模型结构对通气超空泡影响的实验研究

在水洞中开展了模型结构对通气超空泡形态和水动力影响的系列模型实验研究。结果表明:空化器、通气碗、锥柱结合的模型主体、尾部收缩段以及模型支撑的截面形状和方式都会对空泡形态和模型水动力产生影响。在相同空泡数下,空化器直径越大,超空泡长度越大,并且在相同直径下,圆盘空化器比圆锥空化器产生的超空泡长度大;模型尺度越大,阻塞比越大,超空泡长度越大;锥柱结合的模型主体会产生滞后效应;模型支撑的截面形状应为流线型;前支撑、腹支撑和尾支撑适用于研究不同的超空泡特性,其中当模型采用前支撑方式时,空泡形态和水动力应采用有效空化器直径进行计算。     

不同流速对LTE态下氢等离子体特性的研究

采用二维流体力学模型研究了多级直流弧放电装置中流速对处于局部热平衡状态下氢等离子体特性的影响.分析了氢等离子体中心轴线处电场和压强的分布情况;各粒子密度在通道中的分布状态;通道出口处等离子体温度以及电导率的分布情况.模拟结果表明,随着流速的增大,中心轴线处电场和压强均增大;通道中氢等离子体的各粒子密度变化很小;通道出口处等离子体温度以及电导率在出口处沿径向的分布影响不大.     

水下航行体通气超空泡形态及阻力特性试验研究

利用中速空泡水洞开展了通气超空泡试验,并利用已有的经验公式得到了通气空化数,对通气超空泡形态及阻力特性进行了研究。研究表明,通气超空泡的长度和长细比都随通气空化数的增大而减小,航行体阻力系数则随长细比增大而减小。在流速恒定情况下,随通气率的增大,通气空化数逐渐减小,呈指数规律衰减。通气空化数越小,超空泡航行体的减阻效果越好,速度越大,超空泡减阻效果越明显。随通气空化数的减小,超空泡航行体尾部沾湿区域阻力系数也逐渐减小。     

不同雷诺数条件下静止管道车环状缝隙流场数值模拟

为了探究雷诺数对于静边界环状缝隙流场的影响,采用Fluent软件对雷诺数为115513、154018、192522三种工况下静止管道车环状缝隙流场进行了数值模拟,并通过物理试验进行验证,结果表明:同一雷诺数条件下,在环状缝隙入口处流速最大,之后沿管道车车身方向,环状缝隙流流速呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势,且环状缝隙流流速大于管道内水流的平均流速;各横断面环状缝隙流场均以管道中心呈同心圆分布,即半径相同的各点环状缝隙流流速值大致相同,且从管道车壁面到管壁面方向环状缝隙流流速呈现二次抛物线的变化形式;不同雷诺数条件下,管道内压强值沿程变化趋势大致相同,管道车上游位置处压强沿程呈现逐渐降低的变化趋势,环状缝隙内部和管道车下游位置处的压强值沿程呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势;随着雷诺数的增加,环状缝隙流流速值与压强值和涡量值均呈现出逐渐增大的变化趋势;数值模拟结果同试验结果基本吻合,两者所得环状缝隙流流速最大相对误差不超过7%,表明通过数值模拟来研究管道车环状缝隙流场的方法是可行的。     

具平行微通道的无电场玻璃芯片微电渗泵

设计并制作了一种Y型无电场电渗泵芯片,以聚电解质静电自组装技术在侧臂通道分别修饰正、负电荷形成电渗泵,实现中间主通道无电场干扰。侧臂由多个平行亚通道构成,以增强电渗泵流速。使用中性离子示踪法、毛细管法分别测定电渗泵流速与压强,考察了电场、亚通道个数及深度对流速与压强的影响。结果表明,流速、压强随外加电场增大而增大,并呈线性关系;流速随侧臂亚通道个数增大而增大,压强随通道深度减小而增大。当电场强度为600V/cm时,含9个深10μm、宽度25μm亚通道的电渗泵流速与压强分别为672nL/min和442Pa。     

节流孔板非线性空化特征实验研究

工艺系统热工水力管路中的各类阀门、文丘里管、孔板等节流件,随系统工作压力和前后压差的增大,会出现汽液两相流引起空化。本文针对不同规格孔板为代表的节流件,采用流体力学仿真、结合台架实验产生的空化汽泡图像对比分析,提出阻塞流发展变化的斜梯三角形特性曲线。该曲线描述了流体通过节流件时,在不同工况下处于空化初生、临界、阻塞流、闪蒸4个不同流动状态。并给出了利用压力恢复系数或振动加速度信号作为空化初生点的判断依据。     

旋转射流冲击凸台换热特性的数值模拟

运用重整化(RNG)的κ-ε模型对半封闭板内带旋流的射流冲击凸台的传热及流动进行仿真,研究了旋转射流冲击凸台时的流场特性以及凸台表面、侧壁和平板上的传热特性.分析了旋流强度(旋转数)、流动Re数、冲击高度H/D对传热与流动的影响.结果表明,不同Re数下旋流会削弱驻点处的冲击作用,从而使得驻点处的传热Nu数减小.在雷诺数Re=25 000时,在旋转数0相似文献   

离心泵瞬态空化流动及压力脉动特性

基于RNG k-ε湍流模型及输运方程空化模型,考虑空化流动可压缩性影响修正湍流模型,考虑湍流压力脉动对饱和压力影响修正空化模型,对小流量工况离心泵瞬态空化流动进行数值模拟,计算所得扬程随进口压力变化曲线与试验结果吻合较好,能较准确预测离心泵在空化临界点扬程陡降过程。在离心泵叶轮流道中间与叶片压力面、吸力面布置监测点,对比分析非空化、空化时叶轮内压力脉动特性。结果表明：叶轮内压力脉动主频为叶轮转频;在叶轮流道及叶片吸力面,叶轮内压力脉动最大幅值由进口至出口逐渐增大,而在叶片压力面,压力脉动最大幅值在叶片进口4/5处最大。空化流动各监测点压力脉动最大幅值大于非空化,在流道进口处约为非空化时2倍。受蜗舌结构影响,叶轮内各流道空化区域分布不均匀。     

锥柱组合结构水动力噪声试验研究

开展锥柱组合结构水动力噪声试验,研究不同流速情况下结构的水动力噪声规律。基于重力式水洞试验场地,设计锥柱组合结构试验模型与水动力噪声测量试验方案,开展锥柱组合结构水动力噪声试验,对比不同流速情况下锥柱组合结构水动力噪声特性,阐述流速对锥柱组合结构水动力噪声的影响规律;试验表明:在中低流速情况下,锥柱组合结构的水动力噪声较小;但随着流速的增大,其水动力噪声迅速增大;当来流速度达到8.59 m/s时,由于流体与模型产生的空化效应,锥柱组合结构在高频时的水动力噪声声源级增幅较大。     

声流条件下超声空化气泡分布研究

研究了频率为20 kHz的超声作用在圆柱形料腔中出现声流现象时超声空化效应的空间分布特性。结合大振幅声源条件下的声辐射力,对声场内的声流现象进行了仿真分析,获取了不同超声功率和液位高度下的声流速度场分布,初步探究了声流条件下空化气泡的运动分布规律。采用超声空化效应的声致化学发光实验,对比研究了有、无声流条件时超声空化效应的空间分布特性。结果表明：功放电流高于80 mA(电功率为17.6 W)时,超声场可形成稳定的声致流动现象且可有效提高其声能辐射效率,大大增加了空化效应的作用区域,进而提高了声化学反应效率;声流条件下料腔内超声空化效应的分布区域与超声功率(振幅)、料腔液位高度相关,功放电流从40 mA(电功率为8.8 W)增加至120 mA(电功率为26.4 W)时,空化面积占比提高了100.86%,液位高度为60 mm时的空化面积占比较50 mm和70 mm时分别提高了13.11%和73.91%,提高超声功率及选择合理的料腔液位高度,可有效提高空化气泡扩散距离,增大空化分布面积;对于固定形状及尺寸料腔中的声场,声流速度达到一定阈值时,会出现空化效应增强,空化效应增强区域位于大于声流速...     

翼型动态风洞试验洞壁效应研究

翼型动态失速导致气动非线性特征突出,与洞壁效应耦合给风洞试验数据带来极大的不确定性,该文通过试验和数值手段揭示了翼型动态试验洞壁效应产生机理和影响规律,结果表明:相比于静态试验,由于洞壁的存在,动态试验翼型的尾流区的总压和静压分布更不均匀,动态试验翼型在相同迎角下的洞壁干扰更严重,表现为翼型在大迎角段,洞壁干扰导致模型中间截面附近和端部截面附近的速度分布和压力分布差异更明显,且相比于压力面,吸力面流动的二维性变得较差。侧壁干扰抑制了翼型中间截面附近的流向分离,诱导了端部附近的展向分离流。上洞壁和下洞壁的非定常压力系数随翼型实时迎角变化也呈迟滞环曲线,迟滞环方向相反,且脉动一阶主频率与翼型俯仰振荡频率一致。风洞洞壁干扰下,翼型动态失速三维涡结构呈“Ω”型。风洞上下壁干扰使得翼型线性段的升力系数和升力线斜率均增加,诱导翼型提前失速;在负行程,则使得翼型升力系数降低。侧壁干扰在负行程诱导了翼型表面的展向流动、减小了翼型弦向流动速度,引起翼型升力系数减小,正行程范围则影响较小,且翼型失速延迟。FL-11风洞翼型动态试验的上下壁干扰效应为主导因素;但是侧壁干扰不可忽略,特别是在翼型振荡周期的大迎角和负行程范围。     

Numerical analysis of cavitation erosion and particle erosion in butterfly valve

The investigation of butterfly valve applied in the circulation water filtration system (CWF) of one pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power station is performed in the paper. A coupling computational fluid dynamics model combined multiphase, cavitation and discrete phase model has been built to simulate the cavitation erosion and particle erosion. The validity and rationality of the coupling model is sufficiently verified with the experiment of flow coefficient and effects of different factors including inlet pressure and valve opening angle are discussed in detail. The results reveal that the erosion of butterfly valve mainly occurs at the forward and backward part of valve disc. With the increase of inlet pressure, max velocity, mass flow rate, wall shear stress, turbulent intensity and particle erosion would increase. Mass flow rate, wall shear stress, turbulent intensity and particle erosion decrease with the decrease of valve opening angle. The simulation results are well consistent with the failure feature of butterfly valve applied in actual operation. The numerical analysis is expected to improve the erosion condition and reliability of butterfly valve.     

基于FLUENT的高压高速螺旋转子泵内部流场分析

目的分析高压高速螺旋转子泵运行过程中的内部流场行为,为高压高速螺旋转子泵的结构优化提供理论依据。方法利用Solid Works建立高压高速螺旋转子泵三维模型,使用FLUENT仿真其在高压高速运行条件下的内部流场,得到压强云图,对比有、无气穴时转速对油膜最大压强和最大负压影响。结果气穴对高压区的啮合压强基本没有影响。齿轮啮合处压强最大值、齿轮啮合处负压最大值及空气在液压油中的占有率随转速的增加而增大,当转速为12 000 r/min时,空气占有率高达12.81%,啮合处的压强可高达37.5 MPa,是出油口压强的1.5倍。结论气穴阻止了部分齿顶间隙的泄漏,对转子稳定性的提高有积极意义。最大压强出现在螺旋转子泵转子的啮合处,这使转子产生了剧烈振动,降低了螺旋转子泵的稳定性。     

低层双坡屋面建筑三维定常风场的数值模拟

基于计算流体力学软件Fluent6.3,首先,选用基于Reynolds时均的标准k-ε等湍流模型对大气边界层中TTU标模的低层建筑三维定常风流场进行模拟分析,并将数值模拟结果与场地实测数据和TJ-2风洞试验结果进行了比较分析;其次,采用RNGk-ε模型分析了不同风向角下,房屋屋面坡度、挑檐长度、檐口高度和长宽比对低层双坡房屋屋面风压系数及各表面体型系数的影响。结果表明:数值模拟较好地反映了低层建筑周围风环境的绕流特性和表面风压的分布情况;迎风墙面均受有正压力,其体型系数受房屋几何尺寸的影响较小,房屋的背风面均承受负压力;屋面坡度及檐口高度对屋面风压分布及风压大小均有明显的影响,挑檐长度的影响较小;屋面的平均风压系数分布和大小与风的来流方向有关。该结论为低层房屋的工程抗风设计提供了依据。     

Experimental and computational failure analysis of a high pressure regulating valve in a chemical plant

A high pressure regulating valve for producing ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer in a chemical plant failed after three years in service. The failure analysis of valve was performed by means of visual inspection, stereo microscopy, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and computational fluid dynamics (CFD).The morphology analyses showed that the craters on the valve plug and cage, especially the end of the valve plug, were mainly caused by cavitation erosion, and the ditch damage resulted from the erosion due to impingement and scouring of the high velocity flow. The corrosivity of vinyl acetate was proved to have few effects on the materials damage. The failure reasons were further demonstrated by the simulation results, which presented the distribution of the sites suffering the high velocity flow erosion and possible cavitation erosion. The computed numerical results showed a good agreement with morphology analyses.     

Size measurement of bubbles in a cavitation tunnel by digital in-line holography

Digital in-line holography (DIH) with a divergent beam is used to measure size and concentration of cavitation bubbles (6-100 μm) in hydrodynamic facilities. A sampling probe is directly inserted in the cavitation tunnel, and the holograms of the bubbles are recorded through a transparent test section specially designed for DIH measurements. The recording beam coming from a fiber-coupled laser diode illuminates the sample volume, and holograms are recorded by a CMOS camera. From each hologram, the sampling volume can be reconstructed slice by slice by applying a wavelet-based reconstruction method. Because of the geometry of the recording beam, a magnification ratio must be introduced for recovering the 3D location and size of each bubble. The method used for processing holograms recorded in such a configuration is presented. Then, statistical results obtained from 5000 holograms recorded under different pressures in the cavitation tunnel are compared and discussed.     

Failure analysis of a high pressure differential regulating valve in coal liquefaction

Under harsh working conditions-high pressure differential, solid concentration and high velocity of a regulating valve in coal liquefaction, the valve plug damages easily. Its longest service life is less than 2000 h, which seriously affects the running safety. Failure analysis of valve plug is conducted via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by using the actual physical parameters. The results show that the damage of valve plug results from a synergistic effect of cavitation erosion and abrasion. Two cavitation regions exist on the wall of valve bushing and plug, and a high-speed reflux appears on the plug head where the pressure is higher than the saturation pressure. Driven by the reflux, the cavitation bubbles and solid particles move toward the plug head, thus the most severe cavitation erosion and abrasion occur on the plug head because of the bubbles collapse and particle impacts. The decrease of valve opening tends to aggravate the valve plug damage caused by the combined effects of cavitation erosion and abrasion. Compare with the actual corrosion morphology, the accuracy of failure analysis is verified.     

Investigation of impact of jets with zero-net-mass flux on flow in curvilinear diffusers

The impact of the blowing of jets with a zero-net-mass-flux (JZNMF) from the wall of a plane diffuser with expansion 1.8 on a turbulent separation flow is studied using a hybrid method for solving the averaged Navier-Stokes equations and the implicit method for large-sized eddy simulation (RANS/ILES method). The total pressure losses are shown to decrease by two times with the corresponding selection of the JZNMF frequency and amplitude. In this case, the level of the total pressure fluctuations at the diffuser outlet decreases by two to three times and the level of fluctuations of the longitudinal velocity components decreases by 1.2–1.5 times. The impact of the velocity at the diffuser inlet on the JZNMF efficiency is studied. The dependences of the impact of the JZNMF frequency and amplitude on the total pressure losses and the distribution of the averaged parameters of the flow and turbulence in the outlet cross section of the diffusion are obtained.     

隧道钻爆法水封装药结构爆破引起振动计算分析

装药结构是影响爆破振动效应的一个主要因素,针对隧道钻爆法施工中常见的水封爆破装药结构以Heelan短柱状药包激发引起远场质点运动理论解为基础,将该种装药结构分为炸药段和水介质段,并假定爆源远场质点最大振速主要由两段孔壁压力叠加作用引起,求得远场位置处振动速度解析解,并通过现场实测数据进行了验证,同时针对爆破振动影响因素进行了分析。研究结果表明:理论计算值与实测数据存在一定误差,但能满足工程要求,可用于指导施工;水介质段对围岩的作用主要由水介质段的长度和对孔壁的径向压力决定,水介质段长度与炸药段长度的比例直接影响水介质段作用产生的爆破振动数值及在爆破振动总效应中的比例;由于水介质段本身作用强度较小,在远场作用不明显,适于预测和评价爆破近场爆破振动速度。     

调节阀空化噪声数值分析

针对工程实际应用中调节阀普遍出现的空化及其产生的噪声问题,采用基于流声场声振耦合的数值分析方法,研究了不同开度与不同压差对空化噪声的影响。调节阀的空化噪声是阀门产生噪声的原因之一,传统的方法很难准确的分析和预测这种噪声。首先利用CFD软件计算调节阀内的三维瞬态流场,然后将瞬态流场的计算信息作为声场计算的激励信号施加到调节阀阀体上,最后基于声振耦合的方法对其进行声学响应计算。结果表明：本文所研究的调节阀空化噪声随着开度的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势;当调节阀进出口压差增大时,空化噪声也随之增大,在出口压力为0.45MPa时,噪声达到了93.2dB;通过数值模拟得到云图可作为分析噪声产生位置的依据,计算得到的噪声大小可作为判断空化程度的依据,为声学检测阀门空化程度提供数据支持。