复合增强型SiO_2气凝胶的一步法快速制备与性能表征

以水玻璃为前驱体,去离子水为溶剂,经溶胶-凝胶反应形成陶瓷纤维(含15%)增强的SiO2湿凝胶,采用乙醇/三甲基氯硅烷/正己烷的混合液进行一步溶剂替换和表面基团改性后,经常压干燥制备出复合SiO2气凝胶块体。该复合气凝胶密度低(0.216 g/cm3)、成形性好,经高温处理后仍保持未开裂块状。样品与纤维复合后,纤维与SiO2气凝胶网络结合较好,复合材料的孔洞保持完整,骨架未发生断裂,基本保持较明显的海绵状网络结构和球形骨架结构。通过对气凝胶样品进行微观结构和比表面积分析、热重和疏水性测试、弹性模量及热导率表征,测得复合SiO2气凝胶的比表面积为743 m2/g,疏水接触角为146°,弹性模量为5.1 MPa。当温度升至400℃时,该气凝胶的热导率从0.026 3 W/(m·K)增加到0.051 2 W/(m·K),疏水接触角为138°。此外,对一步法涉及的溶剂替换及表面修饰机理也进行了分析。     

SiO_2气凝胶/短切石英纤维多孔骨架复合材料的制备与性能

以短切石英纤维、硅溶胶、B4C粉烧结制备多孔刚性骨架,以正硅酸乙酯、去离子水和乙醇配制SiO2溶胶,多孔骨架浸渍SiO2溶胶后经超临界干燥制备了SiO2气凝胶/多孔骨架复合材料.对隔热瓦的高温热导率、比表面积和孔径分布进行了测试并且观察了微观形貌.结果表明:SiO2气凝胶复合的石英纤维刚性隔热瓦具有纳米孔结构,平均孔径为39.5nm,在600℃和800℃,其热导率分别仅为0.033 5 W/(m·K)和0.0404W/(m·K),与未复合气凝胶的刚性骨架相比,高温热导率下降了40%～50%.此外,SiO2气凝胶填充了隔热瓦骨架中的大部分的宏孔,抗弯强度提高了30%,并且使刚性隔热瓦的脆性有一定改善.     

基于高岭土制备轻量微孔莫来石骨料结构与性能研究

以高岭土细粉和α-Al2O3微粉为主要原料,采用原位分解法制备轻量微孔莫来石骨料,研究了铝硅摩尔比及热处理温度对轻量微孔莫来石骨料结构与性能的影响.结果表明:经过1400～1600℃热处理后,富铝莫来石试样中除主要物相莫来石相外,还残余一定量刚玉相,接近理论莫来石组成试样及富硅试样均仅检测到莫来石相;所制备的轻量骨料孔径分布主要集中于0.1 ～4 μm范围,均具有微孔结构;随着热处理温度的升高,骨料的体积密度上升,显气孔率下降,耐压强度上升;经1500℃热处理后,富铝试样体积密度为2.49 g/cm3、显气孔率为25.6％、耐压强度为146 MPa;接近理论莫来石组成试样及富硅试样体积密度均小于1.95 g/cm3、显气孔率大于38.0％,1000℃时导热系数均小于0.77 W/(m·K).     

疏水性SiO2气凝胶常压干燥制备与表征

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,以NH4F为催化剂,实现了纳米多孔SiO2气凝胶材料的常压干燥制备,采用三甲基氯硅烷(TMCS)进行疏水改性,以减少样品在使用过程中的收缩和塌陷.结果表明:TMCS疏水改性的SiO2气凝胶样品的表观密度为0.191 g/cm3,导热系数为0.031 W/(m· K),比表面积为667 m2/g.SEM和TEM的测试结果表明,所得样品为纳米介孔材料.接触角的测定分析表明,TMCS疏水改性的SiO2气凝胶样品与水的接触角为147°,表现出良好的疏水性.400 ℃热处理后,气凝胶因失去大量的甲基基团,由疏水性变为亲水性.     

硅酸铝纤维在1000℃以下的受热行为

研究了加热到1000℃,三种氧化铝含量不同的硅酸铝纤维内部结构的变化。结果表明,在850℃热处理150小时,纤维无晶相析出,仍是玻璃态。热处理温度升到900℃,开始析出晶体。而当热处理温度升至950℃,析晶比较明显。析晶过程主要取决于温度,使用时应严格控制温度。     

PDMS/SCF导热复合材料制备工艺对导热性能的影响

采用SCFNA法(即空间限域强制组装法),制备碳纤维质量分数为30%的PDMS/SCF复合材料,并探究了在制备PDMS/SCF导热复合材料过程中,基体与填料混合工艺以及压印过程中的温度对复合材料制品导热性能的影响。研究结果表明,在复合材料制品厚度不变的前提下,当混合转速为2 000 r/min时,随着混合时间由10 min缩短至2 min,复合材料制品的热导率由10.314 W/(m·K)提高至11.188 W/(m·K),提高了8.474%。当混合时间为3 min时,随着混合转速从2 500 r/min降低至1 500 r/min,复合材料制品的热导率由10.140 W/(m·K)提高至10.963 W/(m·K),提高了8.116%。对比不同压印温度对复合材料制品热导率的影响发现,当压印温度在120℃附近时,复合材料制品的导热性能最佳,热导率为11.188 W/(m·K)。控制混合转速、混合时间和压印温度这3个工艺条件能够有效地提高复合材料制品的导热性能。     

玻璃纤维增韧SiO_2气凝胶复合材料的制备及隔热性能

采用蓬松处理后的玻璃纤维薄层为增强相,通过溶胶-凝胶法常压干燥条件下制备疏水性的SiO_2气凝胶复合隔热材料。研究了水与硅的摩尔比和玻璃纤维添加量对复合材料导热性能的影响。结果表明:前驱体液中水与硅的摩尔比为3:1时,复合材料中SiO_2气凝胶平均纳米孔径为8.160 nm,材料的密度为0.142 g/cm~3,孔隙率为88.03%,导热系数低达0.023 2 W/(m·K)。随着样品中纤维薄层含量的增加,复合材料的导热系数近似线性增长。考虑材料的成型条件,最优的纤维添加量为16%,材料的抗弯强度为0.533 MPa,抗压强度为29.59 kPa(25%形变)。与传统玻璃纤维增韧气凝胶复合材料相比,新材料的纤维添加量降低,材料密度更小(0.13~0.16 g/cm~3),导热更低(0.023~0.027 W/(m·K))。     

晶粒对以柠檬酸盐溶胶-凝胶法制备的莫来石粉末合成的影响

采用Al(NO3)3和四乙硅酸盐作为原始材料,并使用柠檬酸盐溶胶-凝胶方法制备3Al2O3·2SiO2粉末。加晶种的凝胶采用含有少量结晶的莫来石颗粒放入单相的Al2O3-SiO2凝胶中制做而成,在末加入晶种和加入晶种的单相凝胶中相的形成和热处理温度的关系通过差热分析和X-射线衍射来说明。人们发现加入晶种能够提高莫来石晶体的形成并且降低结晶形成的温度。加入晶种的凝胶中的3Al2O3·2SiO2的最初晶体形成温度约1100℃,甚至含1％晶种的凝胶能够使莫来石非常好的晶化,并且在1200℃下煅烧5h没有任何残余的相。然而,温度即使升高到1250℃,没有晶种的凝胶显示不能完成晶体形成。     

低密度高硅氧纤维/酚醛树脂基复合材料制备及性能研究

本文分别以高硅氧纤维毡、600℃热处理的高硅氧纤维毡以及高硅氧-玻璃纤维复合毡为增强体,以低密度酚醛树脂为基体,通过RTM工艺制得密度为0.6 g/cm³的低密度高硅氧纤维增强酚醛树脂复合材料,研究了高硅氧纤维毡600℃热处理和在高硅氧纤维毡中掺混20 wt%玻璃纤维等两种方法对材料抗烧蚀性能、热物理性能、力学性能以及微观结构的改善效果。结果表明,热处理工艺对抑制高硅氧纤维增强酚醛树脂复合材料的热收缩效果较优,其室温至50℃、室温至150℃和室温至300℃条件下的线胀系数分别为4.87×10^-6/℃、-3.41×10^-6/℃和-6.88×10^-6/℃,材料的抗烧蚀隔热性能也较优,氧乙炔焰线烧蚀率为0.238 mm/s, 150℃条件下的热导率为0.100 W/(m·℃),材料也具有较好的力学性能,拉伸强度为7.45 MPa,拉伸模量为1.11 GPa,断裂伸长率为0.5%。SEM分析表明,高硅氧纤维的刻蚀缺陷、基体的多微孔结构是导致材料热收缩的主要原因,纤维高温热处理是解决高硅氧纤维及复合材料热收缩...     

预氧化纤维毡增强SiO_2气凝胶复合材料的制备及其性能研究

以无水乙醇、正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为原料,聚丙烯腈预氧化纤维毡为增强体,通过溶胶-凝胶、低温超临界干燥等工艺制备了SiO_2气凝胶复合材料。SiO_2气凝胶的纳米骨架结构减少了固态热传导,纳米级孔洞减少了气体热传导和对流传热,另外聚丙烯腈纤维减少了辐射传热。所制备的SiO_2气凝胶复合材料具有良好的隔热性能,其25℃和200℃的导热系数分别为0.0181 W/(m2·K)和0.0236 W/(m2·K)。纤维毡提供了力学支撑,力学性能得到了提升。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA

Ethanol and α-pinene were tested as attractants for large wood-boring pine beetles in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina in 2002–2004. Multiple-funnel traps baited with (−)-α-pinene (released at about 2 g/d at 25–28°C) were attractive to the following Cerambycidae: Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus rusticus nubilus, Asemum striatum, Monochamus titillator, Prionus pocularis, Xylotrechus integer, and X. sagittatus sagittatus. Buprestis lineata (Buprestidae), Alaus myops (Elateridae), and Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Curculionidae) were also attracted to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. In many locations, ethanol synergized attraction of the cerambycids Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus r. nubilus, Monochamus titillator, and Xylotrechus s. sagittatus (but not Asemum striatum, Prionus pocularis, or Xylotrechus integer) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. Similarly, attraction of Alaus myops, Hylobius pales, and Pachylobius picivorus (but not Buprestis lineata) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene was synergized by ethanol. These results provide support for the use of traps baited with ethanol and (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common large wood-boring beetles from the southeastern region of the USA at ports-of-entry in other countries, as well as forested areas in the USA.