微气泡水力空化强化混凝除藻的试验研究

利用微气泡水力空化装置强化混凝沉淀去除水体中的藻类。结果表明,微气泡水力空化可以有效地提高混凝除藻效果,减少混凝剂用量。当混凝剂投加量为1 mg/L时,水力空化预处理5 min,对藻类的去除率较空白样提高13%,而空化预处理20 min则藻类去除率提高30%。对藻类的去除率均为65%时,1 h的水力空化可以减少50%的混凝剂投加量。微气泡水力空化时间和空气流量对强化混凝效果有很大的影响,在空化处理时间为10~20 min、空气流量为0.5~0.8L/min的条件下,可以达到最优的除藻效果。p H值的变化也直接影响除藻率,在p H值=8的弱碱性条件下,对藻类的去除效果最为理想。水力空化也可以提高混凝对UV254和浊度的去除效果。     

水力空化装置空化效果的最佳条件

建立了实用有效的水力空化装置，设计简单，易于操作，容易放大到工业应用的水力空化反应器-多孔板；分析了水流空化数、修正空化数对羟自由基浓度的影响，研究了羟自由基产量与空化强度的关系，寻求最优空化强化条件。     

污水生化处理出水的臭氧消毒试验

以大肠菌群为卫生学指标，对臭氧在城市污水生化处理出水中的溶解、衰减和消毒过程进行了研究，对水气混合、反应设备和相应的操作条件进行了考察。结果表明，臭氧消毒效果显著，在优化条件下原水在连续系统中停留3min后，出水的大肠菌群可达到景观用水标准；较低的pH值有利于提高臭氧的溶解度并降低臭氧的衰减速度；较高的水气比有利于臭氧在文丘里混合器中的溶解；含臭氧水自下而上通过柱状反应器可降低臭氧的衰减速度和提高大肠菌群去除率；处理出水在150min后仍具明显的持续消毒能力。     

臭氧氧化技术深度处理洗浴废水的试验研究

采用臭氧氧化技术对经混凝过滤后的洗浴废水进行回用的深度处理试验研究，并根据试验观测结果，对反应机理进行探讨。试验内容包括两部分：其一，对静止状态下废水进行臭氧氧化曝气，测定臭氧化气体流量、废水水温、pH值对处理结果的影响；其二，对废水进行连续性臭氧氧化实验时，探讨废水水力停留时间对COD去除率的影响，并回归出处理的线性方程。     

液控调节阀空化与冲蚀仿真模拟与分析

基于液控调节阀的结构特性和流体物性参数,以开度40%为例建立数学模型,并采用Mixture模型和DPM(Discrete Phase Model)模型,对液控调节阀的空化和冲蚀现象进行数值模拟并分析。研究结果表明:当入口压力由4.5 MPa提高到5.5MPa时,阀芯与阀座之间的窄通道内流速变化剧烈,阀芯顶部抛物线段压力下降的区域增大,形成对称小椭圆形空化区域并脱离整个空化区域;当入口颗粒质量浓度一定时,阀芯顶部抛物线段磨损率分布趋势为:随颗粒直径的增大,磨损率先减小、后增大,然后再减小;当入口颗粒直径不变时,磨损率随入口颗粒质量浓度的增大而增大。     

浸没燃烧加热装置冷态数值模拟与结构优化

以浸没燃烧加热装置(采用直通式浸没管)为研究对象进行冷态模拟,分析在浸没管喷口增设多孔板对罐体内气相率分布以及浸没管入口压力、换热效果指标的影响。在浸没管喷口增设多孔板,有利于浸没管入口压力的稳定,促进燃烧室稳定燃烧,可有效强化烟气与水浴溶液的换热。     

电化学消毒效果的影响因素研究

以饮用水中的异养菌和大肠杆菌为考察对象,比较了单向流和循环流电化学消毒工艺的处理效果,探讨了氯离子浓度、pH值、流量对循环流电化学消毒效果的影响。结果表明,对于细菌浓度较高[(1~10)×105CFU/mL]的自来水,在进水氯离子浓度较低(17.5 mg/L)的情况下,单向流电化学消毒的效果并不理想,不宜用作二次水箱水的消毒方式;而采用循环流电化学消毒工艺不仅可改善消毒效果,还可解决二次水箱水因停留时间长而引起水质较差的问题。对循环流电化学消毒工艺的影响因素分析表明,氯离子浓度的影响最为显著,氯离子浓度越大则对细菌的灭活效果越好;低pH值有利于提高细菌的灭活效果,低流量下细菌的灭活效果比高流量下的略好。     

敞开式太阳能集热/再生器的理论模型及性能分析

对敞开式太阳能集热再生器建立理论解析模型,理论求解发现溶液在常温下再生时存在一个最佳单位面积流量使单位面积蒸发率最大。溶液入口温度和室外风速是决定最佳流量值的2个最重要参数,溶液浓度和太阳辐射强度对最大蒸发率影响最明显。当溶液出口温度低于入口温度时,最佳流量不存在,溶液流量越大再生效果越好。当室外风速为2m/s时,溶液再生蒸发率最大。文章全面揭示了影响敞开式集热/再生器性能的各项因素。     

自来水厂采用次氯酸钠消毒对调节pH值的效果研究

以南方某自来水厂的砂滤池出水为研究对象,通过在不同条件下进行次氯酸钠投加试验,研究了采用次氯酸钠消毒对砂后水pH值的调节效果。研究结果表明,随着次氯酸钠投加量的增加,水体pH值逐渐升高,投加1.0、1.5、2.0mg/L的次氯酸钠能够将砂后水的pH值从6.9分别提高至7.7、7.9和8.0;同时,次氯酸钠的游离碱含量越高,对砂后水pH值的调节效果越明显。但次氯酸钠调节砂后水pH值的效果受原水水质的影响,在不同水质条件下,效果有显著差异。当自来水厂采用次氯酸钠消毒代替液氯消毒时,建议保留投碱系统以保证出厂水pH值达标。     

臭氧/高锰酸盐预氧化助凝及影响因素

提出了高锰酸盐强化臭氧氧化助凝技术,并分析了复合氧化助凝效果的各种影响因素。试验结果表明,复合氧化比单独臭氧氧化更有利于对浊度的去除。复合氧化的投加顺序是先投加高锰酸盐后投加臭氧,较佳的剂量配比是高锰酸盐0.4mg/L与臭氧1.0mg/L。复合氧化除浊的效果受诸多因素影响,复合氧化可适应更大的G值变化范围;助凝效果受原水水质的影响,原水硬度为160mgCaCO3/L时助凝效果最佳,原水TOC浓度为3mg/L时对混凝的影响最小;低温有助于复合氧化助凝;复合氧化受pH值影响较小,可以适应较大范围的pH值变化。与臭氧氧化相比,复合氧化更能适应水力和水质条件的变化。     

Effect of cavitation on chemical disinfection efficiency

This study brings out the potential efficacy of hybrid techniques for water disinfection. The techniques studied include hydrodynamic cavitation, acoustic cavitation and treatment with chemicals like hydrogen peroxide and ozone. The hybrid techniques which combine hydrodynamic cavitation, acoustic cavitation and hydrogen peroxide appear to be an attractive alternative to any one technique on its own for the reduction in the heterotropic plate count bacteria as well as indicator microorganisms like the total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci.     

半淹没式旋转孔板污水取水机水力特性数学模型及运行分析

针对污水源热泵系统中过滤除污装置流量稳定性差、不易调节并影响换热器效率的问题,介绍了新型半淹没式旋转孔板污水取水机,研究了其工作原理,通过建立数学模型分析了污水中污杂物浓度、污水的液面高度、孔板的旋转周期对其过流量、过滤负荷、滤面堵塞系数的影响。结果表明:污水液面高度、孔板旋转周期一定的条件下,污水浓度增加将导致孔板过流量减小,滤面堵塞系数增加;通过调整液面高度和孔板旋转周期可调节由于污水中污杂物浓度变化对孔板过流量的影响,且孔板旋转周期调节效果优于液面高度。     

臭氧/氯消毒中藻类有机物生成消毒副产物的特征

饮用水源地藻华会释放大量藻类有机物(AOM),AOM与氯消毒剂反应生成的消毒副产物(DBPs)会给饮用水用户带来不容忽视的健康风险。为此,探究了臭氧/氯消毒对AOM结构和DBPs生成的影响。结果表明,臭氧氧化能有效去除AOM中芳香蛋白和酚类、叶绿素a、藻蓝蛋白结构物质,但是对腐殖酸类结构的去除效果相对较差。DBPs生成总量随臭氧投加浓度的升高而增加,其中主要是三氯甲烷(TCM);卤代乙腈和卤代酮的生成总量随臭氧投加浓度的变化趋势不明显。延长臭氧接触时间会明显增加1 h氯化中TCM的生成量,氯化24 h时DBPs生成总量与臭氧接触时间无关。在臭氧/氯消毒过程中,AOM的DBPs生成潜能低于天然有机物(NOM)。AOM有利于一溴一氯乙腈的生成,而NOM会生成更多的二氯乙腈。     

Experimental investigations of air and liquid injection by venturi tubes

The venturi system creates a pressure differential that forms a vacuum. As water flows through the tapered venturi orifice, a rapid change in velocity occurs. This velocity change creates a reduced pressure (vacuum), which draws air and liquid to be injected into the system. The air and liquid injection rates vary with the pressure differential across the venturi. Typical applications of venturi tubes are for injecting fertilizers, chemicals, ozone gas, air or oxygen into pressurized water systems. In this paper, experimental studies were conducted to investigate the effects of inlet and throat diameters of the venturi tube, pipe length downstream of the venturi tube, diameter of the suction pipe at the throat portion of the venturi tube, angle of the pipe downstream of the venturi tube, flow velocity at the inlet portion of the venturi tube and density and viscosity of the liquid injected into the venturi tube on air and liquid injection rate. It was observed from the results that venturi tubes had high air and liquid injection efficiencies.     

The combined effect of hydrodynamic cavitation,hydrogen peroxide,and silver ions on the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> microorganisms

The combined effect of chemical reagents upon sanitary indicator microorganisms of Escherichia coli under conditions of hydrodynamic cavitation was investigated. It was found that the addition of Ag(I) ions or hydrogen peroxide to cavitation units makes it possible to reduce the duration of disinfection due to synergistic effect. The intensifying impact is explained by the physical effects of the cavitation field giving rise to a rapid penetration of chemical reagents into microbial cells and its disintegration. As well as by the chemical processes within the volume of a cavitation bubble accompanied by the formation of strong oxidants: hydroxyl, hydrogen peroxide, and ozone radicals.     

氯化消毒副产物NDMA的生成与控制研究进展

NDMA（N-Nitrosodimethylamine）是水处理领域新近发现的一种氯化消毒副产物,由于其具有检出率高、致癌风险大、难以有效去除等特性,已成为国际关注的重要水质问题之一。饮用水中的NDMA主要产生于氯化消毒过程,尤为严重的是氯胺消毒过程,而臭氧和过氧化氢氧化基本不产生NDMA。NDMA为亲水性小分子有机物,常规处理和深度处理均难于有效去除,而且管网中的浓度显著高于出厂水。目前控制饮用水中NDMA的常用方法是紫外线照射,但能耗较高。其他方法如延长自由氯接触时间和采用高铁酸盐预氧化、反渗透、臭氧／过氧化氢高级氧化工艺等也可以不同程度地控制NDMA及其前体物。     

Inactivation of Escherichia coli by ozone under bench-scale plug flow and full-scale hydraulic conditions

To determine the disinfection efficacy of ozonation, water companies can apply several disinfection calculation methods. The goal of this study was to evaluate the use of the T10 and continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) method to extrapolate inactivation rates of ozone sensitive microorganisms observed in laboratory tests to full-scale ozonation in drinking water treatment. The inactivation efficacy of the ozonation at the Amsterdam water treatment works was assessed by determining Escherichia coli concentrations in large volume samples before and after ozonation over a period of 1 year. The inactivation of dosed E. coli WR1 was tested in a bench-scale dissolved ozone plug flow reactor (DOPFR) on the same feed water as the full-scale ozonation in which a concentrated ozone solution in Milli-Q water was dosed. Applying the T10 method on the inactivation rates observed in the DOPFR strongly overestimated the inactivation capacity of the full-scale ozonation. The expected inactivation based on the CSTR method (LT2ESWTR) approached the observed inactivation at full-scale. Therefore, the CSTR method should be preferred to calculate inactivation of ozone sensitive organisms such as E. coli, viruses, Giardia and Campylobacter by full-scale ozonation.     

Optimization of Coagulation and Ozonation Processes for Disinfection by–Products Formation Potential Reduction

Optimization of coagulation and ozonation processes for removal of disinfection by–products (DBP) formation potential in raw water was conducted by a pilot scale system. Proper poly–aluminum–chloride–sulfates (PACS), pre–ozone and post–ozone dosages are required for improving the removal performance of DBP formation potential to guarantee the safety of drinking water. Considering the treatment performances and economic costs, the optimum PACS, pre–ozone and post–ozone dosages for treating raw water with high organic concentration should be around 8.9 mg/L Al₂O₃, 0.5 and 2.5 mg/L, respectively. The combined drinking water treatment system of pre–ozonation, coagulation/sedimentation, sand filtration, post–ozonation, granular activated carbon filtration and disinfection is a promising process to reduce DBP formation potential from raw water in southern China. Under the optimum conditions, this combined system removed total trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids formation potential 50.16 and 69.10%, respectively.     

臭氧—生物活性炭工艺去除饮用水中AOC的研究

AOC是衡量饮用水生物稳定性的重要指标.研究发现,不同的臭氧投加量下砂滤出水的AOC变化不显著,考虑氧化作用和消毒效果,将最佳的臭氧投量确定为1～2 mg/L.生物活性炭(BAC)滤池改善了臭氧氧化后出水的生物稳定性,对TAOC的去除率稳定在28%～65%,而对AOC-P17的去除效果优于AOC-NOX的,因而表现出一定的选择性.较长的空床接触时间(EBCT)并不能保证对AOC的良好去除,但有利于TOC的去除,同时水温的降低一定程度上影响了BAC对AOC的去除效果.     

含硫气田水微正压气提过程分析优化

针对含硫气田水正压气提效率低、负压气提设备投资较高且工艺流程较为复杂的问题,开展了微正压气提除硫实验。同时采用Aspen Plus软件进行微正压气提过程模拟分析,以气提效率和水处理成本作为评价指标,分析了气水比、塔压、进水pH、进水流量和进水硫化物含量对气提效果的影响。结果表明,微正压气提在进水pH为4.5~5.5、塔压30 kPa以下、气水比为6~10条件下,气提效果较好。现场应用表明,优化后微正压气提平均效率为93.15%,相比优化前气提效率提高了13.86%,年可节约水处理成本约46.11万元,为同类含硫气田水处理技术提供了一定的参考。