低温养护下矿物掺合料湿喷混凝土力学性能及配比优化研究

为系统研究粉煤灰掺量、硅灰掺量及养护温度对湿喷混凝土力学性能的影响规律,通过设计正交试验对湿喷混凝土抗压强度进行极差和方差分析。结果表明:湿喷混凝土抗压强度随养护龄期增加而增大,但抗压强度增幅随养护龄期延长而减弱;增加硅灰和粉煤掺量均能有效提高湿喷混凝土抗压强度,但粉煤灰掺量超过10%(质量分数,下同)后,粉煤灰掺量的增加对混凝土后期抗压强度没有显著的影响;三因素对湿喷混凝土抗压强度影响程度顺序为硅灰掺量>养护温度>粉煤灰掺量;湿喷混凝土抗压强度对矿物掺合料的敏感性与养护温度呈正相关,增大养护温度能够提高矿物掺合料对湿喷混凝土抗压强度的改善效果;随着养护温度的提高,团絮状胶凝物质大量生成,水化产物黏结得更为密实,混凝土的抗压强度和承载性能得到进一步增强;构建多元非线性回归模型能够对混凝土抗压强度进行预测,并且湿喷混凝土在硅灰掺量、粉煤灰掺量及养护温度分别为15%、15%和10 ℃时具有最佳的抗压强度。     

石屑湿喷混凝土的制备与性能研究

针对石屑利用率低的问题,制备了石屑湿喷混凝土,研究了石屑取代量(石屑对机制砂的取代量)、砂率及粉煤灰掺量对湿喷混凝土工作性能、抗氯离子渗透性能、抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能及孔结构的影响。结果表明,适当的石屑取代量可以改善混凝土力学性能和耐久性能,但石屑的取代量越大混凝土的工作性能下降越明显。与机制砂喷射混凝土相比,石屑湿喷混凝土具有良好的力学性能。在此基础上,适当的砂率和粉煤灰掺入量可以进一步提高石屑湿喷混凝土的工作性能和耐久性能,当喷射混凝土砂率为55%、粉煤灰掺量为20%(质量分数)时,石屑湿喷混凝土的综合性能达到最佳,对石屑应用于湿喷混凝土具有参考意义。     

粉煤灰及沙漠砂对混凝土抗碳化性能的影响

通过进行单掺粉煤灰、单掺沙漠砂、双掺粉煤灰和沙漠砂混凝土3d、7d、14d、28d和56d抗碳化性能试验,分析了粉煤灰掺量和沙漠砂替代率对混凝土抗碳化性能的影响,建立了混凝土28 d碳化深度与粉煤灰掺量及沙漠砂替代率之间回归关系模型.试验结果表明:对于单掺粉煤灰混凝土,随着粉煤灰掺量增加,混凝土碳化深度逐渐增大,且碳化早期比后期增长较快;对于单掺沙漠砂混凝土,随着沙漠砂替代率增加,混凝土碳化深度呈先减小后增大趋势,沙漠砂替代率20%时混凝土碳化深度最小;对于双掺粉煤灰和沙漠砂混凝土,粉煤灰掺量10%,沙漠砂替代率20%时混凝土碳化深度最小.     

洞渣湿喷混凝土的制备与性能研究

研究了单方用水量、砂率以及矿物掺合料对洞渣湿喷混凝土(CSWSC)工作性能和力学性能的影响,得出CSWSC的最优配合比,并提出了CSWSC的制备方法;对比研究了掺加与未掺加粉煤灰及微珠的CSWSC的物理和力学性能差异;采用室内和小型湿喷试验对姑两隧道开挖所得的洞渣机制砂的各种性能指标,CSWSC拌合物的工作性能、回弹率和抗压强度进行了研究.结果表明,当粉煤灰掺量为20％,水胶比为0.45,砂率分别为50％、55％和60％时,CSWSC工作性能优异,初凝时间在2 min左右,终凝时间在5～8 min之间,回弹率约为10％,28 d试样抗压强度大于30 MPa.     

粉煤灰及养护龄期对湿拌砂浆性能的影响

以粉煤灰取代部分水泥,研究其掺量及养护龄期对保水率、收缩率、稠度、粘接强度和力学性能的影响,并利用X射线荧光光谱分析仪(XRF)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对粉煤灰的物理化学性质进行分析.试验结果表明:掺量在0％ ～ 40％,随着粉煤灰掺量的增加,湿拌砂浆干缩率呈减小趋势,湿拌砂浆保水率呈减小趋势.粉煤灰的掺入量与湿拌砂浆拌合物的稠度正比例关系,随着粉煤灰掺量的增加而增大.湿拌砂浆14d粘接强度随着粉煤灰掺量的增加呈下降趋势.在试验室条件下,掺粉煤灰砂浆试块抗压强度随着养护时间的增长不断增大.因此,在湿拌砂浆中掺入低于30％的粉煤灰时,可以在满足湿拌砂浆力学性能的前提下,抑制收缩变形,提高粘接强度.     

高韧性水泥基复合材料抗压强度正交试验研究

利用正交试验设计原理,对9组不同配合比的高韧性水泥基复合材料进行了抗压试验,研究了粉煤灰掺量、水胶比、砂胶比和减水剂掺量这四种因素对高韧性水泥基复合材料抗压强度的影响,并定量分析了各个因素影响的显著性.试验结果表明:各因素对抗压强度影响的主次顺序为水胶比＞粉煤灰掺量＞减水剂掺量＞砂胶比,其中水胶比对强度的影响远大于其他因素,而砂胶比的影响并不明显;抗压强度随水胶比的增大而减小,随砂胶比的增大而缓慢增加;当粉煤灰掺量或减水剂掺量增大时,抗压强度先增大后减小,粉煤灰和减水剂存在最佳掺量.     

粉煤灰对机制砂自密实混凝土泵送性能的影响试验研究

本文对粉煤灰掺量为0、20％、30％、50％的机制砂自密实混凝土的泵送性能进行了试验研究.试验结果表明:水粉比和骨料含量一定时,随粉煤灰掺量增加,机制砂自密实混凝土的坍落扩展度增大,V形漏斗时间减小,L形箱比例和压力泌水率也增大,混凝土扩展度的经时损失减小;一定掺量的粉煤灰能够改善自密实混凝土的泵送性能,使其泵送性能指...     

泡沫混凝土孔隙结构的试验研究

为开展泡沫混凝土细观孔隙结构的研究,采用正交试验法研究水胶比、粉煤灰掺量和砂胶比等三项因素对泡沫混凝土孔隙率和等效平均孔径的影响.试验结果表明:孔隙率具有随水胶比和粉煤灰掺量增大而减小、随砂胶比增大而增大的特征,粉煤灰掺量和砂胶比因素的影响较为显著;等效平均孔径与水胶比、粉煤灰掺量和砂胶比均呈正相关关系,对600级泡沫混凝土三项影响因素的极差分别为0.045、0.097和0.079,粉煤灰的影响最为显著;对900级泡沫混凝土三项影响因素的极差分别为0.031、0.036和0.073,砂胶比的影响最大,且粉煤灰的需水量对平均孔径的影响较大.     

净浆流动度损失与混凝土坍损的相关性研究

对粉煤灰取代水泥量、粉煤灰质量,砂的含泥量和外加剂掺量等因素对净浆流动度经时变化及混凝土坍落度损失的影响进行了研究,探索了净浆保持性与混凝土坍损间的关系。结果表明:砂的含泥量对混凝土的工作性能影响明显,当实验所用砂含泥量达到I、II类时,同掺量外加剂的净浆流动度保持性能可以较为准确地反映出混凝土的工作性能;当实验所用砂为III类时,净浆流动度保持性能优异的外加剂掺量增加10%推荐为混凝土的试拌试验掺量。     

掺镍渣对混凝土耐磨性能的影响研究

为了有效利用工业固体废弃物镍渣,发挥其铁含量高、硬度大的特点,研究了单掺镍渣砂、不同掺量的镍渣粉与粉煤灰复掺、以及三者复合掺对混凝土的抗压强度和耐磨性能的影响.结果表明:掺镍渣砂可以显著提高混凝土的抗压强度和耐磨性能,镍渣砂掺量为40％时,混凝土的耐磨性能最好;当粉煤灰掺量为10％固定,掺入5％～10％的镍渣粉,此时混凝土的耐磨性能最佳,当镍渣粉掺量大于15％时,混凝土的抗压强度和耐磨性能均下降;当镍渣粉、粉煤灰、镍渣砂三元复合掺入混凝土中,可以提高混凝土的耐磨性能,当镍渣粉和粉煤灰掺量均为10％固定时,掺入40％镍渣砂,混凝土的耐磨性能最好.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。