Designs for a small diameter, no-septa tomograph incorporating these detectors have been considered. Simulations demonstrate the possibilities of following tracer uptake within the rat brain and radial artery. Three-dimensional tomographic data-sets of a 20-mm uniform cylinder, obtained from rotating the two blocks, indicate good uniformity in the field of view (FOV) of 25 mm.     

Resolution controllable optical time domain reflectometry based onlow coherence interference

A low-coherence optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) that can control spatial resolution is proposed to efficiently diagnose waveguides. This is achieved using a light source consisting of a superluminescent diode (SLD), an optical bandpass filter for truncating the SLD output, and an antireflection-coated laser diode booster amplifier. Two resolutions, 44 and 14 μm, were experimentally demonstrated with and without the filter having a 2.7-nm full width at half maximum (FWHM), respectively. The length of the blind space and the minimum detectable reflectivity were respectively <7 mm and <-134 dB at a 3-Hz detection bandwidth, for both resolutions. The noise characteristics of the light source and the system performance are investigated theoretically and experimentally     

静止轨道微波卫星热带气旋观测数值模拟及时空分辨率分析:以台风“菲特”为例

观测热带气旋所需的空间分辨率以及识别出变化所需的时间分辨率对于用于观测热带气旋的辐射计的指标设计有重要意义.利用美国国家环境预报中心6 h全球最终分析资料作为初始场, 通过中尺度数值天气预报模式输出不同时刻水凝物含量和温湿度廓线等参数, 使用欧洲中期数值天气预报中心发展建立的快速辐射传输模式输出亮温, 分析了不同时刻及不同空间分辨率下氧气吸收频段和水汽吸收频段的静止轨道探测模拟亮温.结果表明:热带气旋等级越高, 观测的空间分辨率需求越高, 氧气吸收频率、水汽吸收频率、窗区频率对空间分辨率敏感度依次增大; 短时间内低等级热带气旋的观测时间分辨率需求越高, 水汽吸收频段探测频率所需时间分辨率高于氧气吸收频段.     

On the blending of the Landsat and MODIS surface reflectance: predicting daily Landsat surface reflectance

The 16-day revisit cycle of Landsat has long limited its use for studying global biophysical processes, which evolve rapidly during the growing season. In cloudy areas of the Earth, the problem is compounded, and researchers are fortunate to get two to three clear images per year. At the same time, the coarse resolution of sensors such as the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) limits the sensors' ability to quantify biophysical processes in heterogeneous landscapes. In this paper, the authors present a new spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (STARFM) algorithm to blend Landsat and MODIS surface reflectance. Using this approach, high-frequency temporal information from MODIS and high-resolution spatial information from Landsat can be blended for applications that require high resolution in both time and space. The MODIS daily 500-m surface reflectance and the 16-day repeat cycle Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) 30-m surface reflectance are used to produce a synthetic "daily" surface reflectance product at ETM+ spatial resolution. The authors present results both with simulated (model) data and actual Landsat/MODIS acquisitions. In general, the STARFM accurately predicts surface reflectance at an effective resolution close to that of the ETM+. However, the performance depends on the characteristic patch size of the landscape and degrades somewhat when used on extremely heterogeneous fine-grained landscapes.     

Internal and external spatial–temporal constraints for person reidentification

Spatial–temporal information is easy to achieve in a practical surveillance scene, but it is often neglected in most current person reidentification (ReID) methods. Employing spatial–temporal information as a constrain has been verified as beneficial for ReID. However, there is no effective modeling according to the pedestrian movement law. In this paper, we present a ReID framework with internal and external spatial–temporal constraints, termed as IESC-ReID. A novel residual spatial attention module is proposed to build a spatial–temporal constraint and increase the robustness to partial occlusions or camera viewpoint changes. A Laplace-based spatial–temporal constraint is also introduced to eliminate irrelevant gallery images, which are gathered by the internal learning network. IESC-ReID constrains the attention within the functioning range of the channel space, and utilizes additional spatial–temporal constrains to further constrain results. Intensive experiments show that these constraints consistently improve the performance. Extensive experimental results on numerous publicly available datasets show that the proposed method outperforms several state-of-the-art ReID algorithms. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/jiaming-wang/IESC.     

A flexible structure for fully scalable motion-compensated 3-D DWT with emphasis on the impact of spatial scalability.

We investigate the implications of the conventional "t+2-D" motion-compensated (MC) three-dimensional (3-D) discrete wavelet/subband transform structure for spatial scalability and propose a novel flexible structure for fully scalable video compression. In this structure, any number of levels of "pretemporal" spatial wavelet decomposition are performed on the original full resolution frames, followed by MC temporal decomposition of the subbands within each spatial resolution level. Further levels of "posttemporal" spatial decomposition may be performed on the spatiotemporal subbands to provide additional levels of spatial scalability and energy compaction. This structure allows us to trade energy compaction against the potential for artifacts at reduced spatial resolutions. More importantly, the structure permits extensive study of the interaction between spatial aliasing, scalability and energy compaction. We show that where the motion model fails, the "t+2-D" structure inevitably produces misaligned spatial aliasing artifacts in reduced resolution sequences. These artifacts can be removed by using pretemporal spatial decomposition. On the other hand, we also show that the "t+2-D" structure necessarily maximizes compression efficiency. We propose different schemes to minimize the loss of compression efficiency associated with pretemporal spatial decomposition.     

Noncontact transient temperature mapping of active electronic devices using the thermoreflectance method

This work presents a demonstration of the applicability and efficacy of an experimental system capable of noninvasively and nondestructively scanning the transient surface temperature of pulsed microelectronic devices with submicron spatial and sub-microsecond temporal resolutions. The article describes the features of the experimental setup, provides details of the calibration process used to map the changes in the measured surface reflectivity to absolute temperature values, and explains the data acquisition procedure used to measure the transient temperature over a given active region. This thermoreflectance thermometry system is shown to be particularly suited for directly measuring the surface temperature field of devices undergoing the fast transients that are typical of next generation microelectronic devices. To illustrate the experimental approach, both quasisteady and transient temperature measurement results are presented for standard MOSFET devices.