钢筋混凝土构件的抗盐冻性能研究

在质量浓度为3.5%的NaCl溶液中,采用快冻法研究普通混凝土(OPC)、引气混凝土(APC)和高性能混凝土(HPC)试验梁和混凝土试件的抗盐冻性能.结果表明,采用混凝土试件的抗盐冻实验结果并不能准确反映钢筋混凝土构件的性能特点.OPC的盐冻破坏源于其表面剥蚀,引气能够显著提高其抗盐冻破坏能力,掺加40%FA将显著地降低APC的抗盐冻性能,掺加10%硅灰将使APC试验梁在盐冻过程中出现表面宏观裂纹.综合分析指出,FA掺量为20%的C50粉煤灰引气HPC结构具有较理想的抗盐冻能力.     

混凝土抗盐冻性能试验研究

寒冷地区海洋环境和除冰盐环境中的混凝土结构受到盐害和冻害的双重作用,使混凝土的破坏更加严酷.本文采用快速冻融方法,对混凝土在盐溶液中进行了冻融试验,通过试验探讨了水胶比,粉煤灰掺量,含气量等因素的变化对混凝土抗盐冻性能的影响,研究了混凝土外观、质量损失率、相对动弹性模量、超声声速、抗压强度随冻融循环次数的变化规律.试验结果表明,试件均由于质量损失率超过5%而破坏;水胶比是影响混凝土抗盐冻性能的决定性因素,适当的粉煤灰掺量也能使混凝土达到抗盐冻性能要求,存在一个临界含气量能最大限度地提高混凝土抗盐冻性能;即使在引气条件下,大水胶比(0.50)和大掺量(50%)粉煤灰混凝土的抗盐冻性能仍很差.     

氯盐和冻融双重作用对混凝土抗盐冻性的影响

采用快冻法研究了不同水胶比混凝土在不同品种、浓度(3％、5％、20％)氯盐融雪剂溶液中的抗冻性,并探讨了混凝土外观形貌、质量损失率、相对动弹模量的变化.研究结果表明:C50混凝土抗盐冻性比C30好,能多经受50次的冻融循环;在不同氯盐溶液浓度下混凝土的盐冻破坏程度为5％＞3％＞20％,且同浓度下A氯盐融雪剂对混凝土冻融破坏程度比B融雪剂大;掺适量硅灰和高性能引气剂能显著改善混凝土的抗盐冻性能.     

矿物掺合料对混凝土抗盐冻性的影响

采用快冻法研究了不同矿物掺合料对混凝土在不同盐溶液下(淡水、3.5％ NaCl溶液、5％ Na2SO4溶液、3.5％NaCl和5％Na2SO4复合溶液)冻融性能的影响规律.结果表明:淡水冻融主要是造成混凝土的内部损伤,氯盐和复盐冻融主要是混凝土表面的剥落,硫酸盐冻融下,两种损伤均存在.在混凝土含气量基本相同的情况下,矿物掺合料种类对混凝土抗氯盐冻融的能力影响由小到大为:FA+ SG＜ FA＜ SG＜ OPC;抗硫酸盐冻融的能力影响:FA＜ SG＜ OPC＜ FA+ SG;抗复盐冻融的能力影响:FA+ SG＜ FA＜ OPC＜ SG.     

环氧树脂对混凝土抗盐冻能力的影响研究

采用快速盐冻法研究环氧树脂对提升混凝土抗盐冻能力的影响规律,以外观变化、质量损失率、相对动弹性模量变化及抗压、抗折强度损失率为检验指标,分别对普通水泥混凝土、环氧树脂涂层混凝土、环氧树脂水泥混凝土进行盐冻试验.结果表明:环氧树脂水泥混凝土的抗盐冻能力最强;综合考虑混凝土的抗盐冻能力与经济因素,环氧树脂掺量为10％时最佳.     

橡胶细集料掺量及粗细程度对混凝土抗盐冻性能的影响

以橡胶颗粒取代砂子的取代率及细度模数为变量,通过二因素、四水平的正交试验,研究橡胶颗粒掺量和粗细程度对混凝土抗盐冻性能的影响.结果表明,橡胶细集料掺入混凝土中具有引气和填充的双重功效,可显著提高混凝土表面的抗盐冻性能.橡胶颗粒的取代率对混凝土抗盐冻性能影响特别显著,细度模数对混凝土抗盐冻性能影响显著.相对动弹性模量损失最初随着橡胶颗粒取代率的递增而减小,但当橡胶颗粒体积取代率大于40％时,相对动弹性模量损失随着橡胶颗粒取代率的递增而增加.在相同的取代率下,橡胶颗粒越细混凝土的相对动弹性模量损失越小.当橡胶颗粒取代率为40％,细度模数为1.38时,橡胶集料混凝土的抗盐冻等级已达到F500.     

受冻融混凝土表面处理后水分侵入机理研究

采用硅烷凝胶对冻融损伤混凝土进行表面处理,通过毛细吸水和压汞试验技术研究表面处理前后的受冻融混凝土吸水性能和微观孔结构,并对水分侵入机理进行分析.结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的增加,混凝土毛细吸收系数和孔隙率成倍数提高.在吸水初期36 h,硅烷凝胶用量和冻融损伤度对毛细吸水影响不明显,后期差异越来越大.受冻融混凝土表层孔结构劣化导致的憎水层致密性差,使得外部液态水从“水汽传输”逐步过渡到与内部非憎水区的凝结水形成“水路传输”,是冻融损伤混凝土表面防水过早失效的根本原因.     

在盐湖环境中高强与高性能混凝土的抗冻性

用快冻法研究了高强与高性能混凝土在水中和在西藏、内蒙古、新疆和青海盐湖卤水中的冻融耐久性,探讨了其冻融破坏机理．结果表明：在水中冻融时,活性掺合料严重降低了非引气高强混凝土的抗冻性,目前的非引气高性能混凝土不具备高抗冻性的特征,并非真正意义上的“高性能”,其冻融破坏起因于单硫型水化硫铝酸钙向钙矾石转化时的膨胀压,不含活性掺合料的普通与高强混凝土的冻融破坏源于水冻胀压;在盐湖卤水中冻融时,引起混凝土冻融破坏的主导因素是盐结晶压,混凝土的抗卤水冻蚀性主要取决于盐结晶压的损伤负效应和卤水冰点降低的损伤正效应,而且与盐湖卤水的成分密切相关。高强与高性能混凝土具有很高的抗卤水冻蚀性,在盐湖地区属于高耐久性的混凝土,适用于不同类型的盐湖环境。     

冻融与氯盐耦合作用下超细粉煤灰混凝土抗碳化性能研究

为了研究氯盐与冻融耦合作用下超细粉煤灰混凝土的碳化性能,对不同掺量超细粉煤灰混凝土进行了抗压强度试验、基准碳化试验、冻融-碳化试验和盐冻-碳化耦合试验.结果表明:在标准养护条件下,混凝土试件中掺入少量超细粉煤灰会降低试件本身的抗压强度,但降低幅度不大,而掺入大量的超细粉煤灰其抗压强度下降比较明显.干燥养护下,掺入超细粉煤灰对试件的抗压强度影响较小,其抗压强度随掺量没有出现骤降.掺入适量的超细粉煤灰能提高混凝土的抗碳化性能,随着超细粉煤灰掺量增加,抗碳化性降低,当超细粉煤灰掺量超过25％时对混凝土抗碳化性能影响不大.当超细粉煤灰参量一定时,盐冻-碳化循环试验对混凝土碳化深度最不利,且超细粉煤灰混凝土的碳化深度与循环次数呈现二次函数关系.     

盐碱与冻融耦合作用下再生混凝土耐久性试验研究

通过再生混凝土在3.5%NaCl、3.5%Na2SO4、3.5%NaCl+3.5%Na2SO4和水四种溶液中的冻融循环试验,分析再生混凝土在同浓度不同种类盐碱溶液中经过不同冻融次数后(N)的质量变化(△m)和动弹性模量变化(△E) ,绘制N-△m和N-△E的曲线.同时,设置单掺10%、20%粉煤灰和2%、4%硅灰为对照组,研究粉煤灰和硅灰组分别在3.5%NaCl和3.5%Na2SO4环境下混凝土的抗冻性能规律.结果表明:氯盐环境中,随冻融次数的增加,混凝土表面剥削、开裂现象明显,质量和动弹性模量损失严重,而硫酸盐环境中,冻融前期混凝土内部生成水化产物使质量增加,表面膨胀开裂,后期质量和动弹性模量急剧下降,与浓度3.5%氯盐盐冻相比,硫酸盐盐冻动弹性模量损失更大.冻融破坏强度由强到弱排序为氯盐冻、硫酸盐冻、复合盐冻、水冻;掺入粉煤灰后,氯盐环境下的混凝土抗冻性反而下降,10%掺量优于20%掺量.掺入硅灰后,硫酸盐环境下再生混凝土抗冻性提高,破坏程度要比水冻小,4%掺量优于2%掺量;最后分析了混凝土腐蚀机理.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。