基于流形半监督K均值算法的风力发电机故障诊断方法

针对风力发电机组SCADA监测数据海量、高维、复杂的特点,提出一种基于流形半监督K均值聚类的风力发电机组故障诊断方法。对风力发电机组SCADA数据进行分析,提取风力发电机组状态参量组成特征数据集,优化了传统K均值聚类算法,以流形距离作为相似性度量,对SCADA数据进行半监督K均值聚类分析。实验结果表明:改进的算法比传统K均值聚类算法能更有效识别风力发电机的状态。     

基于特征差异性学习卷积神经网络的齿轮箱故障诊断方法

针对齿轮箱故障诊断需要大量专家经验知识、人工提取特征困难的问题，提出基于特征差异性学习卷积神经网络(FDLCNN)的故障诊断方法。构建不同深度的多尺度网络，并引入残差模块，以提升网络的特征提取能力；提取一维时序信号中不同尺度不同深度的故障特征，再通过自适应平均池化层处理后进行特征融合，以丰富智能诊断决策信息；最后在全连接层实现特征降维，使用Softmax分类器输出诊断结果。利用10种齿轮箱故障状态实验数据与现有3种方法进行对比分析，结果表明：FDLCNN故障识别精度更高，鲁棒性更强，收敛速度更快。     

基于多尺度加权融合特征学习的转子故障诊断

针对一维振动信号表达故障特征信息不全面及转子故障信噪比低的问题，提出一种基于多尺度加权融合特征学习的转子故障诊断方法。首先，对时域振动信号的幅值进行标准化处理，利用对称点模式(SDP)原理将多传感器振动信息融合为二维SDP图像，通过选取适当的时间滞后系数和角增益，突出不同故障下SDP图像的特征；其次，构建了一种多尺度加权卷积神经网络(MSW-CNN)模型，利用3个不同的感受野分别提取图像特征，通过对多通道图像特征进行加权融合提高了模型的分类精度；最后，利用MSW-CNN模型对6种故障状态的SDP图像进行特征提取并分类。实验结果表明，与其他3种方法相比，所提方法的转子故障诊断精度更高，达到99.31%,在噪声干扰下的诊断精度为96.23%,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

基于改进VMD形态谱和FCM的滚动轴承故障诊断方法

针对滚动轴承故障信号的非线性特性及不同故障类型信号具有不同形态特征的特点,提出一种基于改进变分模态分解（VMD）形态谱和模糊C均值聚类（FCM）算法相结合的故障诊断方法。采用VMD方法对滚动轴承振动信号进行分解,针对分解过程中关键参数的选取,提出相关参数选择方法,并计算各固有模态函数(IMF)的能量波动系数,以获得对信号特征信息敏感的模态分量进行重构。计算重构信号的形态谱以反映信号的形态特征。通过FCM算法实现滚动轴承工作状态和故障类型的诊断。运用该方法对实测滚动轴承振动信号进行分析,并将所提方法同基于原始振动信号、经验模态分解、总体经验模态分解形态谱的故障特征提取方法进行对比。结果表明：所提方法能够更加有效提取滚动轴承信号的故障特征,实现故障类型的准确诊断。     

电机轴承故障的多尺度排列熵特征提取与GK识别

为了有效提取电机轴承故障特征并准确识别出故障类型,提出了复合多尺度排列熵偏均值的特征参数提取和GK聚类的模式识别方法。在故障特征提取方面,使用自适应局部迭代滤波对振动信号进行分解,选择与原振动信号相关性较大的前3个分量,计算分量信号的复合多尺度排列熵偏均值作为特征参数,则每个振动信号得到了一个三维特征向量;在模式识别方面,使用GK算法对特征参数进行聚类。使用美国某大学的电机轴承数据进行效果验证,与基于EMD分解的特征参数比,ALIF分解所得特征的聚类效果更好,类与类之间区分明显,不存在交叉混叠现象,且样本围绕类心的分布更加紧凑。实验结果证明了故障特征提取方法和故障模式识别方法的有效性。     

轴承故障的排列熵特征提取与GK模糊识别方法

为了提高轴承故障诊断准确率,提出了参数优化多尺度排列熵的特征参数提取方法和加权GK模糊聚类的识别方法。在特征提取方面,以多尺度排列熵序列偏度最小为优化目标,使用多作用力微粒群算法优化多尺度排列熵参数,实现了排列熵特征参数在轴承不同故障状态下的完全分离;在故障识别方面,提出了加权GK模糊聚类的识别方法,使用ReliefF算法计算特征参数权重,为高敏感度特征参数赋予更大的权值,从而提高GK模糊聚类的聚集度。经轴承故障实验验证,文章提出的排列熵特征参数提取和GK模糊聚类识别方法在此次实验中能够精准识别轴承故障类型,说明文中提出的特征提取和模式识别方法具有一定借鉴意义。     

基于CNN-SVM和特征融合的齿轮箱故障诊断

针对以数据驱动的齿轮箱故障诊断过程中存在特征提取复杂、分类器对特征存在较强的依赖性等问题,提出了一种基于卷积神经网络(CNN)和支持向量机(SVM)相结合的齿轮箱故障诊断模型。该诊断模型以多传感器采集的原始振动信号作为模型的输入,通过卷积神经网络完成特征的自适应提取,然后在特征级上将各传感器的特征进行融合,最后将融合特征输入到支持向量机进行故障的分类。经过实验证明,该模型直接以原始信号进行故障诊断的准确率能达到96.3%,且提取的特征在经过融合过后有很高的区分度;相比于基于特征工程的特征提取方法,基于特征学习的特征提取方法提取的特征对齿轮箱故障诊断更有效。     

基于PSO优化SVM数控机床主轴系统故障诊断的研究

通过分析主轴系统的故障特征和产生机理,提出了一种基于变分模态分解(VMD)与多尺度加权排列熵(MWPE)的故障特征提取方法和粒子群(PSO)优化支持向量机(SVM)的数控机床主轴系统故障分析诊断模型。首先,利用变分模态分解方法对所采集的主轴系统振动信号进行分解,得到若干有效本征模态分量(IMFs);其次,通过多尺度加权排列熵提取故障特征信息,利用SVM模型对故障特征信息进行分类与识别;为了提高模型的识别准确率,将引入粒子群优化算法(PSO)对SVM模型参数进行优化。实验验证表明,所提出的信号特征提取方法和状态识别模型在数控机床主轴系统的故障诊断方面取得了很好的成效,其故障识别准确率最高达99.56%。     

基于机器学习算法的滚动轴承故障诊断研究

为了解决滚动轴承故障诊断过程中特征提取困难以及数据处理缓慢等主要问题,提出了基于5种机器学习算法且仅需提取4种简单特征的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先,对不同故障类型的滚动轴承振动信号的时域信号进行了分析,并提取时域信号的4种简单特征输入到分类模型,然后,采用机器学习算法对滚动轴承进行故障分类与诊断。实验结果表明,与传统的轴承故障诊断方法相比,用机器学习方法对轴承进行故障诊断更简单且具有更好的诊断效果。研究内容为以后用机器学习分类算法来研究轴承的故障诊断问题提供了参考。     

基于SHO-VMD分解和多特征参数的变工况滚动轴承故障诊断

风机在多种工况条件下运行时,利用轴承的振动监测系统所检测到的信号难以实现故障诊断,而大量文献研究的轴承故障诊断多是在恒定转速下进行的。针对变工况下运行的滚动轴承,提出一种基于SHO-VMD分解和多特征参数融合的特征提取方法,使用t-SNE降维可视化,提取出振动信号的故障信息与转速变化信息。变分模态分解(VMD)方法的分解效果取决于分解个数和惩罚因子的取值,采用自私羊群优化算法（SHO）对参数进行优化,将振动信号分解为一些本征模态分量,再对每组分量进行特征参数提取,基于奇异值特征、能量熵、样本熵特征进行多特征量融合,使用t-SNE降维来提取轴承故障信息以及速度变化信息,实验结果表明：提出的方法可以有效提取出轴承的故障和速度信息。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。