The determinants of fishing vessel accident severity

The study examines the determinants of fishing vessel accident severity in the Northeastern United States using vessel accident data from the U.S. Coast Guard for 2001–2008. Vessel damage and crew injury severity equations were estimated separately utilizing the ordered probit model. The results suggest that fishing vessel accident severity is significantly affected by several types of accidents. Vessel damage severity is positively associated with loss of stability, sinking, daytime wind speed, vessel age, and distance to shore. Vessel damage severity is negatively associated with vessel size and daytime sea level pressure. Crew injury severity is also positively related to the loss of vessel stability and sinking.     

The effects of safety climate on vessel accidents in the container shipping context

This study empirically evaluates the influence of safety climate on vessel accidents from a seafarer's perspective, specifically in the container shipping context. Factor analysis revealed six safety climate dimensions: management safety practices, supervisor safety practices, safety attitude, safety training, job safety, and co-workers' safety practices. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the effects of safety climate dimensions on vessel accidents in respect of crew fatality and vessel failure. Study findings indicated that management safety practices, safety training, and job safety dimensions significantly affect crew fatality incidence, and the job safety dimension has a significant influence on vessel failure. Overall, results suggest the job safety dimension has the most important effect on vessel accidents, followed by management safety practices and safety training dimensions. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings for vessel accident prevention in the container shipping context are discussed.     

Passengers' injuries reflected carriage interior at the railway accident in Mundelstrup, Denmark

On 1st March 1994, a passenger train with a speed of 85 km/h ran into the rear end of a stopped passenger train north of Aarhus, Denmark. No fatalities occurred. Questionnaires were sent to passengers and crew and 113 of 128 (88%) answered. In the stopped train 32% (9/28) of the sitting passengers compared with 12% (9/76) in the moving train had symptons corresponding to a whiplash lesion. Only the chairs in the moving train had head rests which might explain the observed difference. In the rest section of the moving train with all seats facing the same direction 81% (13/16) of the sitting passengers had face injuries compared to 13% (8/60) in the rest of the train. The higher incidence in the rest section was caused by folding tables at the back of the seats. Serious thoraco-abdominal injuries were only seen in one patient despite the fact that 37 passengers were thrown againsts tables between the seats in the second class section of the moving train. The tables were fragile and usually gave way. In conclusion, carriage interior has a major influence on personal injuries at railway accidents.     

邮轮发展与艺术设计演变

本文参考邮轮专家Philip Dawson关于邮轮发展历史的系列研究书籍和论文,以及国内外邮轮的相关研究信息,以时间线为轴整理分析邮轮的发展背景,介绍各重要时期的邮轮设计与其艺术风格特点。分析当前邮轮公司对于邮轮风格的影响和造成该影响的原因,提出对疫情后的邮轮行业的展望。以精炼的结构形式系统性地介绍邮轮发展中的重要节点,希望对国内的邮轮基础文化研究领域有所裨益。     

邮轮中庭内装主题设计与其风格表征

国内外的邮轮品牌均有着清晰的企业文化、风格定位、主题策划及风格的叙事表征。通过聚类分析、案例研究、比较研究等方法,得出邮轮主题设计表征有两个方面:外化为内装风格;内化为文化理念、功能策划及运营模式。以国外典型邮轮中庭为研究对象,从内装主题定位及其风格的表征要素出发,阐述国际邮轮中庭主题的5种倾向——文化、自然、艺术、怀旧与时代,表现为(新)地域主义、古典主义、折衷主义、自然主义、现代主义、未来科技等风格,主要展现在空间形态、界面的内装要素上。     

Field relevance of a suite of rollover tests to real-world crashes and injuries

The objective of this study was to assess the distribution of rollover accidents occurring in the field and to compare the vehicle kinematics in the predominant field crash modes with available laboratory tests. For this purpose, US accident data were analyzed to identify types and circumstances for vehicle rollovers. Rollovers were most commonly induced when the lateral motion of the vehicle was suddenly slowed or stopped. This type of rollover mechanism is referred to as "trip-over". Trip-overs accounted for 57% of passenger car and 51% of light truck vehicle (LTV) rollovers. More than 90% of trip-overs were initiated by ground contact. Fall-overs were the second most common rollover type, accounting for 13% of passenger car and 15% of LTV rollovers. Bounce-overs only accounted for 8% of both passenger car and LTV rollovers.The FMVSS 208 dolly and the ADAC corkscrew rollover tests are well-known laboratory tests, but do not simulate many of the real-world rollovers. Three additional tests have been devised to more fully address the field relevant conditions identified in this study. To do so, assumptions were made and adding the new laboratory tests (soil-trip, curb-trip and ditch fall-over) increases representativeness to 83% of passenger car and 75% of LTV rollovers reported in the field. Accident data were also used to identify injuries in belted drivers so the information could later be used to better understand occupant kinematics in various roll conditions. The injury distribution for belted/non-ejected drivers was assessed for trip-over, fall-over and bounce-over accidents. Serious injuries (AIS 3+) were most common to the head and thorax, in particular for bounce-overs. Head injuries occurred from contact with the roof, pillar and the interior, while thoracic injuries resulted from contact with the interior and steering wheel assembly. Field data are useful in the development of laboratory test conditions for rollovers as it provides insights on the significance of various rollover types, understanding of injury biomechanics, guidance for future testing and inputs for mathematical modeling.     

舱室布置对大型邮轮外观设计的影响分析

以近年来的典型邮轮为主要研究对象,从舱室布置的基本要求出发,将大型邮轮各类舱室的功能特征与布置规律与外观表现对应,进而结合舱室所在的甲板层空间特征,分析舱室布置对邮轮外观设计的影响,总结舱室在外观造型中的常见形式与一般规律,进而形成舱室外观表现图例与设计注意事项,可为邮轮外观设计提供依据和参考。     

Method to evaluate the effect of safety belt use by rear seat passengers on the injury severity of front seat occupants

Although the effectiveness of seat belts for reducing injury to rear seat passengers in traffic accidents has been well documented, the ratio of rear-seat passengers restrained by seatbelts remains lower than that of drivers or passengers in front seats. If passengers in rear seats do not wear seat belts, they may sustain unexpected injury to themselves when involved in accidents, and also endanger front occupants (drivers or front seat passengers). This paper focuses on the tendency of front seat occupants to sustain severer injuries due to forward movement of passengers in rear seats at the moment of frontal collisions, and evaluates the effectiveness of rear passengers' wearing seat belts in reducing injuries of front seat occupants. Since the occurrence of occupant injuries depends considerably on the crash severity, we proposed to use pseudo-delta V in regression analysis to represent velocity change during a collision when analyzing statistical accident data. As the crash severity can be estimated from pseudo-delta V, it becomes possible to make appropriate estimations even when the crash severity differs in data. The binary model derived from the ordered response model was used to evaluate the influence on the injury level based on pseudo-delta V, belted or unbelted status, gender and age. Occupants in cars with a hood in the case of car-to-car frontal collisions were extracted from the statistical data on accidents in Japan. Among 81,817 cars, where at least one passenger was present, a total of 6847 cars in which all passengers sustained injuries and which had at least one rear seat passenger aboard were analyzed. The number of killed or seriously injured drivers is estimated to decrease by around 25% if rear seat occupants come to wear seat belts. Also, the number of killed or seriously injured passengers in front seats is estimated to decrease by 28% if unbelted rear seat occupants come to wear seat belts. Thus, wearing of seat belts by previously unbelted rear seat passengers is considered effective in reducing not only injuries to the rear seat passengers themselves but also injuries to front seat occupants.     

The effects of in-vehicle tasks and time-gap selection while reclaiming control from adaptive cruise control (ACC) with bus simulator

This research aimed to find out the effects of in-vehicle distractions and time-gap settings with a fix-based bus driving simulator in a following scenario. Professional bus drivers were recruited to perform in-vehicle tasks while driving with adaptive cruise control (ACC) of changeable time-gap settings in freeway traffic. Thirty subjects were divided equally into three groups for different in-vehicle task modes (between subjects), including no task distraction, hands-free, and manual modes. Further, time-gap settings for the experimental ACC were: shorter than 1.0 s, 1.0–1.5 s, 1.5–2.0 s, and longer than 2.0 s (within subjects). Longitudinal (mean headway, forward collision rate, and response time) and lateral control (mean lateral lane position and its standard deviation) performance was assessed. In the results, longitudinal control performance was worsened by both shorter time-gaps and heavier in-vehicle tasks. But the interaction indicated that the harm by heavier in-vehicle distraction could be improved by longer time-gaps. As for the lateral control, it would only be negatively affected by shorter time-gap settings. This research indicates the effects of time-gaps and in-vehicle distraction, as well as the interaction. Proper time-gap selection under different in-vehicle distractions can help avoid accidents and keep safe.     

邮轮舱室视觉设计的图底关系研究

目的 研究图底分离一般性原理,挖掘邮轮舱室设计的存在图底关系的特征规律,为邮轮舱室设计予以图底关系的再认识.方法 通过视觉上的图底原理,分析现役邮轮舱室视觉中存在的图底关系.再以格式塔心理学的角度理解其图底分离的条件,借以总结出舱室图底关系的种种规律,每条规律对应现有的具体案例再分析.再以得出的现有规律,以图底关系的原理对公认的问题舱室进行视觉设计改造.验证其设计方法的有效性,同时为邮轮舱室的设计提出另一种可靠方式.结论 邮轮舱室中存在独特的视觉设计原则,以图底关系的心理学原理为主要设计方法,可有效实现游客在舱室视觉中的心理需要.在现有的案例中总结一系列舱室中的图底规律,为邮轮舱室设计予以更清晰的线索.     

VR体验情境下的邮轮建筑美学评价研究

邮轮旅游中,乘客对于情感价值的诉求越来越高。邮轮的建筑美学因素对提升游客的航程体验、塑造形象、打造品牌等方面的影响至关重要。论文借助虚拟现实手段,在对邮轮建筑美学及评价指标体系进行研究的基础上,借助虚拟现实手段构建起交互体验式评估环境,并通过实例进行应用验证。通过文献研究和实地调研,归纳梳理出邮轮建筑美学评价指标;应用灰色统计法进行筛选,确定了评价指标体系。采用层次分析法确定各指标及权重;基于交互体验理论,借助VR技术,搭建起综合体验评估环境,实现了让不同角色以不同的情景模式和视角进行体验的目标,并能进行实时定量评价。以某邮轮为实例,借助所开发的系统进行评价测试。采用模糊综合评价法对实验数据进行后处理,得出针对性较强的评价结论。     

基于游客行为的中国豪华邮轮个性化设计路径

目的探索适合中国游客行为的邮轮个性化设计的基本功能组织与设计方法。方法以中国游客为目标人群,运用数据分析法对中国游客邮轮消费数据进行分析与比较,发掘中国游客的显性与隐形特征,分析中国游客在文化形式、生理预期、行为习惯等方面个性化特征。结论通过消费行为精确大数据分析了解中国游客的需求,从而解决现有的邮轮冲突矛盾,提供游客饮食方式、娱乐需求、消费行为和审美需求等方面个性化设计的依据与目标个性化定位及设计方法,初步构建适合中国游客的邮轮个性化设计的基本功能组织与邮轮空间设置系统。     

飞行机组人为差错风险分析方法研究

提出了一个新的飞行机组人为差错风险评估方法F HECA,识别和分析航空公司的机组人为差错风险。该方法在对机组人为差错类型进行总结和分类的基础上,选取人为差错严重度作为评价指标,将该指标中的3个变量人为差错概率、人为差错后果严重度、人为差错影响概率与灰色综合评价法结合,定量评估机组人为差错的严重度,实现机组人为差错风险评估。通过实例分析验证此方法可用于分析机组人为差错风险,为飞行训练和飞行操作手册内容的改进提供技术支持,是民航人为因素研究中可借鉴的一种方法。     

基于空间句法的邮轮顶部甲板空间布置研究

目的 为了我国后续能在邮轮的设计阶段,对空间进行布置规划时,提供可操作性的理论方法,以便提高游客在邮轮室外休闲娱乐空间的乘坐体验,对现有邮轮的顶部甲板空间的特点和布置方法进行研究。方法 借用城市建筑学中能分析人与空间关系的空间句法理论,选择其中的视域分析法,用Depthmap软件对处理后的Vista级别邮轮顶部甲板图做空间结构的定量分析。结果 根据软件得到连接度、整合度和控制度等指标的计算结果,从渗透性、可达性和视域范围三个角度,对邮轮顶部甲板空间进行分析和解读。结论 以计算结果为依据,从区域规划、设施布置和节点设计三个方面,对空间内的可达性和布置方式提出相应的设计策略,为邮轮顶部甲板的空间布置提出新的思路和方法。     

Are traffic injuries disproportionally more common among tourists in Greece? Struggling with incomplete data

Data concerning injury hazards among tourists are difficult to obtain because estimates of person–time denominators are rarely available. Existing sources are limited to enumeration of injured or killed persons by nationality and type of injury and the analysis can only rely on proportional indicators. Since 1995, the Regional Hospital in the tourist island of Kerkyra (Corfu) has been covering all types of accidents including road traffic injuries, in the context of the Emergency Department Injury Surveillance System (EDISS). The catchment area of this hospital practically coincides with the island population. About 15% of all accidents are traffic-related among either permanent residents or Greek tourists, but they represent 40% among tourists of foreign nationalities. This is suggestive, but far from conclusive evidence, that traffic injuries may be more common among foreign tourists. There are indications that accidents among foreign tourists overall are slightly more serious. Among Greek tourists, the ratio between peak and non-peak period is similar for non-traffic injuries (7.4) and traffic injuries (6.8), whereas among foreign tourists the corresponding ratio is 9.2 for non traffic injuries and 15.0 for traffic injuries. This pattern is difficult to explain in terms other than an excess risk of traffic injuries among foreign tourists.     

The importance of the time factor in fire and rescue service operations in Sweden

The aim of the paper is to measure the benefits and costs for the society if the fire and rescue service is delayed by 5 and 10 min respectively. A 5 min longer turn-out time is often the difference between a full-time and a voluntary crew. A 10 min difference may represent what happens if a voluntary crew on the outskirts of the municipality is closed down and their services are taken over by the centrally located full-time staff. In Sweden a full-time staff costs USD 180,000 more per year and man on duty. When it comes to the costs of a longer turn-out time three items dominates: fires in buildings; road transport accidents; and drowning cases. These three account for 38% of the alarms but 97% of the damage increase if the rescue operation is delayed, whether it is for 5 or 10 min. For all these three items we have carried out calculations based on our own empirical material. To be allowed to fight fires using breathing apparatus Swedish legislation requires a minimum crew of five. For a municipality in Sweden with the average number and distribution of alarms a full time crew of five is not economically justifiable until it reaches a population of 30,000.     

Safety effects of blue cycle crossings: a before-after study

This paper presents a before-after accident study of marking blue cycle crossings in 65 signalised junctions. Corrections factors for changes in traffic volumes and accident/injury trends are included using a general comparison group in this non-experimental observational study. Analysis of long-term accident trends point towards no overall abnormal accident counts in the before period. The safety effect depends on the number of blue cycle crossings at the junction. One blue cycle crossing reduces the number of junction accidents by 10%, whereas marking of two and four blue cycle crossings increases the number of accidents by 23% and 60%, respectively. Larger reduction and increases are found for injuries. Safety gains at junctions with one blue cycle crossing arise because the number of accidents with cyclists and moped riders that may have used the blue cycle crossing in the after period and pedestrians in the pedestrian crossing parallel and just next to the blue marking was statistically significant reduced. Two or four blue cycle crossings especially increase the number of rear-end collisions only with motor vehicles involved and right-angle collisions with passenger cars driving on red traffic lights.     

基于邮轮用户体验的移动信息服务设计研究

目的 提出针对邮轮信息服务平台的构建策略,以用户信息旅程图、服务系统图、服务蓝图等可视化手段,展现当代邮轮信息服务系统的工作机制。方法 基于大型邮轮课题的研究现状,以用户体验模型、移动信息相关理论及服务设计为基础,问题为导向,通过交叉学科的研究方法,运用可用性测试方法对产品满意度进行评估,验证该设计方法对提升用户体验的有效性。结论 得出移动信息服务设计策略模型,引入服务设计思维并提出具体的设计流程,并对系统中的关键接触点给出优化建议。     

Public transport passenger accidents: an analysis of the structural and functional characteristics of passenger and vehicle.

An analysis was conducted of accidents occurring to passengers aboard transit vehicles of the San Francisco Municipal Railway in 1989. It was expected that passenger accidents were not distributed randomly across transit modes or passenger age cohorts but that strong associations would be found between type of accident and structural and functional characteristics of the vehicles and passengers. That expectation was realized, with passengers from the oldest age groups having the highest relative frequency of accidents and vehicles with three steps being involved in a disproportionately large share of boarding and alighting accidents. It was also found that passengers were most likely to be struck or caught by vehicle doors while alighting from vehicles with inwardly opening doors and, further, that those passengers were most likely to be young children. Incidence rates for various types of accidents were computed by vehicle type and passenger age, as were risk ratios.