水泥和泥对聚羧酸减水剂的吸附性能研究

本文选用水泥、砂中泥和种植泥作为试验研究对象,利用紫外可见分光光度计法(UV),测定反应设定时间后的聚羧酸减水剂浓度,研究水泥和泥对聚羧酸减水剂的吸附性能.试验结果表明:聚羧酸减水剂在水泥和泥表面的吸附量随时间延长而增加,最后达到平衡;聚羧酸减水剂在泥颗粒表面的吸附存在优先选择性和亲和性,使得其在泥颗粒表面的吸附速率和吸附量大于水泥;泥种类不同,吸附量大小不同,对净浆流动度的影响程度不同;泥的掺入会大大降低水泥净浆的流动度,增大流动度经时损失量,且掺量越大影响越大,因此在工程应用中,对原材料泥含量进行控制,降低泥对聚羧酸减水剂的吸附量,对提高减水剂的减水率,保证混凝土坍落度保留值具有重要意义.     

水泥和黏土矿物对不同减水剂的吸附特性

采用有机碳测定仪和紫外分光光度计,分别研究了聚羧酸减水剂、萘系减水剂和木质素磺酸钠在水泥、高岭土和蒙脱石颗粒表面的吸附特性,并对掺高岭土和蒙脱石的水泥净浆的流动度和黏度进行了测试,用三维视频显微镜观察了三种颗粒的形貌特征。结果表明:水泥、高岭土和蒙脱石对不同减水剂的吸附量不同;水泥比高岭土和蒙脱石对萘系减水剂的吸附量大,高岭土和蒙脱石比水泥对聚羧酸和木质素磺酸钠减水剂的吸附量大;水泥和高岭土颗粒表面较平滑,蒙脱石表面较粗糙;在掺入不同减水剂的水泥浆体中,蒙脱石和高岭土的掺入都会降低浆体流动度,提高浆体黏度,并且蒙脱石的影响更大。     

泥粉对掺高效减水剂水泥浆体流动性的影响及对策研究

采用从砂中洗出来的泥粉外掺入到萘系、氨基磺酸盐及聚羧酸三种高效减水剂塑化的水泥浆体中,测试其流动度.测试结果表明,随泥粉掺量的增大,浆体流动度出现不同程度的降低.采用保持水/(水泥+泥粉)不变和掺入适量缓凝剂葡萄糖酸钠的方法改善浆体流动度,测试结果表明掺萘系和氨基磺酸盐高效减水剂浆体的流动度得以改善,而掺聚羧酸高效减水剂浆体的流动度则改善效果不明显.最后通过测试水泥浆体和泥浆的Zeta电位和对高效减水剂的吸附量,分析了泥粉对掺三种高效减水剂水泥浆体流动性产生不同影响的原因.     

聚羧酸减水剂与水泥-粉煤灰胶凝体系的相容性研究

采用水泥浆体流动性的实验方法,通过测量浆体流动度和观察实验现象评价高效减水剂与水泥以及粉煤灰的相容性。经过测试,聚羧酸减水剂与水泥的相容性好,并且粉煤灰对减水剂与水泥的相容性具有改善作用。聚羧酸减水剂在水泥浆体上有饱和点和离析点。各条减水剂掺量-浆体流动度曲线之间有一定的相关性。60min流动度的经时损失较30min更能反映减水剡与水泥的相容性。     

分子量及其分布对聚羧酸减水剂吸附行为的影响

从分子量及其分布角度研究聚羧酸系减水剂在水泥颗粒表面的吸附行为,分析了聚羧酸减水剂的吸附行为对其分散性、保坍性的影响.结果表明:平均分子量较高的减水剂在水泥表面的吸附量较高,减水剂分子中的高分子量部分优先吸附在水泥颗粒表面;对于同一减水剂,随其在水泥表面的吸附量增加,浆体的流动度增加,两者之间呈正相关性;而对于不同减水...     

线状聚羧酸高效减水剂在陶瓷坯料颗粒表面的吸附行为

采用静态吸附实验,研究了陶瓷坯料吸附两种自制聚羧酸高效减水剂的动力学规律,用准二级动力学模型对其吸附过程进行拟合,并通过测定添加了两种自制不同分子结构聚羧酸高效减水剂的陶瓷坯体料浆黏度以评价其分散性能,结果显示,在陶瓷坯体料浆中,线状MA/AA/AMPS聚羧酸高效减水剂的平衡吸附量是梳状AMPS改性聚丙烯酸高效减水剂的2倍以上,陶瓷坯料颗粒表面对两种聚羧酸高效减水剂的吸附均符合准二级反应动力学模型;线状MA/AA/AMPS聚羧酸高效减水剂的分散效能明显好于梳状AMPS改性聚丙烯酸高效减水剂。     

线状聚羧酸减水剂在陶瓷坯料颗粒表面的吸附行为

采用静态吸附实验,研究了陶瓷坯料吸附两种自制聚羧酸高效减水剂的动力学规律,用准二级动力学模型对其吸附过程进行拟合,并通过测定添加了两种自制不同分子结构聚羧酸高效减水剂的陶瓷坯体料浆黏度以评价其分散性能,结果显示,在陶瓷坯体料浆中,线状MA/AA/AMPS聚羧酸高效减水剂的平衡吸附量是梳状AMPS改性聚丙烯酸高效减水剂的2倍以上,陶瓷坯料颗粒表面对两种聚羧酸高效减水剂的吸附均符合准二级反应动力学模型;线状MA/AA/AMPS聚羧酸高效减水剂的分散效能明显好于梳状AMPS改性聚丙烯酸高效减水剂。     

外加剂添加时间对水泥浆体吸附和分散性能的影响

通过分析外加剂添加时间对水泥浆体吸附、Zeta电位、流动度的影响及其相互关系,研究了萘系高效减水剂和聚羧酸系高效减水剂对普通硅酸盐水泥浆体吸附及分散性能的影响.结果表明:随减水剂添加时间的延迟,水泥颗粒对萘系减水剂和聚羧酸减水剂的吸附量均急剧降低至趋于平缓;减水剂添加时间对水泥浆体吸附、电位与流动度之间关系的影响不同,随着添加时间的延长,减水剂吸附量降低、电位绝对值减小;萘系高效减水剂最佳掺加时间为加水后10 min左右,此时水泥颗粒对减水剂分子的吸附量偏低,对应的水泥浆体达到最佳的流动度;聚羧酸系高效减水剂与水同掺时吸附量最大,对应水泥浆体的流动度也最大.     

聚羧酸减水剂在水泥、矿粉和粉煤灰表面吸附行为研究

对比了掺聚羧酸减水剂的基准水泥、矿粉和粉煤灰三种粉料桨体初始流动度和经时流动度,通过吸附量、表面形貌和XPS测试分析作用机理.结果表明,基准水泥吸附量最大,吸附层最厚,因而初始流动度最高,矿粉次之,粉煤灰最小;与萘系减水剂相比,聚羧酸减水剂在低掺量时也有良好的保坍性.     

分次加入不同缓凝剂与聚羧酸减水剂二元体系保坍性的研究

本文针对混凝土坍落度损失的问题,通过测定聚羧酸减水剂、葡萄糖酸钠、麦芽糊精和蔗糖的吸附量,研究了分次加入聚羧酸减水剂与缓凝剂二元体系对水泥浆体流动性、混凝土坍落度及坍落度经时变化,揭示了分次加入条件下,缓凝剂对聚羧酸减水剂与缓凝剂二元体系性能的影响规律.结果表明:不同缓凝剂在水泥颗粒表面的吸附能力为:葡萄糖酸钠＞麦芽糊精＞蔗糖,并且分次加入条件下,缓凝剂对聚羧酸减水剂与缓凝剂二元体系作用的水泥浆体流动性的影响效果为:葡萄糖酸钠＞麦芽糊精＞蔗糖;影响水泥浆体流动性的主要原因不是水泥早期水化;分次加入聚羧酸减水剂与缓凝剂二元体系能显著提高水泥净浆的流动性和改善混凝土的坍落度损失,其中聚羧酸减水剂和葡萄糖酸钠二元体系作用效果最佳.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.