纤维混凝土抗压强度与氯离子扩散系数相关性研究

选取了六种常用的工程纤维,开展纤维混凝土氯离子扩散系数测试与抗压强度试验,研究分析纤维品种及龄期对混凝土抗压强度和氯离子扩散系数的影响,建立纤维混凝土抗压强度和氯离子扩散系数的定量关系.研究结果表明:纤维的掺入,提高了混凝土的抗压强度,降低了混凝土的氯离子扩散系数.纤维混凝土抗压强度随氯离子扩散系数的增大呈线性递减趋势.实际工程中,可基于混凝土抗压强度与氯离子扩散系数试验,预先建立混凝土抗压强度与氯离子扩散系数间的相关关系曲线,通过结构混凝土抗压强度检测结果,间接得到结构混凝土的氯离子扩散系数,及时掌握混凝土抗渗性能的变化情况.     

矿渣混凝土在海洋环境中的氯离子扩散系数演变规律

本文根据自然扩散法的原理,在模拟海水环境中研究了普通矿渣混凝土(SGC)的氯离子扩散特性.探讨了暴露时间,养护龄期,矿渣掺量与混凝土氯离子扩散系数的关系.实验表明了混凝土试件的氯离子扩散系数同暴露时间之间呈幂级数衰减规律,随养护龄期的延长而减小,且随着暴露时间的延长而增加,并逐渐趋于稳定,且扩散系数与养护时间及矿渣掺量有关;当养护龄期达到100～ 150 d,扩散系数趋于平稳;矿渣掺量达到30％时,混凝土的表观氯离子扩散系数随暴露时间的降低速度最快.因此,适当延长养护龄期及掺入矿渣,有助于延长混凝土结构在海洋环境的服役寿命.     

碳化和应力作用对混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的影响

碳化、氯离子侵蚀、应力三者共同作用对沿海地区混凝土结构耐久性具有重要影响.以C25级普通混凝土为研究对象,针对应力、碳化和氯盐三因素共同作用,借助室内试验手段,对混凝土试样进行加载及快速碳化试验,研究了碳化和应力作用下混凝土中的氯离子迁移规律.研究表明:碳化龄期短的混凝土试件,氯离子扩散系数会有很大程度的下降,随着碳化时间的增加下降速度不断减缓;碳化龄期较长的混凝土试件,氯离子扩散系数会略有升高.随压应力的增大,混凝土碳化深度逐渐减小,氯离子扩散系数也逐渐减小.     

塑钢纤维轻骨料混凝土氯离子渗透性试验研究

采用快速氯离子迁移系数法(RCM)对塑钢纤维轻骨料混凝土氯离子渗透性进行研究,主要考察了塑钢纤维掺量、陶粒类型和陶粒预湿时间三个影响因素对氯离子掺透性的影响.研究结果表明,塑钢纤维轻骨料混凝土氯离子扩散系数随纤维掺量的增大而减小,且掺量为9 kg/m3时,氯离子扩散系数值最小;相较于粉煤灰陶粒,页岩陶粒制备的塑钢纤维轻骨料混凝土氯离子扩散系数更低;陶粒预湿时间对塑钢纤维轻骨料混凝土的氯离子扩散系数影响不大,但未掺纤维的轻骨料混凝土氯离子扩散系数随陶粒预湿时间的增加而增大.     

粉煤灰混凝土在海洋环境中的氯离子扩散系数演变规律

在模拟海水环境中研究了普通混凝土和粉煤灰混凝土的氯离子扩散特性.探讨了养护龄期,暴露时间以及粉煤灰掺量对混凝土表观氯离子扩散系数的影响.结果表明:随着暴露时间的延长,混凝土的表观氯离子扩散系数呈幂指数衰减规律;且延长混凝土养护时间以及掺入粉煤灰可降低混凝土表观氯离子的扩散系数;当养护龄期达到180 d,表观氯离子扩散系数趋于平稳;当粉煤灰掺量达到30％,表观氯离子扩散系数随暴露时间的降低速度最快.因此,在海洋环境下,适当延长养护龄期及掺入粉煤灰对于延长混凝土结构的服役寿命有重要意义.     

除冰盐环境下纤维混凝土的耐久性研究

为了研究除冰盐环境下聚丙烯纤维混凝土的耐久性能,采用于湿交替与盐冻循环方式模拟除冰盐环境,分析纤维混凝土的物理力学性能、质量损失、动弹模损失、氯离子含量分布及微观结构.结果表明,纤维混凝土在除冰盐环境下的抗折强度、质量及动弹模的损失率随纤维掺量增加而减少;纤维掺量为0.1％的试件内部致密,随纤维掺量继续增大,试件的抗氯离子侵蚀能力减弱;试件表面氯离子富集区随循环次数增加而向内迁移;氯离子扩散系数随干湿交替次数增加而减小,随盐冻循环次数增加而增大.     

复合盐蚀环境下喷射混凝土离子分布规律及氯离子扩散系数

通过分析(干湿循环+复合盐侵蚀)共同作用下普通混凝土、普通喷射混凝土和钢纤维喷射混凝土孔隙液中pH值、Cl-、SO2-4和Ca2+分布情况,研究了喷射混凝土离子分布规律和氯离子扩散系数.结果表明:各混凝土pH值和Ca2+浓度随深度分布规律相似,均为表层最低并随深度增加而升高,且在同一深度随龄期增加而降低;普通混凝土表层Cl-浓度最高且扩散深度最大,钢纤维喷射混凝土的表层Cl-浓度最低和扩散深度最小;SO2-4在各混凝土内部的分布大致分为富集区、过渡区和稳定区三段;表面自由Cl-含量Cs为普通混凝土>普通喷射混凝土>钢纤维喷射混凝土,且随侵蚀龄期的增长而逐渐上升;混凝土的Cl-扩散系数D随侵蚀龄期的增长而降低,符合幂函数变化规律.     

干湿循环作用下氯离子在聚丙烯纤维混凝土中传输性能研究

为探究干湿循环作用下聚丙烯纤维混凝土中氯离子的传输规律,设计了四种掺量的聚丙烯纤维混凝土,对其在不同干湿循环周期下的自由氯离子含量和总氯离子含量进行测量,分析聚丙烯纤维掺入对混凝土氯离子结合性能及氯离子扩散系数的影响。结果表明:0.15%(体积分数,下同)聚丙烯纤维的掺入可以增加混凝土密实度,降低自由氯离子含量;而大量纤维的掺入(＜0.45%)导致混凝土内部自由氯离子含量增加,增大了混凝土的氯离子结合能力。聚丙烯纤维掺量0%~0.45%范围内,氯离子结合能力与纤维掺量存在二次函数关系。聚丙烯纤维的掺入降低了干湿循环后期氯离子扩散系数,增大了时间依赖系数m,有利于提高混凝土抗氯离子侵蚀能力。     

冻融环境混凝土氯离子扩散性能试验研究

目前针对混凝土冻融损伤影响下的氯离子扩散系数衰减规律尚未建立完善模型.本文应用自然扩散方式对冻融损伤混凝土中的自由氯离子和总氯离子扩散性能进行了试验研究,分析了冻融损伤对混凝土中氯离子分布和扩散系数的影响,并将损伤度概念引入,建立了考虑冻融损伤影响的混凝土中氯离子扩散系数衰减模型.研究表明:随着混凝土冻融损伤的加剧,自由氯离子和总氯离子扩散系数逐渐增大,而氯离子扩散系数的衰减指数总体呈降低趋势;随着混凝土冻融损伤程度的加剧,混凝土深层扩散区的氯离子含量呈升高趋势,但浅层扩散区中的氯离子含量呈降低趋势.     

弯曲应力作用下钢纤维混凝土氯离子侵蚀性能

研究弯曲应力作用下钢纤维混凝土的氯离子侵蚀性能,分析了钢纤维掺量、弯曲应力水平对混凝土氯离子含量、氯离子扩散系数的影响规律.结果表明,钢纤维的存在能改善弯曲应力作用下的氯离子侵蚀性能,钢纤维掺量为1.5％时,改善效果最明显.弯曲应力的存在加速了氯离子在钢纤维混凝土中的扩散速度、增大了混凝土氯离子含量,应力水平越大时影响越明显.钢纤维混凝土氯离子扩散系数与应力水平间存在指数型数学关系式,最终建立了钢纤维混凝土氯离子扩散系数随应力水平变化的数学模型.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。