钢筋混凝土梁长期变形的计算

基于受弯等效原则对混凝土徐变和收缩引起的截面曲率增大系数进行了分析,进而得到了钢筋混凝土梁的附加变形增大系数,计算公式形式简单、概念清楚、适用于以受弯荷载为主的钢筋混凝土梁的长期变形计算。与该文中3根试验梁和文献中31根试验梁的试验结果对比分析表明,建议方法计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,且优于文献其它方法。     

部分预应力混凝土梁的应力和变形

本文运用有限元步进法，结合按龄期调整的有效模量法，对部分预应力混凝土梁在不同荷载阶段截面的应力和变形进行了分析探讨。分析时不仅考虑了混凝土的收缩、徐变以及预应力钢筋的松弛等因素的时效影响，而且当混凝土中所受的拉应力超过其抗拉强度时还考虑了混凝土开裂的影响。根据分析方法编制了部分预应力混凝土梁的计算分析程序，并运用该程序对某座部分预应力混凝土梁的截面应力和变形进行了详细分析。     

预应力混凝土桥梁徐变分析的全量形式自动递进法

首先将预应力混凝土桥梁中考虑收缩、徐变影响的任意时刻混凝土应力、应变关系在持荷时段内写成代数形式,引入内力平衡方程及变形协调条件后,提出了计入截面上钢筋位置、配筋率、预应力钢筋松弛、混凝土弹性模量随时间变化等影响的徐变效应分析的全量形式自动递进法,并建立了计算式,适用于任何形式的收缩、徐变特性表达式;基于建立的全量形式公式,可方便地求解任意时刻混凝土、钢筋的应力与应变和梁体竖向变形。理论分析与试验结果比较表明,公式可方便地控制计算精度,直至给出满意的结果。将计算式编程后极易与目前桥梁设计中常用的杆系有限元软件接口,进行可靠的徐变分析。     

再生混凝土梁时变挠度分析与预测

重点考虑收缩和徐变等因素,对再生混凝土梁的时变挠度进行了理论分析。假定收缩和徐变不会相互影响,通过截面时随分析,得到再生混凝土梁时变相对受压区高度表达式。依据现有文献的试验数据,对分析结果准确性进行了验证。结果表明:对于不同的再生粗骨料取代率,时变挠度的计算结果与试验结果相比,大多数误差可控制在19%以内。该文的工作较好揭示了再生混凝土梁时变挠度的演化特点,可以为今后再生混凝土梁的长期挠度预测提供理论基础。     

基于正交异性材料的预应力梁频率的试验研究

进行了一根无粘结预应力简支梁的动力试验,结果表明:预应力梁的固有频率随着预应力的增加而增加,这与Clough提出的轴力作用下各向同性材料梁的理论分析结果相反。其原因是传统的结构分析方法将混凝土视为各向同性、均质的线弹性材料。但是对预应力混凝土结构进行动力分析和检测,要求计算结果必须具有相对高的计算精度。为此该文从混凝土的微观结构入手,将预应力混凝土梁看作各向异性复合材料梁,采用正交异性的线弹性本构模型进行分析,将复合材料梁的刚度视为钢筋混凝土梁的刚度与预应力筋等效刚度之和,然后对预应力混凝土梁的频率与预应力的关系进行分析计算,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。同时,利用该文提出的分析方法对Saiidi等人的试验梁进行了分析对比,其计算结果与其试验值也符合较好。     

预应力空腹式钢骨混凝土梁受弯性能研究

通过5根无粘结预应力空腹式钢骨混凝土梁和1根非预应力空腹式钢骨混凝土梁的受弯试验,分析梁截面应变分布、变形、预应力筋内力增量发展及裂缝分布规律。结果表明:在其它参数条件相同的情形下,对空腹式钢骨混凝土梁施加预应力,可显著提高梁的抗裂承载力;以受拉区混凝土开裂和受拉钢骨下边缘屈服为转折点,试验梁的荷载-变形曲线呈三直线特征;破坏形态与非预应力空腹式钢骨混凝土梁相比裂缝出现较迟,裂缝向上开展缓慢,主裂缝特征不明显;建立的无粘结预应力空腹式钢骨混凝土梁的抗裂承载力和极限承载力计算公式与试验结果吻合较好。     

变截面梁预应力计算的积分算子法

将积分算子法用于变截面梁预应力问题的计算,提出了一种新型计算方法。该方法将多段变截面梁作为一个计算单元处理,直接计算多段预应力索等效节点力和单元内力,包含了变截面梁刚度分布对等效节点荷载的影响,包含了变截面剪切变形影响。该方法克服此前方法的缺陷,为变截面梁预应力的计算提供了一种精确计算方法。     

预应力型钢超高强混凝土梁受剪承载力试验研究

基于12榀预应力型钢超高强混凝土简支梁和2榀预应力型钢普通强度混凝土简支梁的受剪试验,揭示了影响试验梁受剪性能的主要因素,探讨了剪跨比、箍筋间距、腹板厚度、混凝土强度和预应力度对试验梁的破坏形态、荷载-挠度曲线、斜截面开裂荷载和受剪承载力的影响规律。试验结果表明:预应力型钢超高强混凝土梁具有更好的受剪承载力和剪切延性,以及更大的刚度;基于试验结果建立了预应力型钢超高强混凝土梁的受剪承载力建议计算公式,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,表明了该文提出的计算公式具有较高的精度。研究成果将为预应力型钢超高强混凝土梁的设计计算和工程应用提供理论依据。     

预应力组合梁桥的时效分析

本文根据组合梁桥的施工过程，采用按龄期调整的有效模量，结合有限单元步进法，对组合梁的时效行为进行了分析探讨，并编制了相应的计算程序，在程序中考虑了单元的分层建造，张拉预应力筋，结构体系转换，施工外荷载的影响以及各节段混凝土龄期的不同所导致的收缩，徐变差异，可以计算组合梁结构从施工到成桥这一整个过程中任一时刻的截面应力与变形，还可预测成桥后若干年收缩，徐变引起的组合截面应力与变形的变化，文末以一座两     

体外预应力混凝土连续梁的弯矩重分布试验研究

进行了3根体外预应力混凝土两跨连续梁受力全过程试验。试验表明,自加载至受拉区混凝土开裂前,连续梁处于弹性阶段,边支座、中支座反力、跨中截面和中支座截面弯矩的实测值与采用弹性理论计算值接近。受拉区混凝土开裂后至非预应力受拉钢筋屈服,边支座反力及跨中截面弯矩实测值开始向大于弹性理论计算值的方向偏离;而中支座反力及中支座截面弯矩实测值则向小于弹性理论计算值的方向偏离。当梁内受拉非预应力筋屈服后,边支座、中支座反力的实测值以及跨中截面弯矩和中支座截面弯矩实测值与弹性理论计算值的偏差进一步增大,这种偏差在试验梁破坏时达到最大。3根试验梁中支座截面弯矩重分布值分别为12.8%、16.9%及14.6%。试验实测值还与4个不同设计规范的弯矩重分布计算值进行了比较。结果表明:采用美国ACI 318-95规范及中国GB 50010-2010规范计算的中支座截面弯矩重分布值均小于试验实测值;除一根编号为B5的梁外,加拿大A23.3-M84规范的预测值与试验值最为接近;而英国BS8110规范则偏于不安全。实际设计中,可按中国规范公式来计算体外预应力混凝土连续梁的弯矩重分布,但必须合理确定体外预应力筋的极限应力。     

Numerical relationship between creep deformation coefficients of prestressed concrete beams

It is important to precisely predict and control the long-term deformation of a prestressed concrete beam in engineering practice, where creep defection is the primary component. The key to precisely predicting the long-term deflection is clarifying the numerical relationship between the creep coefficient and creep deflection coefficient. In this paper, four simply supported prestressed beams (7.5 m in length) were loaded for 700 days. According to the creep strains at different heights in the mid-span cross section during the loading period, the plane-section assumption was verified for the prestressed beams under long-term loading. Meanwhile, geometry models of the creep strain were established for both fully prestressed and partially prestressed beams. By studying the models, the numerical relationships between the creep coefficient and creep deflection coefficient were derived; for the fully prestressed beams, the creep deflection coefficient is larger than the creep coefficient, while the opposite is true for partially prestressed beams. Moreover, an expression for the creep deflection coefficient was proposed; the coefficient is determined by the creep coefficient, prestress degree, prestress effect, and geometric properties of the cross section. A new method is thus proposed for the accurate calculation of the creep deflection of a prestressed concrete beam.     

1年持续载荷下GFRP-混凝土组合梁长期性能试验

玻璃纤维增强树脂(GFRP)-混凝土组合梁由上部混凝土板和下部GFRP型材以及连接二者的抗剪连接件组成。开展了2根GFRP-混凝土组合梁(非预应力及施加体外预应力组合梁各1根)在1年持续载荷下行为的试验研究。考虑混凝土收缩徐变及GFRP型材蠕变耦合的影响,开展了50年的24根GFRP-混凝土组合梁时随有限元参数分析。结果表明:在1年持续载荷下,非预应力与施加体外预应力组合梁长期挠度分别为其初始挠度的1.42倍及2.91倍;非预应力与预应力组合梁中连接件的长期滑移分别为0.230 mm及0.164 mm,相比初始滑移2种组合梁的最终滑移分别增加了53.3%和58.2%;50年后,非预应力组合梁长期挠度与初始挠度的比值在1.50~1.56之间;而施加体外预应力组合梁长期挠度与初始挠度的比值在3.03~6.08之间。基于以上研究提出了GFRP-混凝土组合梁长期挠度的计算建议。      

Pickett effect and creep in flexure of steel‐fiber reinforced concrete

Abstract

Creep and shrinkage are of great concern in the design of steel fiber reinforced concrete structures. This is especially true for a prestressed flex‐ural member with thin section. The test results of creep of steel‐fiber rein‐foced concrete in flexure are presented. The concrete beams made with various fiber volume contents were tested in flexure under drying or standard moist conditions. The Pickett effect in steel‐fiber reinforced concrete was investigated. This research shows that fibers can effectively restrain the bending creep of concrete. The Pickett effect can be reduced with the addition of fibers to plain concrete beam subjected to fiexural loading.     

预应力碳纤维布材加固混凝土梁受弯性能非线性分析

根据平截面变形假定,考虑材料的非线性性质,用分级加应变的方法计算预应力碳纤维布加固的混凝土梁的荷载—挠度关系,得到的5根预应力碳纤维加固混凝土梁和4根非预应力加固混凝土梁的荷载-挠度曲线与试验结果吻合较好。并在此力学模型的基础上对预应力碳纤维布加固的受弯构件的二次受力性能进行了非线性分析,研究了碳纤维初始应变、截面高度、预应力大小对被加固梁受弯性能的影响。分析结果表明:预应力可有效发挥碳纤维高强性能,二次受力条件下预应力碳纤维布材的加固效果远好于非预应力碳纤维布材加固,可有效解决构件二次受力应力应变滞后问题。     

Tests of composite concrete beams with prestressed planks

This paper deals with tests on composite concrete beams with prestressed concrete planks. It describes the separate influences of differential shrinkage and creep as well as stress redistribution due to a great strain difference at the adjoining faces between the prestressed plank and added concrete. Existing formulas relating to differential shrinkage and creep are based on the actual strains to be expected, but in order for the designer to have this information, extensive tests are required. This paper contains qualitative data in this regard and describes means by which information can be satisfactorily obtained, including the effect of stress redistribution.     

The long-term creep and shrinkage behaviors of green concrete designed for bridge girder using a densified mixture design algorithm

Creep and shrinkage behaviors are critical factors in the precast/prestressed concrete industry because these factors allow engineers to assess the long-term performance of concrete and to develop life-cycle estimates for concrete structures. The current study presents the results of an experimental work that addresses creep and shrinkage behaviors as well as the development of compressive strength in ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPC), high-performance concrete (HPC), and self-consolidating concrete (SCC). The concrete mixtures created for the present study were used to fabricate prestressed bridge girders. A conventional method (ACI) was used to design the mixture proportion for OPC and a densified mixture design algorithm (DMDA) was used to design the mixture proportions for HPC and SCC. All concrete mixtures had the same target strength of 69 MPa (10000 psi) at 56 days. Additionally, a comparative performance in terms of strength development and creep and shrinkage behaviors of ACI and DMDA concrete is performed in the present study. Test results show that all of the samples attained the target strength after 28 days of curing and that the strengths of each continued to increase afterward. Importantly, the incorporation of pozzolanic materials into concrete mixtures affected the propagation of creep strain and shrinkage positively. Furthermore, the DMDA concrete sample delivered better long-term performance than ACI concrete in terms of compressive strength, creep strain, and shrinkage.     

钢-混凝土组合梁非线性变形研究

目前,对于钢-混凝土组合梁在荷载长期效应下挠度的研究,我国现行规范是通过降低弹性模量的方法来考虑荷载的长期效应,而没有充分考虑混凝土的收缩、徐变的影响。此外,组合梁交接面的滑移对长期挠度的影响也不可忽视。综合现有研究成果,选取影响挠度的主要影响因素:混凝土的收缩、徐变和抗剪连接件的滑移进行考虑,推导出考虑混凝土的徐变、收缩和剪切件滑移的钢-混凝土组合梁长期挠度计算公式,并对一高层建筑中的两根典型组合梁进行了现场监测与分析。理论分析和实测结果表明:用现行规范中的计算方法计算出的组合梁的长期挠度值偏小,因此,对组合梁的设计和施工提出了一些建议。     

Modelling of creep in continuous RC beams under high levels of sustained loading

A nonlinear theoretical model is developed in this paper for the long-term analysis of continuous reinforced concrete beams. The model accounts for creep, cracking, nonlinear behaviour in compression, shrinkage, aging, yielding of the reinforcement. The constitutive relations follow the modified principle of superposition, which are presented in the form of nonlinear rheological generalized Maxwell models with strain and time dependent springs and dashpots that account for material nonlinearity and aging of the concrete. The governing equations are presented in an incremental form, and are solved through a step-by-step algorithm in time along with the numerical shooting method for the solution along the beam. An iterative procedure is implemented at each time step for the determination of the rigidities and the creep strains. The capabilities of the model are demonstrated through numerical examples. The results show that creep and shrinkage have various influences on the structural response, and they may decrease the load carrying capacity and the factor of safety of continuous reinforced concrete beams with time.     

Analysis of prestressed concrete slab-and-beam structures

 In this paper a solution to the problem of prestressed concrete slab-and-beam structures including creep and shrinkage effect is presented. The adopted model takes into account the resulting inplane forces and deformations of the plate as well as the axial forces and deformations of the beam, due to combined response of the system. The analysis consists in isolating the beams from the plate by sections parallel to the lower outer surface of the plate. The forces at the interface, which produce lateral deflection and inplane deformation to the plate and lateral deflection and axial deformation to the beam, are established using continuity conditions at the interface. The influence of creep and shrinkage effect relative with the time of the casting and the time of the loading of the plate and the beams is taken into account. The estimation of the prestressing axial force of the beams is accomplished iteratively. Both instant (e.g. friction, slip of anchorage) and time dependent losses are encountered. The solution of the arising plate and beam problems, which are nonlinearly coupled, is achieved using the analog equation method (AEM). The adopted model, compared with those ignoring the inplane forces and deformations, describes better the actual response of the plate–beams system and permits the evaluation of the shear forces at the interfaces, the knowledge of which is very important in the design of prefabricated ribbed plates. Received 1 June 2000