T23钢组织演变对性能影响的研究

通过对宝钢生产的T23钢在550、600、650℃的持久试样的微观组织分析,研究了T23钢高温蠕变过程中的组织演变对性能的影响。发现了T23钢高温蠕变过程中贝氏体铁素体基体和小岛中的马氏体将回复、再结晶,位错密度下降,M23C6碳化物不断粗化,并且有少量M23C6转变为M6C。蠕变断裂时间较短时,M23C6碳化物的粗化对性能退化起主要作用,随着时间延长,贝氏体铁素体基体和小岛中的马氏体的回复、再结晶的影响增大。温度较高,回复、再结晶开始较早,对性能退化的影响提前。T23钢在650℃组织演变和性能下降过快,应尽量避免使用。     

V和Nb对12％Cr铁索体钢微观组织和蠕变特性的影响

利用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜以及光电子能谱分析方法,研究了元素V和Nb对12％Cr铁素体耐热钢的微观组织和析出相的形态和分布的影响.结果表明:添加V和Nb的铁素体钢具有更窄的马氏体板条组织;附于MX型碳氮化物生长的M23C6碳化物呈细小的针状或短棒状析出,而单独析出的M23 C6尺寸较大,呈椭圆形.这些组织上的优化和MX型碳氮化物的弥散析出有效抑制了回火马氏体组织的回复和再结晶,提高了铁素体钢的蠕变抗力.     

回火温度对07MnMoVR钢微观组织的影响

研究了07MnMoVR钢910℃保温1 h淬火后,不同的回火温度对微观组织的影响。试验钢在回火过程中伴随着铁素体回复与再结晶及碳化物的聚集长大。回复过程中板条贝氏体板条合并,位错密度降低,并重新排列形成条状或网状分布。当回火温度高于600℃时,铁素体再结晶形成位错密度很低的等轴铁素体取代淬火组织中的板条铁素体晶粒。析出的碳化物逐渐与铁素体脱离共格关系而迅速聚集长大并粗化。本文对07MnMoVR钢在不同回火温度下贝氏体转变、残余奥氏体的分解和碳化物的转变等规律的研究结果,为现场制定合理的回火工艺制度提供了重要的理论依据。     

Mo和V对淬火—回火15MnMoVN钢组织与性能的影响

研究15MnMoVN钢淬火后高温回火(500～700℃)铁素体微观结构和合金碳化物析出特征及Mo、V对其钢的组织与性能的影响后表明,铁素体基体在550～700℃回火时仍保持板条状形态而未发生再结晶;合金碳化物Mo_2C、V(C,N)的形成主要是以离位形核方式析出于基体中,在600℃回火时共格析出,其尺寸小于100(?),产生二次硬化,Mo_2C的析出对其硬化起主要作用;回火高于650℃硬度曲线陡降,Mo_2C,V(C、N)粒子均长大100(?)以上,同时因余留的渗碳体均球化长大及基体的回复,钢的韧性达到最佳值(大于120J/cm~2)。     

快速热处理超细贝氏体钢构筑梯度结构研究

心部高韧性、表面高硬度的材料是抗冲击载荷轴承、齿轮等关键零部件的重要要求。以超细贝氏体为对象，进行局部快速热处理，得到局部高硬度、心部高韧性的梯度结构，研究快速热处理过程中超细贝氏体组织的相变行为，以及梯度组织和性能变化规律。结果表明，超细贝氏体钢在加热时，残余奥氏体分解为铁素体和碳化物，贝氏体铁素体粗化，在快速热处理中存在相变滞后。超细贝氏体钢经过局部快速热处理后形成一个组织和性能梯度过渡的结构。硬化区组织由淬火得到的马氏体和残余奥氏体组成，随着深度增加，组织中的马氏体含量减少，初始超细贝氏体的回火产物逐渐增加。硬化区的硬度高达63HRC,随着深度增加逐渐降低至38HRC,硬度相对基体下降约6HRC。     

新型Cr-Co-Mo-Ni合金的高温蠕变损伤

摘要：对500℃/950MPa条件下经845-8 h蠕变断裂的一种新型Cr-Co-Mo-Ni合金的蠕变损伤进行了分析,并且对蠕变孔洞的形成进行了研究。结果表明,蠕变断裂后,基体中呈链状分布的M6C相显著粗化,平均等效直径达到3.0μm,体积分数达到3.85%;马氏体板条上析出大量弥散细小的Laves相,尺寸在10～25nm之间,面积比达20%;蠕变孔洞在密集分布的链状M6C型析出相与基体结合界面上产生,其形成与M6C相的链状聚集和显著粗化有关;并且与高密度Laves相的析出有关;因此,控制链状M6C相的析出、聚集和长大能够提高该新型合金的抗高温蠕变性能。     

新型Cr-Co-Mo-Ni合金的高温蠕变损伤

对500℃/950MPa条件下经845.8h蠕变断裂的一种新型Cr-Co-Mo-Ni合金的蠕变损伤进行了分析,并且对蠕变孔洞的形成进行了研究。结果表明,蠕变断裂后,基体中呈链状分布的M6C相显著粗化,平均等效直径达到3.0μm,体积分数达到3.85%;马氏体板条上析出大量弥散细小的Laves相,尺寸在10～25nm之间,面积比达20%;蠕变孔洞在密集分布的链状M6C型析出相与基体结合界面上产生,其形成与M6C相的链状聚集和显著粗化有关;并且与高密度Laves相的析出有关;因此,控制链状M6C相的析出、聚集和长大能够提高该新型合金的抗高温蠕变性能。     

碳化物对热连轧403Nb钢位错组态及蠕变行为的影响

对热连轧403Nb钢进行了蠕变试验,并对其蠕变前后的组织进行了研究,结果表明:403Nb钢在轧制过程中发生了动态回复及动态再结晶,组成相中,Cr23C6主要为二次碳化物,而NbC则主要源于一次碳化物。在连轧过程中,一次碳化物通过阻碍位错滑移制约动态回复,其分布影响回复后的组织结构。蠕变期间,晶内碳化物阻碍位错运动,晶界碳化物"钉扎"晶界,阻碍晶界滑动,由此提高钢的蠕变抗力。     

水电站用低碳贝氏体钢07MnCrMoVR的组织性能研究

摘要：采用不同的宽展比对水电站用低碳贝氏体钢07MnCrMoVR进行了轧制,对回火前后试验钢的微观组织形貌进行了观察,并对力学性能进行了检验,同时利用EDS能谱分析了回火过程中碳化物析出行为。结果表明：采用较小的宽展比能提高粗轧纵轧阶段的单道次压下率以及变形区系数,有效地破碎奥氏体再结晶晶粒,轧制后获得细小的粒状贝氏体组织,高温回火后析出大量的渗碳体和合金碳化物均匀弥散地分布在贝氏体铁素体基体上。随着回火温度的提高,试验钢强度性能呈现先升高再降低的现象,伸长率和低温冲击韧性持续升高。     

铬对10Cr5MoWVTiB钢的组织和性能的影响

本文通过六炉试验钢研究了铬对钢的持久强度、显微组织、组织稳定性及抗氧化性能等的影响。钢经过正火和高温回火后,在650℃下进行了持久强度和长期时效试验。应用光学显微镜和透射电镜观察钢的显微组织和贝氏体回火组织的精细结构。并对电解沉淀相进行X射线衍射相分析和化学定量相分析。试验结果表明,含4.5～5.5％Cr钢经过正火热处理后,获贝氏体组织。但是,随铬含量的提高,马氏体出现并逐渐增多,当铬量增至8.96％时,钢的组织为马氏体加少量δ-铁素体。由于δ相中没有碳化物析出和由于随着钢中铬量的增加,碳化物在回火和时效过程中聚集粗化较明显,使热稳定性降低,从而导致热强性的降低。然而,随着铬含量的提高,钢的抗氧化性和耐腐蚀能力亦随之提高。     

Study of Property Degradation of T23 Heat‐resistant Steel based on Microstructural Evolution during Creep

In order to study the microstructural evolution and the effect on property degradation of T23 heat‐resistance steel (2.25Cr‐1.6W‐V‐Nb‐B‐N) during creep, creep rupture specimens were investigated at 823K, 873K and 923K. The microstuctural evolution was examined by optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. It has been noted that the creep property degradation of T23 is related to the decrease of dislocation density due to the recovery and recrystallization of the bainitic ferrite matrix and the martensite in the carbon‐rich islands, the coarsening of M₂₃C₆ carbides, and even the transformation from M₂₃C₆ to M₆C. Coarsening of M₂₃C₆ is the dominating effect during short‐term creep whereas recovery and recrystallization is the key factor for long‐term creep. Property degradation is advanced at higher temperature due to the quicker recovery and recrystallization.     

Microstructure Evolution in 9Cr Martensitic Steel During Long-Term Creep at 650℃

 Standardarized creep and rupture strength tests were conducted for commercial T91 martensitic heat-resistant steel at 650 ℃ and corresponding microstructure was characterized by BSED, TEM and EDS. The martensitic microstructure degenerated seriously during creep exposure, including martensitic substructure recovering, carbides coarsening, dissolving and precipitating. EDS analysis shows that the M23C6 carbides in different morphologies have dissimilar compositions. The rod/sheet like M23C6 particles within the matrix contain more additions, which might precipitate in situ while fine MX particles were re-solving. The high content of silicon in these rod/sheet like M23C6 carbides is probably related to self diffusion coefficient increasing for the exposed condition at 650 ℃ close to Curie temperature Tc. For those reasons, martensite substructure becomes unstable, and microstructure evolution is accelerated and leads to creep strength deteriorating severely.     

轧后冷却条件对低碳贝氏体钢组织性能的影响

 为了研究轧后不同冷却条件对高强低碳贝氏体钢组织和性能的影响,采用热模拟试验、扫描电镜、透射电镜和拉伸试验等手段,阐明不同冷却条件下高强低碳贝氏体钢的组织和性能变化规律。结果表明,在终冷温度为510 ℃时,组织以粒状贝氏体为主,终冷温度为450 ℃时以板条状贝氏体为主,前者组织中具有更多岛状马氏体;随着冷却速率提高,粒状贝氏体和板条状贝氏体尺寸细化,岛状马氏体减少。此外,不同冷却速率下,较低的终冷温度均具有更高的相变速率,冷却速率为50 ℃/s时,贝氏体相变速率最大。另外,终冷温度较高时,试验钢呈现出更好的塑性,强度随冷速变化较小;终冷温度较低时,试验钢呈现出更高的强度,但塑性较低,冷却速率对强度有较大的影响。     

Influence of long-term aging and superimposed creep stress on the microstructure of 2.25cr-1Mo steel

To understand the influence of high-temperature aging and superimposed creep stress on the microstructural variations in a 2.25Cr-1Mo steel, the shoulder and gage portions of the specimens subjected to stress-rupture tests at 540 °C and 580 °C have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. In the normalized and tempered condition, the steel exhibited a tempered bainitic structure and the carbides were present as M₃C globules, M₂C platelets, and M₂₃C₆ rectangular parallelepipeds. Aging the steel at 540 °C for 7022 hours or 17,946 hours resulted in considerable coarsening of M₂C and caused precipitation of M₆C carbides. The superimposed creep stress enhanced the M₂C precipitation. The ferrite matrix exhibited some recovery in the specimens exposed for 17,946 hours. While M₂C platelets were observed in a few areas after 14,836 hours of aging at 580 °C, this carbide was virtually nonexistent when a stress of 78 MPa was superimposed. Amounts of M₂₃C₆ persisted throughout the tests at both 540 °C and 580 °C. The M₆C carbide became more predominant after long exposure at 580 °C. The ferrite matrix recovered considerably in specimens subjected to creep stress at 580 °C for 14,836 hours.     

Phase stability and atom probe field ion microscopy of type 308 cre stainless steel weld metal

Improvement in high-temperature creep-rupture properties of type 308 stainless steel welds due to the controlled addition of boron is related to microstructural evolution during welding and thermal phase stability at creep service temperatures. The microstructure of boron-containing type 308 austenitic stainless steel welds, in the as-welded state, consisted of 8 to 10 pct ferrite in an austenite matrix. Atom probe field ion microscopy studies revealed segregation of boron and carbon to ferriteaustenite boundaries in the as-welded state; the segregation level was less than one monolayer coverage. On aging at 923 K for 100 hours, M₂₃C₆ carbides precipitated at ferrite-austenite boundaries. On further aging at 923 K for 1000 hours, the ferrite transformed into σ phase. Similar microstructural evolution was observed in a type 308 stainless steel weld without boron addition. The volume fractions of M₂₃C₆ carbides were identical in boron-containing and boron-free welds. Atom probe results from the welds with boron addition in the aged condition showed that the boron dissolved in the M₂₃C₆ carbides. However, lattice parameter analysis showed no apparent difference in the extracted carbides from the welds with and without boron. Creep property improvement due to boron addition could not be related to any change in the volume fraction of carbides. However, the results suggest that the incorporation of boron into M₂₃C₆ carbides may reduce the tendency for cavity formation along the M₂₃C₆ carbide-austenite boundaries and hence improve the resistance to creep fracture. The observed microstructural evolution in welds is consistent with thermodynamic calculations by THERMOCALC software.     

Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of HR3C Steel during Long-term Aging at High Temperature

Microstructure evolution and the changes in mechanical properties of HR3 Csteel during long-term aging at650,700 and 750℃ were investigated.The precipitated phases of the aging steel included M23C6 carbides,Z-phase and a trace amount of Nb(C,N).The M23C6 carbides were distributed mainly at the grain boundary,while Z-phase was mainly inside the grains.Amounts of both M23C6 carbides and Z-phase during the aging process increased with increasing aging period and temperature.Coarsening of M23C6 carbides was influenced significantly by aging time and temperature,while the size of the Z-phase was relatively less affected by the aging time and temperature,which had a steady strengthening effect.Coarsening of the M23C6 carbides was the main reason for the decline in high temperature yield strength during long-term aging at 750℃.The M23C6 carbides were linked into a continuous chain along the grain boundary which accounted for the decrease of toughness during aging.     

Influences of Austenization Temperature and Annealing Time on Duplex Ultrafine Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Medium Mn Steel

A duplex ultrafine microstructure in a medium manganese steel(0.2C-5Mn)was produced by austenite reverted transformation annealing(ART-annealing).The microstructural evolution during annealing was examined by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and X-ray diffraction(XRD).Based on the microstructure examination,it was found that some M3 C type carbides appeared in the martensitic matrix at the beginning of the ART-annealing.But with further increasing annealing time,these carbides would be dissolved and finally disappeared.Meanwhile,the austenite lath was developed in the ART-annealing process and the volume fraction of austenite increased with the increase of the annealing time,which resulted in a duplex microstructure consisting of ultrafine-grained ferrite and large fraction of reverted austenite after long time annealing.The mechanical property examinations by uniaxial tensile tests showed that ART-annealing(6h,650 ℃)resulted in a superhigh product of strength to elongation up to 42GPa·%.