印楝及印楝生物农药

随着社会和经济的发展 ,人们对生活质量的要求日益提高 ,农业正由数量型向质量型、由产量型向效益型转变。农药是农业生产的重要保障 ,而大部分农药终因没有很好地解决“3E”问题 (Effectiveness ,efficiency ,environment ,即效力、效率和环境 ) ,引起了一系列问题。农药中毒事件时有发生 ,不少生物因为高毒、高残留农药的大量施用而在地球上销声匿迹。天敌的死亡也加重了人类防治有害生物的任务 ,尤其是其引起的“3R”问题 (Resistance ,residue ,resurgence ,即害虫抗药性、残留和害虫再猖獗 )受到全球的关注。农药的大量使用 ,使有害…     

印楝种仁中印楝素含量的快速液相色谱分析

采用高压液相色谱法，微波辐射萃取种仁中的印楝素，对种仁中的印楝素含量进行快速定量测定，该方法的标准偏差为0．13,变异系数为0．13％，平均回收率为100．02％。     

溶剂法萃取印楝素的研究进展

化学农药由于其污染环境、杀伤天敌、残留物对人畜有害而使其应用受到限制,而生物源农药因其安全性越来越被看好。印楝素就是一种从植物中提取的天然杀虫活性物质。溶剂法萃取印楝素工艺分为4类:①先去油,再用极性有机溶剂萃取;②直接用极性有机溶剂萃取;③用烃类溶剂和极性溶剂协同萃取;④用水萃取。4种工艺各有特点,今后溶剂法萃取印楝素工艺应向操作简便、收率高、成本低的方向发展。     

印楝素定量技术研究进展

印楝素是一种极具开发前景的植物源生物农药。在对印楝素在各种样品和环境中的残留情况以及商品制剂生产中，要求有一种简便、快速、灵敏的检测方法。本文就近年来对印楝素的含量分析研究中的几种重要技术做了介绍，如：RP-HPLC、SFC、HPLC-APCI-MS、ELISA、比色法。     

印楝油对作物病虫害的生物活性研究概况

印楝油对农作物害虫具有防治作用,而且具有抗菌、抗病毒的能力,还可用于线虫的防治。所以印楝油应用于杀虫剂、杀菌剂等植物源生物农药的制备。本文对印楝油在作物病虫害防治上的研究及应用做了介绍。     

我国印楝农药发展概况及其前景

近年来我国印楝农药发展很快.简述了印楝在我国的种植情况,介绍了印楝农药作为杀虫剂的开发、利用和发展前景,指出目前在化学农药面临多方面的挑战时候,发展印楝产业正当其时,政府部门应高度重视,加大投资力度,加强宏观调控,科研部门、科技工作者应广泛加强联合,协作攻关,尽早开发和广泛应用植物源印楝农药.     

超临界CO2萃取印楝种子中印楝素的研究

应用超临界CO2萃取技术从印楝种子中萃取印楝素，研究了萃取温度、压力和夹带剂对印楝素萃取效果的影响。当萃取温度为35℃、压力为15MPa、甲醇用量为CO2体积的3％时，可将印楝种子中90％以上的印楝素A萃取出来，所得产品印楝素A的质量分数为20．3％。     

全球生物农药的市场现状及前景展望

简要介绍了生物农药在全球的应用情况、市场需求和区域性市场份额,以及有机农业与生物农药的关系,并阐述了生物农药的发展前景和发展瓶颈。     

生物农药多杀菌素应用研究进展

生物农药多杀菌素具有高效、广谱及低毒的特点,可有效防治小菜蛾、斜纹夜蛾、水稻二化螟、稻飞虱等多种害虫。笔者阐述了多杀菌素在防治农林害虫、储物害虫、卫生害虫、牲畜寄生害虫的应用以及抗性研究,并对其发展进行了展望。     

世界生物农药的前景展望

生物农药虽然蕴藏着很大的潜力,但全球整个生物农药仍维系小规模、分散经营的模式。2000年世界生物农药总销售额大约为1.6亿美元,还不到世界植物保护市场的1％,其中占总销售额90％以上的产品是杀虫剂Bt及其相关产品。生物农药工业的研发现状是靠技术推动发展的,先有技术,后找市场。生物农药若想成为主流植物保护产品,必须在生物农药的研究与开发方面寻找有应用于重要商业靶标作物的产品,还要加强宣传教育工作。     

生物农药多杀菌素的研究进展

多杀菌素（spinosad）是天然生成的大环内酯类抗生素,具有作用模式独特、自然分解快、对动物和昆虫天敌安全等优点,是一种应用前景广阔的新型生物农药.阐述了多杀菌素刺糖多孢菌诱变及理性筛选的常用方法,发酵培养以及培养条件优化,多杀菌素的分离提纯工艺等,并采用高效液相色谱仪（HPLC）分析检测多杀菌素有效成分,获得良好验证结果.     

Bt生物农药毒力效价检测方法综述

Bt生物农药是目前应用广泛而有效的一种微生物杀虫剂,防治虫害效果好,不污染环境,无残留,能保持农产品的优良品质;对哺乳动物毒性较低,使用中对人、畜比较安全.综述了检测Bt生物农药的毒力效价的几种方法,主要包括孢子计数法、生物测定法、免疫PCR技术法、高效液相色谱法等,并对各种方法的研究状况和存在问题进行了简要评述.     

Alarmins as a Possible Target of Future Therapies for Atrial Fibrillation

To date, worldwide, atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiovascular disease in adults, with a prevalence of 2% to 4%. The trigger of the pathophysiological mechanism of arrhythmia includes several factors that sustain and exacerbate the disease. Ectopic electrical conductivity, associated with the resulting atrial mechanical dysfunction, atrial remodeling, and fibrosis, promotes hypo-contractility and blood stasis, involving micro endothelial damage. This causes a significant local inflammatory reaction that feeds and sustains the arrhythmia. In our literature review, we evaluate the role of HMGB1 proteins, heat shock proteins, and S100 in the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation, offering suggestions for possible new therapeutic strategies. We selected scientific publications on the specific topics “alarmins” and “atrial fibrillation” from PubMed. The nonsystematic review confirms the pivotal role of molecules such as S100 proteins, high-mobility group box-1, and heat shock proteins in the molecular pattern of atrial fibrillation. These results could be considered for new therapeutic opportunities, including inhibition of oxidative stress, evaluation of new anticoagulant drugs with novel therapeutic targets, molecular and genetic studies, and consideration of these alarmins as predictive or prognostic biomarkers of disease onset and severity.     

箱式固态发酵生产Bt生物农药的研究

利用自制箱式固态发酵设备,以价格低廉的麸皮等农业下脚料为主要培养基,对Bt HD-1菌种公斤级固态发酵扩大条件进行了优化研究.确定最佳发酵条件为:在种龄8 h时接种,含水量为55%,pH=7.5,箱体内培养基厚度控制在4 cm,接种量为15%,发酵时间为45 h.在此条件下,单次发酵量达到1.25 kg,毒力效价稳定在13 000 IU·mg-1以上.实现了Bt生物农药公斤级固态发酵的生产,为Bt生物农药的固态发酵大规模工业化生产奠定了基础.     

Lipidation of Antimicrobial Peptides as a Design Strategy for Future Alternatives to Antibiotics

Multi-drug-resistant bacteria are becoming more prevalent, and treating these bacteria is becoming a global concern. One alternative approach to combat bacterial resistance is to use antimicrobial (AMPs) or host-defense peptides (HDPs) because they possess broad-spectrum activity, function in a variety of ways, and lead to minimal resistance. However, the therapeutic efficacy of HDPs is limited by a number of factors, including systemic toxicity, rapid degradation, and low bioavailability. One approach to circumvent these issues is to use lipidation, i.e., the attachment of one or more fatty acid chains to the amine groups of the N-terminus or a lysine residue of an HDP. In this review, we examined lipidated analogs of 66 different HDPs reported in the literature to determine: (i) whether there is a link between acyl chain length and antibacterial activity; (ii) whether the charge and (iii) the hydrophobicity of the HDP play a role; and (iv) whether acyl chain length and toxicity are related. Overall, the analysis suggests that lipidated HDPs with improved activity over the nonlipidated counterpart had acyl chain lengths of 8–12 carbons. Moreover, active lipidated peptides attached to short HDPs tended to have longer acyl chain lengths. Neither the charge of the parent HDP nor the percent hydrophobicity of the peptide had an apparent significant impact on the antibacterial activity. Finally, the relationship between acyl chain length and toxicity was difficult to determine due to the fact that toxicity is quantified in different ways. The impact of these trends, as well as combined strategies such as the incorporation of d- and non-natural amino acids or alternative approaches, will be discussed in light of how lipidation may play a role in the future development of antimicrobial peptide-based alternatives to current therapeutics.     

30%松脂酸钠水乳剂农药的RP-HPLC分析

采用ZORBAX SB-C18柱,检测波长245 nm,以甲醇-pH 3.0磷酸缓冲溶液（体积比70∶30）为流动相,流速0.7 mL/min色谱分析条件。建立了30%松脂酸钠水乳剂生物农药的反相高效液相色谱分析方法。结果表明,松脂酸保留时间14.919 min,松脂酸浓度在2.022～80.88 mg/L时其峰面积与进样浓度呈良好的线性关系,方法回收率90.51%～110.2%,RSD为7.37%,最低检出限0.179 mg/L。该方法灵敏、可靠,具有简便、重现性好的特点。     

Power-to-Fuels: E-Fuels as an Important Option for a Climate-Friendly Mobility of the Future

The Paris climate accord – in continuation of the original Kyoto agreement – and the German federal government's climate protection plan establish ambitious goals for overall CO₂ reduction. In 2050, a reduction of 80–95 % in comparison to the reference year 1990 is aspired for. This essay tries to outline challenges and boundary conditions for using e-fuels to directly substitute currently used fossil fuels in internal combustion engines and turbines.