热处理工艺参数对TC4+TC17线性摩擦焊接头微观组织的影响

在前期焊接试验参数优化基础上,对TC4+TC17钛合金进行线性摩擦焊,焊后进行不同温度的热处理,并利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜等对不同状态接头组织进行对比分析。结果表明,焊态下接头焊缝为典型动态再结晶组织,热力影响区由于热输入较小,以变形组织为主。585℃×3h热处理后焊缝TC4侧形成弥散的α+β相,细小的针状α相从亚稳态β相析出。热力影响区变形的α相在长度和宽度方向都长大,相界较焊态下更清晰;TC17侧形成细小片层状α相、针状次生α相和β相,次生针状α相沿初生α相析出。热力影响区亚稳β相分解,析出针状次生α相;热处理温度升高到685℃,接头组织的析出相长大粗化,组织趋于稳定。     

钛合金线性摩擦焊接头焊接缺陷分析

本文选用几种不同工艺参数对TC17钛合金进行线性摩擦焊试验。采用填埋热电偶的方法测量焊接过程中界面温度,运用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜等测试手段对接头焊接缺陷进行深入分析,利用显微硬度仪测量了两种不同参数下接头的显微硬度分布。研究表明：当振幅a=1mm时,焊接过程中热输入严重不足,无法得到良好的焊接接头,焊接过程中界面最高温度仅达到相变点附近,而采用a=3mm焊接时,界面温度可以达到1170℃。振幅a=1mm得到的TC17(α+β)/TC17(β)钛合金线性摩擦焊接头界面会出现孔洞、磨损颗粒、氧化物及夹杂、局部未焊合等焊接缺陷。显微硬度测试结果表明：在a=3mm参数下接头焊缝中心显微硬度值最低,相反残留氧化物及夹杂的存在使得振幅a=1mm时得到的接头焊缝中心显微硬度值达到最大。     

Ti-22Al-25Nb与TC11异种钛合金的线性摩擦焊接

通过Ti-22Al-25Nb(Ti2AlNb基合金)与TC11((α+β)钛合金)的线性摩擦焊接,研究焊接工艺参数对接头外貌及界面结合率的影响,观察接头附近显微组织,并测试了其显微硬度。结果表明,随着焊接工艺参数,如摩擦时间、摩擦频率和摩擦压力的提高,接头的结合率显著提高;在焊接和随后的冷却过程中,TC11合金侧的热影响区域发生了α→β→α′相变,形成的大量针状马氏体α′相使焊缝区的显微硬度值显著增大;Ti-22Al-25Nb合金侧的热影响区域主要发生了(O,α2)→B2/β相变,随着O相和α2相的减少,该区域金属的显微硬度值显著降低。在合适的工艺条件下,线性摩擦焊接Ti-22Al-25Nb合金与TC11合金能够形成质量完好的焊接接头。     

热处理对TC17(α+β)/TC17(β)线性摩擦焊接头组织及力学性能的影响

针对热处理前后TC17(α+β)/TC17(β)钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织和性能进行了对比分析. 结果表明,焊态时焊缝区组织发生动态回复和再结晶,两侧的热力影响区组织均被不同程度地拉长,热处理后焊缝中的亚稳相分解析出弥散的α和β相,TC17(α+β)侧热力影响区的初生α相有所长大. 焊态接头焊缝区显微硬度比母材低,接头的抗拉强度和屈服强度略低于母材,分别达到母材的91.9%,96.2%,接头拉伸性能试件断裂位置均在焊缝区;经过热处理,母材显微硬度未发生明显变化,焊缝区显微硬度显著提高,接头抗拉强度和屈服强度达到与母材相当,与焊态相比分别提高11.9%,8.2%,接头拉伸性能试件断于母材区.     

异质TC17线性摩擦焊接头焊后时效处理组织与性能

线性摩擦焊是制造航空发动机整体叶盘的关键技术. 通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子式万能试验机及显微硬度仪对比分析了TC17(α + β)/TC17(β)钛合金线性摩擦焊接头焊态及不同时效温度下接头的组织与性能. 结果表明,焊态下焊合区及附近区域的微观组织为过冷β细晶,硬度最低;经焊后时效处理,析出了细小针状α相,硬度升高. 焊后时效温度为400 ℃时,焊合区及附近区域的硬度值明显提高,焊接区脆化. 焊后时效温度为630 ℃时,接头弯曲角度最高,但强度降低. 综合焊接接头的硬度、弯曲与拉伸性能优化出的焊后时效温度为550 ℃. 接头弯曲角度和抗拉强度分别达到母材的36%和95%. TC17(α + β)侧热力影响区( thermal-mechanical affected zone,TMAZ)受力后微观塑性变形更均匀,其强塑性能均优于TC17(β)侧TMAZ. 接头的弱化区对应于TC17(β)侧TMAZ硬度变化梯度及组织梯度最大的区域. 相比母材,接头的塑性损失比强度损失要大得多.     

TC17(α + β)/TC17(β)钛合金线性摩擦焊接头相组成及织构分析

利用电子背散射衍射技术对TC17(α+β)/TC17(β)钛合金线性摩擦焊接头测试并分析,对接头各区域进行相鉴定和织构分析.结果表明,与母材相比,焊态接头两侧热力影响区α相减少,β相增多.由于焊缝区冷却迅速快,焊态焊缝处发生动态再结晶,生成了大量的亚稳定β相晶粒. TC17(β)侧母材及热力影响区的织构分布密度比TC17(α+β)侧强,且焊态焊缝区产生(5 4 6)[■]织构,轧面与(1 1 1)近似平行.经过610℃热处理后,焊缝区亚稳定β相发生分解,形成细小的次生α相和β相.与焊态焊缝相比,热处理后焊缝区晶体稍有转动,焊缝区织构强度较焊态有较大增强,形成(5 5 7)[■]织构.热处理前后的焊缝区晶体取向都存在着ND方向与[1 1 1]靠近,轧面与(111)接近平行的择优取向.     

异质钛合金线性摩擦焊接头微观组织

为了探明TC11与TC17异质钛合金线性摩擦焊接头微观组织形成机制,采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜研究接头不同区域的微观组织.结果表明,线性摩擦焊接头由TC11一侧的热力影响区(TMAZ)、TC11一侧的焊缝区、TC17一侧的焊缝区和TC17一侧的TMAZ所组成.在TMAZ未发现有动态再结晶发生,而材料的相变与变形是同时进行的.在焊缝区内发生了动态再结晶过程,摩擦停止后在摩擦界面上形成初生β共生晶粒.在振幅为3 mm、频率为40 Hz、摩擦压力为66.7 MPa条件下,随着摩擦时间的延长,初生β相动态再结晶晶粒尺寸和α相片层宽度增加.     

异质钛合金线性摩擦焊接头微观组织与显微硬度分析

选用优化的工艺参数对TC4/TC17异质钛合金进行线性摩擦焊及测温试验.焊后利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及显微硬度仪等对接头微观组织及显微硬度进行分析.结果表明,线性摩擦焊接过程中界面温度超过1 200℃、超过β相变温度,在焊后冷却过程中发生再结晶,产生细小针状组织.界面混合区再结晶组织有等轴化甚至球化现象.TC4侧热力影响区由被拉长的α相及破碎的β相组成,TC17侧热力影响区的α相和β相被拉长细化.TC4侧热力影响区组织发生应变强化,TC17侧热力影响区靠近焊缝侧发生一定的软化现象,靠近母材侧强化现象明显.     

TC21钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织及性能分析

本文对TC21钛合金进行线性摩擦焊接试验,采用OM、SEM等测试手段对接头各区域显微组织演变规律进行了分析,并通过显微硬度仪和电子万能试验机对接头显微硬度及拉伸性能进行测试。结果表明：TC21钛合金线性摩擦焊可以得到良好的焊接接头,接头明显分为母材区、热力影响区和焊缝区；焊接过程中焊缝区发生了相变及动态再结晶过程,形成细小的再结晶晶粒,板条状α相在晶界处析出,针状马氏体α′相在晶粒内部析出,并有少量的残余α相保留至室温；热力影响区主要以变形α相为主,随着向两侧母材靠近,再结晶程度逐渐减弱,α相比例逐渐增加。由于飞边形成阶段及焊后冷却速率大小不同,导致沿着焊缝中心向飞边端部靠近,晶粒尺寸逐渐变大。TC21钛合金线性摩擦焊接头显微硬度呈拱形分布,焊缝中心显微硬度值达到最大值460HV,拉伸性能测试结果表明,接头强度与母材相当。     

TA19钛合金惯性摩擦焊接工艺

采用惯性摩擦焊接工艺对TA19钛合金进行了焊接试验研究,针对不同工艺参数下的焊接接头力学性能进行了室温拉伸、高温拉伸及显微硬度等测试,并对优选工艺后焊接接头显微组织进行了分析. 结果表明,TA19钛合金具有良好的惯性摩擦焊接性,在合理焊接工艺条件下能得到高强度焊接接头;焊接接头各区域中焊缝区显微硬度最高,随着向母材区过渡,显微硬度逐渐降低;焊缝区为典型的动态再结晶组织,主要由少量沿β相晶界分布的沿晶α相+α′马氏体组成,热力影响区由变形初生α相+α′马氏体组成,热影响区微观组织与母材相近,仅有部分板条状β相及板条状次生α相发生交叉分布.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.