基于原位摩擦化学处理技术改善金属材料的摩擦学性能

针对摩擦磨损引起的材料失效和机械设备损坏状况,基于原位摩擦化学处理技术研制了一种抗磨、减摩和润滑性能优异的摩擦处理剂.采用四球式摩擦磨损试验机和球-盘式高温摩擦磨损试验机设计了摩擦化学处理试验,通过改变加载负荷、温度、摩擦副材质和摩擦副之间的接触形式等试验参数考察了摩擦处理剂的抗磨减摩性能,采用SEM、EDS和XPS分析了摩擦处理剂的摩擦化学作用机理.结果表明在摩擦过程中,摩擦处理剂在金属表面原位形成了含MoS2、FeS和FePO4等减摩润滑效果良好的摩擦化学反应膜,从而显著的改善了金属材料的摩擦学性能,其抗磨性能和减摩性能分别较普通油提高了38%和46%.     

无铅铜铋轴承合金的摩擦学特性

采用粉末冶金方法制备了几种典型铜基轴承合金,在HDM-20端面摩擦磨损试验机上进行了边界润滑条件下的摩擦磨损试验,分析了其摩擦学性能.结果表明:3.0％ Bi铜铋轴承合金具有较好的减摩、抗粘着性能,与典型铜铅轴承合金(Cu10Sn10Pb)相比,减摩性能稍好,耐磨性能稍差;两种轴承合金磨损量均随速度的增加而增加,而摩擦系数则随速度增加而降低.摩擦磨损过程中析出表面的铋可起减摩、抗粘着作用,并存在铋的析出、磨损脱落的过程.     

Cu对球墨铸铁耐磨性能的影响

制备了不同Cu含量的球墨铸铁,采用拉伸试验机和布氏硬度计对球墨铸铁进行力学性能测试,采用往复摩擦磨损试验仪进行干摩擦试验,通过金相显微镜和扫描电镜对试样的微观结构进行表征,并探讨了Cu对球墨铸铁耐磨性能的影响。结果表明:Cu能有效提高球墨铸铁的耐磨性能。磨损机制以塑性变形为主,随着珠光体含量增加,磨粒磨损加剧。随着摩擦时间延长,疲劳磨损加剧;随着载荷增大,摩擦因数减小。     

无铅含铋铜-钢双金属轴承材料的摩擦学特性

采用常规粉末冶金方法制备无铅含铋铜-钢双金属轴承材料,在HDM-20端面摩擦磨损试验机上进行边界润滑条件下的摩擦磨损试验,分析无铅含铋铜-钢双金属轴承材料的减摩、抗粘着性能及其承载能力,并与典型的铜铅轴承材料(Cu10Sn10Pb)及铜锡合金材料的性能进行对比.结果表明:无铅含铋铜轴承材料中的低熔点组元铋(熔点为271℃)能阻碍因油膜破裂而引起的摩擦副局部区域的直接接触,体现出较好的减摩和抗粘着性能;当铋含量为3.0%(质量分数)时,无铅含铋铜基轴承材料的减摩,抗粘着咬合性能良好,承载能力较强,接近或优于典型铜铅轴承材料的性能.     

燃烧反应合成Ni-Al-SiC摩擦磨损性能研究

采用燃烧反应合成方法,在球墨铸铁表面制备Ni-Al-SiC金属间化合物复合涂层,通过加入SiC粒子来改善Ni-Al系金属间化合物的摩擦磨损性能.试验结果表明:随着载荷的提高,磨损量增加,摩擦因数减小;随着SiC粒子含量的增加,硬度增加,磨损量降低;在燃烧反应的过程中,随着烧结压强的增加,硬度有明显提高.由此得出结论:SiC粒子的加入,明显改善了Ni-Al系金属间化合物的摩擦磨损性能,并且提高了材料的硬度.     

奥-贝球墨铸铁制焊管预弯机下预弯模具的可行性研究

采用球化+二次孕育以及等温淬火工艺制备了球化等级为2级的奥-贝球墨铸铁,比较了奥-贝球墨铸铁、珠光体球墨铸铁和Cr12Mo1V1冷作模具钢的力学性能和摩擦磨损特性。结果表明:奥-贝球墨铸铁具有良好的力学性能和优异的摩擦磨损性能,组织中的贝氏体在摩擦磨损中可以有效地传递应力和起到支撑作用,提高了其抗磨性;较高的硬度和弹性模量以及石墨进入磨损表面润滑,减小了摩擦因数。认为采用奥-贝球墨铸铁制备焊管预弯机的下预弯模具具有可行性。     

球墨铸铁轧辊表面镍基激光合金化层及其磨损性能

采用激光合金化技术在球墨铸铁QT600-3表面制备镍基合金强化层,通过XRD、SEM和摩擦磨损试验等研究了不同激光扫描速率对合金化层物相、微观结构、力学性能、常温和高温摩擦学性能的影响,并使用Raman光谱仪对磨痕进行分析。结果表明:Ni合金化层与基体冶金结合好、显微硬度高(高达720 HV0.1)、高温摩擦因数低至0.305、高温磨损率低至7.55×10^-6 g·N^-1·m^-1。随着扫描速率的增加,显微组织更加致密,显微硬度先升高后降低,700 ℃耐磨性能提高,但合金化层裂纹率增加。高温摩擦磨损过程中,合金化层的磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主,同时还存在疲劳磨损和氧化磨损。同时,扫描速率的增加可细化晶粒和提高显微硬度。而Ni合金化层表面在高温摩擦过程中形成的氧化产物和碳化物在高温下会对提高其耐磨性能产生积极作用。     

球墨铸铁表面激光熔覆Ni-Co复合涂层的耐腐蚀及高温摩擦学性能

为降低球墨铸铁激光熔覆过程中白口组织的含量,改善其高温摩擦学性能和耐腐蚀性能,采用激光熔覆技术,通过添加Ni基过渡层在球墨铸铁表面制备Co基涂层。利用XRD、SEM、EDS表征不同熔覆层的物相组成、微观结构。采用高温摩擦磨损试验机测试不同温度下Co基涂层与球墨铸铁的摩擦磨损性能,分析Co基涂层在不同温度下的磨损机理。利用电化学工作站测试Co基涂层与球墨铸铁的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明：Ni基过渡层的物相为γ-Ni固溶体和Ni₃Si陶瓷相。Co基涂层主要由γ-Co固溶体和Cr7C₃陶瓷相构成。Ni基过渡层的添加抑制了基材中C元素扩散,降低了结合界面处白口化趋势。由于Cr7C₃陶瓷相的强化作用,Co基涂层的显微硬度为球墨铸铁基材的2.1倍。与球墨铸铁基材相比,当温度高于200℃时,Co基涂层在与Si₃N₄配副对磨时表现出较低的平均摩擦因数与磨损率。在中低温条件下Co基涂层与Si3N4配副对磨时的磨损机制为黏着磨损与磨粒磨损,高温条件下的磨损机制为形成连续光滑的氧化层起到减摩抗磨的作用。C...     

TC4钛合金表面沉积CrAlSiN涂层的组织与性能

为了提高TC4钛合金表面硬度和耐磨性能,通过等离子渗氮技术和多弧离子镀技术相结合的方法对TC4钛合金进行表面改性处理。通过扫描电镜、维氏显微硬度计、三维轮廓仪、高速往复摩擦磨损试验仪和电化学工作站,对比研究了TC4钛合金、渗氮层和CrAlSiN涂层的显微组织、硬度、耐磨性能和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,经渗氮处理后,TC4合金表面渗氮层硬度提高了约2倍,在此基础上制备的CrAlSiN涂层的平均硬度高达3222 HV0.025,涂层表面存在少许大颗粒和凹坑;CrAlSiN涂层平均摩擦因数为0.22,磨损机理主要为粘着磨损,对磨副的材料粘着到涂层表面,而涂层几乎无磨损,耐磨性能显著提高。CrAlSiN涂层的自腐蚀电位为-0.542 V,比TC4钛合金基体的自腐蚀电位-0.747 V正移了0.205 V,表明在渗氮层基础上沉积CrAlSiN涂层显著提高了合金的耐电化学腐蚀性能。     

工业纯铜与不同特性的磁控溅射镀层干摩擦磨损性能

利用磁控溅射技术制备CrTiAIN、TiN及类石墨(Graphite Like Carbon)硬质镀层,以高速钢为对比,通过摩擦因数及磨损形貌等研究不同镀层与纯铜的干摩擦磨损性能.结果表明,镀层的摩擦因数是决定与纯铜摩擦磨损性能的首要因素,摩擦因数越小,摩擦副之间的磨损性能越好;而与纯铜对磨时,摩擦副的摩擦因数取决于组成摩擦副材料之间的润湿性,材料的润湿性越差,则摩擦因数越低,因此具有减摩耐磨的GLC碳膜是与工业纯铜对磨的最佳镀层.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。