钙离子对MBR污泥混合液及膜污染层影响研究进展

膜生物反应器(membrane bioreactor,MBR)作为一种新型的污水处理技术,以其高效、实用等特点备受人们的关注.然而,膜污染导致膜通量的下降,增加膜组件更换和清洗的频率,使其成为了影响MBR广泛应用的最大的障碍.本文首先探讨了钙离子对污泥絮体生物絮凝行为的强化机制,进而阐述了钙离子对活性污泥关键指标的影响;归纳总结了钙离子对膜污染影响的最新研究进展,最后对该领域的研究进行了展望.     

人工神经网络在膜生物反应器膜污染预测中的应用前景

近年来,膜污染逐渐成为膜生物反应器研究的热点问题,并面临着突破性进展.人工神经网络为膜生物反应器膜污染预测的研究提供了新的思路,是膜生物反应器优化控制的有效工具.作者对人工神经网络在膜污染中的应用进行了较为全面的综述,并指出了其在膜生物反应器膜污染研究中的应用前景.     

金属离子对膜生物反应器混合液可滤性影响研究进展

膜生物反应器(MBR)作为一种高效的污水处理及回用工艺,近年来备受关注,然而MBR的膜污染问题严重制约了该工艺进一步快速的商业化推广。本文综述了金属离子对MBR污泥混合液可滤性的作用,并探讨了混合液中胞外聚合物(EPS)和溶解性微生物代谢产物(SMP)对膜污染影响。为说明高价金属离子对混合液可滤性的调控作用,文中通过DLVO、DCB及箱蛋理论深入探讨了金属离子对生物絮凝影响的机理。最后,对该领域未来的研究方向进行了论述。     

膜生物反应器处理废气

综述了近年来国外用膜生物反应器处理废气的研究进展,涉及膜材料及膜组件、膜的质量传递、传质速率与生物降解动力学关系、膜生物反应器性能以及膜污染问题等,并与常规的生物法处理废气进行了比较.针对膜生物法处理废气仍然停留在实验室水平上,笔者认为今后应深入研究膜材料、传质与动力学、微生物学、膜污染以及成套系统研制等问题.     

双金属催化滤料生物滤池处理效果及对膜污染影响研究

双金属催化滤料生物滤池替代传统生物滤池,作为超滤膜系统的预处理工艺,可提高三氮的去除效率,保证产水水质稳定,显著减缓超滤膜污染,延长膜使用寿命。生物催化滤池内催化还原反应促进反硝化系统的进行,保证了水中硝酸氮和亚硝酸氮的分解去除;研究表明,生物催化滤池预处理较常规生物滤池可将TOC的去除率由73.2%提高到81.5%,其增加部分的主要成分为可引起膜污染的芳香蛋白类和富里酸类有机污染物。此外,双金属催化滤料增加了滤池的过滤精度,其出水胶体平均粒径明显小于常规生物滤池。催化还原反应产生的铁离子在过滤紊流的环境中微絮凝,进一步去除了微污染水源水中的胶体和悬浮物,减轻了胶体颗粒对超滤膜的污染。除具有常规滤池的生物降解、过滤作用外,双金属催化滤料生物滤池还具有催化还原和微絮凝的协同作用,显著提高了水中有机污染物和胶体颗粒的去除率,超滤膜污染得到有效减缓。     

溶解氧对高负荷生物絮凝-膜反应器的影响

为了优化高负荷生物絮凝-膜反应器的工艺参数,进行了不同DO含量对反应器膜污染和微生物群落的影响的平行对比实验,采用在线跨膜压差监测、死端过滤膜阻力分析和扫描电镜观察等手段考察膜污染状况,采用高通量测序检测细菌群落。结果表明,DO的质量浓度在6～8 mg/L时,反应器膜污染程度比DO的质量浓度为1～2 mg/L时更严重,该现象可能缘于过高的DO含量造成反应器内污泥絮体颗粒解絮凝,细小颗粒增多;DO的质量浓度在6～8 mg/L时,反应器内上清液和底泥中物种差异比DO的质量浓度为1～2 mg/L时更大,DO含量的变化引起反应器内底泥和上清液中物种的相对丰度变化,上清液中的浮游物种可能会造成更严重的膜污染,而存在底泥中的物种可能会有效缓解膜污染。     

膜生物反应器中减缓膜污染技术的研究

膜污染是膜生物反应器(MBR)发展应用的瓶颈.从膜的性质、污泥混合液性质和运行操作条件三方面系统论述了膜生物反应器中膜污染的影响因素,重点总结了相应的减缓膜污染的技术方法,并指出了将来膜污染防治技术的研究方向.     

新型膜生物反应器及膜污染的研究进展

膜生物反应器技术是近年新发展起来的污水处理技术.作者介绍了几种新型膜生物反应器(生物膜-膜生物反应器、动态膜-生物反应器、气升循环膜生物反应器、PAC-膜生物反应器)的发展状况,并对膜生物反应器的膜污染机理及其控制方法进行了探讨,对今后膜生物反应器的研究和发展进行了展望.     

降低膜生物反应器中膜污染的研究

根据膜生物反应器中膜污染的几种类型,分析了膜污染形成的原因,介绍了几种描述膜污染的数学模型。从膜本身性质、料液性质到操作过程等总结了几种防止或降低膜污染的方法,提出了曝气生物滤池与膜过滤组合降低膜污染的工艺。     

膜生物反应器膜污染的研究进展

从膜的结构性质、反应器操作条件、处理液微生物性质三个方面介绍了膜生物反应器膜污染机理研究的进展,总结了优化膜生物反应器设计、调节膜生物反应器操作条件、在线超声控制、化学方法等膜污染控制的常用方法,对未来膜污染研究进行了展望。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。