锅炉结渣原因分析及预防措施

锅炉结渣是个复杂的物理化学过程,至今还没有能定量描述结渣过程的数学模型.锅炉结渣是困扰着电力行业的一个主要问题.主要从燃料燃烧及燃烧动力学方面论述了锅炉结渣的原因,并介绍了目前国内外判断锅炉结渣的几种方法.最后,针对灰渣形成的过程和锅炉结渣的原因从燃料选择、入炉燃料加工、锅炉负荷工况调整及检修维护方面提出了对避免锅炉结渣应采取的措施,以指导锅炉设计及锅炉运行.     

某电厂锅炉结渣原因分析与处理

锅炉出现结渣现象,会影响锅炉运行安全,本论文主要介绍了某电厂的锅炉结渣情况,并进行了结渣原因分析,最后提出了减少结渣的措施。     

燃煤锅炉炉膛结渣原因及预防措施的探讨

针对燃煤锅炉炉膛结渣的问题,阐述了锅炉运行中炉膛结渣的过程和机理,通过分析炉膛结渣的影响因素及提出减少炉膛结渣的措施,提高了锅炉运行的经济性和可靠性.     

锅炉结渣过程研究与结渣数值模拟

探讨了锅炉的结渣过程。采用数值模拟的方法,建立了结渣模型,特别是建立了结渣停止生长模型,模拟了锅炉结渣的过程和影响,得出结渣的位置、结渣时间、结渣量和结渣对换热的影响等。     

艾萨余热锅炉辐射区结渣分析与控制

随着艾萨铜熔炼炉入炉物料的处理量逐年升高,艾萨余热锅炉烟气含尘量逐渐升高,余热锅炉辐射区结渣变得较为严重,影响了锅炉的安全、经济运行。针对艾萨余热锅炉辐射区结渣进行了深入的分析,对结渣的成因进行了探讨和阐述,并提出了采用结渣抑制技术处理艾萨余热锅炉辐射区结渣的针对性措施,详细阐述了该技术的原理和使用该技术所取得的效果。     

3种型号W火焰锅炉结渣特性的数值模拟

采用结渣模型耦合气固两相流动燃烧模型,对3种不同型号W火焰锅炉的结渣特性进行了多工况数值模拟,结合实际运行状况,对结渣位置、程度及原因进行了对比分析.结果表明:在燃用结渣倾向相同的煤时,不同型号锅炉的结渣特性有明显差异,这是由于炉膛结构尺寸、下炉膛热力参数、燃烧器类型、分级二次风配风方式等不同造成的;切停侧边燃烧器、降低锅炉负荷和燃用结渣倾向低的煤都能有效减轻侧墙结渣,显著改善锅炉结渣特性.为此,提出了防止W火焰锅炉结渣的措施.     

气氛条件对典型煤种结渣特性影响的实验研究

燃煤锅炉受热面结渣问题一直是困扰电站锅炉安全和经济运行的重要因素.因b选取三种不同的煤种在不同气氛条件下进行灰熔融性试验的基础上对煤种的结渣特性作出分析.分析结论为还原性环境气氛可显著降低煤灰熔融温度,从而使煤灰结渣特性增强;单一评判法与多指标综合评判法对煤灰结渣特性进行判定,为避免锅炉受热面结渣提供理论依据.在锅炉实际运行中,因保证炉内受热面周边氧化性气氛,降低煤灰结渣特性,减少锅炉受热面结渣的可能性.     

燃煤锅炉渣机理分析及预防措施

本文对燃煤锅炉的燃烧结渣特性进行了机理分析，并提出结渣预防措施。     

锅炉改造对结渣的影响

本文阐述了锅炉改造后一些不合理结构对结渣的影响。由于锅炉运行参数与设计值的差异 ,某些电站针对锅炉出现问题进行了改造。由于考虑不全面 ,改造后导致了锅炉结渣 ,影响了锅炉的安全经济运行。本文从锅炉改造方面分析了结渣的因素 ,提出了预防结渣的措施     

防结渣技术在360t/h锅炉上的应用

介绍锅炉结渣的机理以及控制炉内结渣过程的主要因素,用数值模拟方法对某电厂360t/h锅炉结渣问题进行分析,并提出了改造该锅炉切实可行的措施.通过对该锅炉第二次改造后运行实践的检验,得出了与防结渣技术相关的一些结论.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.