Finite element modelling of CFRP jacketed CFST members under flexural loading

In this era, using concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) members has become very popular in the construction industry; at the same time, ageing of structures and deterioration of members are often reported. Therefore, actions like implementing strengthening techniques with the new materials become essential to combat this problem. Due to their in-service and superior mechanical properties, carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites make an excellent candidate after upgrading. The aim of this study is to experimentally investigate the suitability of CFRP in strengthening of CFST members under flexure. Among eighteen beams, nine beams were strengthened by full wrapping (fibre bonded at the bottom throughout the entire length of beam) and the remaining nine beams were strengthened by partial wrapping (fibre bonded in-between loading points at the bottom). The effect of CFRP layers on the moment carrying capacity of CFST beams was investigated. Also a nonlinear finite element model was developed using the software ANSYS 12.0, to validate the analytical results such as load–deformation and the corresponding failure modes. The experimental results revealed that beams strengthened by partial wrapping failed by delamination of fibre, even before attaining the ultimate load of control beam but the beams strengthened by full wrapping exhibited more enhancements in moment carrying capacity and stiffness. From the numerical simulation and experiments, it is suggested that if any appropriate anchorages are provided in partial wrapping scheme to avoid delamination of fibre, then it will be turned into a fine and economical method for strengthening of CFST members.     

Experimental study on CFST members strengthened by CFRP composites under compression

The concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) members become very popular in the construction industry and, at the same time, aging of structures and member deterioration are often reported. The actions like implementation of new materials and strengthening techniques become essential to combat this problem. This research work aimed to investigate the structural improvements of CFST sections with normal strength concrete externally bonded with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. For this study, compact mild steel tubes were used with the main variable being FRP characteristics. Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) fabrics were used as horizontal strips (lateral ties) with several other parameters such as the number of layers, width and spacing of strips. Among thirty specimens, twenty seven were externally bonded with 50 mm width of CFRP strips with a spacing of 20 mm, 30 mm and 40 mm and the remaining three specimens were unbonded. Experiments were undertaken until column failure to fully understand the influence of FRP characteristics on the compressive behaviour of square CFST sections including their failure modes, axial stress–strain behaviour, and load carrying capapcity. From the test results, it was found that the external bonding of CFRP strips provides external confinement pressure effectively and delays the local buckling of steel tube and also improves the load carrying capacity further. Finally, an analytical model was proposed herein for predicting the axial load carrying capacity of strengthened CFST sections under compression.     

An experimental and numerical study of the effect of thickness and length of CFRP on performance of repaired reinforced concrete beams

Experimental and numerical analyses are performed to predict the loading carrying capacity of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) composites. The effect of CFRP thickness and length on the failure load and ductility is studied and curves of initial cracking load, ultimate load, stiffness, ductility and fibre stresses are presented. The results of tests and simulations show a good agreement and indicate that, in contrast with a control beam, initial cracking loads of strengthened beams increase slightly, whilst stiffness and ductility increase more and the ultimate loads increase considerably. Stresses in the carbon fibre decrease with the increase of fibre sheet thickness. Cracking patterns of strengthened beams are improved. Crack propagation varies with the change of fibre length and results in the variation of failure mode of beams. Variation of the length of CFRP sheet is the main reason of variation of the stress of interface. Therefore, debonding failure, unless adequately considered in the design process, may significantly decrease the effectiveness of the strengthening.     

A way for preventing tension delamination of concrete cover in midspan of FRP strengthened beams

In order to prevent tension delamination of concrete cover in midspan more efficiently, an attempt to strengthen reinforced concrete beams by combining unidirectional carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheet (to bond to the tension faces of the beams) and bi-directional glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheet (to wrap 3 sides of the beams continuously) was proposed. The feasibility and potential advantages of the attempt were discussed. A comparative test program including ten beams was carried out. The test results showed that the hybrid CF/GF reinforced polymer (H-CF/GF-RP) strengthening could not only prevent the tension delamination of the bottom concrete cover, but also lead to a significant increase of deformation capacity of the strengthened beams at a very low cost compared to CFRP strengthening.     

CFRP加固工字钢梁的结构性能和失效分析

针对碳纤维加固聚合物(CFRP)失效分析和CFRP加固工字钢梁的结构性能进行了试验和数值模拟。了解CFRP的失效模式有助于防止和减缓结构破坏。对1根未加固梁和12根使用不同类型、尺寸CFRP条带加固的梁进行了试验和数值模拟。试验采用静态逐步加载的四点弯曲法,并利用ANSYS软件对试样进行3D建模和非线性分析。结果显示,用于工字钢梁加固的CFRP失效模式包括:集中荷载处开裂(BS)、集中荷载处脱粘(BD)、端部分层(EDL)以及端部脱粘(ED)。CFRP失效模式的产生和发展取决于强化进度。研究发现,不同加固规格的CFRP加固钢梁的结构性能不同。     

混杂纤维复合材料加固混凝土梁的合理方法

提出玻璃纤维 (GF)有纬单向布和碳纤维 (CF)无纬单向布合理匹配 ,混杂加固混凝土梁的思路 ,并进行试验研究。结果表明相对碳纤维复合材料 (CFRP)加固方法 ,合理匹配的GF CF混杂纤维复合材料 (HFRP)加固法既能在保证承载力的前提下显著提高被加固构件的延性 ,又能显著降低加固成本 ,且刚度差别很小。     

Assessing the effectiveness of embedding CFRP laminates in the near surface for structural strengthening

Near surface mounted (NSM) is a recent strengthening technique based on bonding carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars (rods or laminate strips) into pre-cut grooves on the concrete cover of the elements to strength. To assess the effectiveness of the NSM technique, an experimental program is carried out involving reinforced concrete (RC) columns, RC beams and masonry panels. In columns failing in bending the present work shows that the failure strain of the (CFRP) laminates can be attained using the NSM technique. Beams failing in bending are also strengthened with CFRP laminates in order to double their load carrying capacity. This goal was attained and maximum strain levels of about 90% of the CFRP failure strain were recorded in this composite material, revealing that the NSM technique is also very effective to increase the flexural resistance of RC beams.The effectiveness of externally bonded reinforcing (EBR) and NSM techniques to increase the flexural resistance of masonry panels is also assessed. In the EBR technique the CFRP laminates are externally bonded to the concrete joints of the panel, while in the NSM technique the CFRP laminates are fixed into precut slits on the panel concrete joints. The NSM technique provided a higher increase on the panel load carrying capacity as well as a larger deflection at the failure of the panel.The performance of EBR and NSM techniques for the strengthening of RC beams failing in shear is also analyzed. The NSM technique was much more effective in terms of increasing the beam load carrying capacity as well as the beam deformability at its failure. The NSM technique was easier and faster to apply than the EBR technique.     

波形钢腹板钢管混凝土梁受弯试验研究

提出了一种新型的组合结构--波形钢腹板钢管混凝土梁,进行了3根模型梁的受弯试验。对试验梁的变形、应变、破坏模式和极限承载力等进行了分析,比较了上下弦管填充混凝土对梁受力性能的作用,并与钢管混凝土桁梁的试验结果进行了对比。结果表明,与钢管混凝土桁梁相比,波形钢腹板钢管混凝土梁避免了节点破坏问题,其抗弯刚度和极限承载力得到较大的提高;上弦钢管填充混凝土对提高极限承载力作用很大,下弦钢管填充混凝土也能提高梁的极限承载力,但作用小于上弦管;"拟平截面假定"的计算方法可以用于波形钢腹板钢管混凝土梁的极限承载力计算。     

CFRP加固RC连续梁负弯矩区试验研究

通过1根未加固钢筋混凝土连续梁和2根在负弯矩区分别外贴一层和两层碳纤维布的钢筋混凝土连续梁抗弯试验,研究了在钢筋混凝土连续梁负弯矩区粘贴碳纤维布及碳纤维布粘贴层数对连续梁抗弯性能的影响.结果表明,在钢筋混凝土连续梁负弯矩区粘贴碳纤维布的加固方法能显著改善连续梁的抗弯性能,负弯矩区碳纤维的存在提高了连续梁的抗弯刚度,但随着碳纤维布层数的增多,碳纤维布的使用效率下降,理论计算值与试验值吻合较好,现有计算理论能够满足工程需求.     

CFRP加固钢筋再生混凝土梁的弯曲性能研究

为研究再生混凝土梁的弯曲性能,进行了钢筋再生混凝土梁及其经CFRP加固后的受弯性能试验研究,分析了再生粗骨料取代率和CFRP加固层数对再生混凝土梁受力性能的影响,比较了钢筋再生混凝土梁加固前后的挠度和裂缝扩展情况。试验结果表明：再生混凝土梁的变形能力和受弯承载力较普通混凝土梁没有明显降低,但其刚度和延性均有所降低,可通过CFRP加固提高其刚度和极限荷载,但不能改善其变形能力; CFRP加固层数对钢筋再生混凝土梁的开裂荷载、屈服荷载和极限荷载影响较大,其中极限荷载受加固层数影响最大。通过理论计算和有限元分析,建立了钢筋再生混凝土梁及其经CFRP加固后的受弯承载力计算式,理论计算结果与钢筋再生混凝土梁的试验结果符合较好。研究成果可为再生混凝土梁的工程应用提供参考依据。     

粘贴碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土预裂梁试验研究

结合在役钢筋混凝土桥梁的损伤特点,对粘贴碳纤维布加固混凝土预裂梁在正常使用荷载水平下的钢筋应变及挠度变化规律,进行了详细的室内试验。通过比较每根试验梁加固前后的挠度及钢筋应变的变化规律,研究了持荷水平、预裂程度及配筋率对加固效果的影响程度,避免了不同试件因材料力学性能差异而导致的试验误差,模拟了实际公路桥梁加固前后的荷载试验过程,增加了室内试验数据与野外检测结果的可比性。室内试验结果表明,粘贴碳纤维布可大大提高预裂梁的刚度,有效降低钢筋应力水平,与桥梁现场静载试验结果是一致的。该研究为碳纤维布加固技术在桥梁加固维修中的应用提供了可靠的依据,具有较强的实用性。     

Enhancement of flexural behaviour of CFRP-strengthened reinforced concrete beams using engineered cementitious composites transition layer

This paper aimed to develop and evaluate an efficient strengthening method for reinforced concrete beams, based on engineered cementitious composites (ECC) to be applied as a transition layer prior to the application of the carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthening sheet. The role of the proposed transition layer is to control the cracking of concrete and detain or even avoid premature de-bonding of the strengthening CFRP sheets. As the ability of the transition layer to exhibit a strain hardening behaviour is mainly dependent on the used fibre volumetric ratio, three ECC mixes with three different polypropylene fibre volumetric ratios were used (fibre volumetric ratio of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%). The experimental results showed that while the used CFRP strengthening sheet can increase the ultimate load by about 28.8% compared with the control un-strengthened beam, this increase can reach about 48.5% by applying the same CFRP sheet to the proposed ECC transition layer that contains a fibre volumetric ratio of 1.5%. Moreover, this layer integrated with the mention ratio of the fibre content enabled the CFRP sheet to be in a complete contact with the strengthened beam without any de-bonding up the rupture of the CFRP sheet at failure.     

预应力CFRP布加固腐蚀钢梁试验研究

通过切除钢梁下翼缘部分面积来模拟钢梁的局部腐蚀损伤,再粘贴碳纤维（CFRP）布于钢梁受拉翼缘进行加固修复,以此开展CFRP布加固腐蚀钢梁受弯性能的研究。共进行了6根CFRP布加固腐蚀钢梁试件的静载试验,根据钢梁受腐程度取翼缘宽度切除的比例分别为0%,50%和100%,切口宽度3mm,然后在钢梁下翼缘粘贴CFRP布或预应力CFRP布。试验结果表明,在加固钢梁的受拉翼缘屈服后,粘贴CFRP布能有效提高构件的承载力,预应力CFRP布加固能有效提高钢梁的屈服荷载和极限荷载。粘贴CFRP布、预应力CFRP布加固未腐蚀钢梁的极限荷载比原钢梁极限荷载分别提高12.9%、16.1%;CFRP布、预应力CFRP布加固腐蚀钢梁比原钢梁极限荷载分别提高6.5%、16.1%。在试验基础上,建立了预应力CFRP布加固腐蚀钢梁的承载力计算式,理论计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。     

The effects of CFRP orientation on the strengthening of reinforced concrete structures

In recent years, the strengthening and retrofitting of structural members using externally bonded carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials has gained a great deal of attention. This has eventuated from the superior properties of composite materials, including high elastic modulus, higher strengths and lighter weights. This paper presents a finite element analysis that has been validated against laboratory tests of two reinforced concrete (RC) beams, two columns, two slabs and six walls. The main focus is on the ultimate failure load of these members as they have different CFRP orientations to the loading direction. The analysis result shows a sound agreement with the experimental data regarding the ultimate failure load of RC samples, except for the RC wall. In fact, the RC wall, while under eccentric axial load, confirmed that the CFRP orientation was parallel to the loading direction, and it proved to be an insignificant contribution in the ultimate failure load of the samples. This finding demonstrates that more experiments should be considered when investigating the influence of CFRP on the ultimate strength of strengthened RC walls. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

表层嵌入预应力碳纤维筋混凝土梁抗弯试验研究

为了充分发挥碳纤维增强塑料(CFRP)筋的高强性能,更有效提高加固梁的力学性能,通过在混凝土梁受弯区表层开20 mm×20 mm的槽后,对直径为7 mm的CFRP筋施加不同水平的预应力并嵌入开好的槽中,并用专用结构胶填充槽道,待结构胶固化后进行加固梁的抗弯试验。通过对9根表层嵌入预应力CFRP筋加固梁和1根未加固梁的抗弯加载试验,初步研究了加固梁的刚度、特征荷载、延性及梁的裂缝发展与破坏模式。研究表明,预应力CFRP筋的高强性能得到充分发挥,加固梁的刚度显著提高,开裂荷载最大提高了303.17%,极限承载能力最大提高237.92%,延性基本能满足抗震要求,破坏模式表现为3种形式。     

反拱法加固混凝土受弯构件理论及试验研究

对采用反向起拱粘贴碳纤维布加固混凝土梁构件的基本原理和设计方法进行了初步研究,提出了基于预应力原理的反拱法碳纤维布材加固梁构件的施工工艺。在此基础上,进行了3根试件的试验。通过试验结果对比了不同加固工艺的受弯构件的开裂荷载、极限荷载、抗弯刚度等工作性能,分析了反拱加固的预应力效应。试验发现,反拱加固试件的开裂荷载较普通粘贴加固试件的开裂荷载提高了36.2%,屈服条件下的变形减小了24.2%。试验结果表明,采用反拱加固可方便有效地卸除加固构件的残余应力,并产生预应力效应,可充分发挥碳纤维布材料高强度的特性,提高构件刚度和承载能力。     

混锚预应力U形碳纤维条带抗剪加固混凝土梁试验研究

研发钢筋混凝土梁抗剪加固用U形纤维增强复材（FRP）条带的预应力系统,提出一种预应力U形条带端锚与黏贴并用（简称混锚）的抗剪加固方法。完成了1根未加固、7根采用U形碳纤维（CFRP）条带进行抗剪加固的矩形截面梁剪切试验,加固梁中1根为纯黏贴、6根为混锚预应力。结果表明：混锚预应力加固在抑制主斜裂缝开展、延缓箍筋屈服和提高箍筋塑性利用率等方面的表现均优于纯黏贴加固,能够防止FRP端部剥离并实现拉断破坏,大幅度提高纤维强度利用率,显著提高梁的抗剪承载力,最大提升率达92%。预应力和配纤率的大小对抗剪加固效果有较明显影响,其他条件相同时,预应力越大或配纤率越高,加固梁综合性能越好。建议了混锚预应力U形CFRP有效应变的计算公式,用于预测剪切破坏时CFRP的贡献和加固梁的承载能力,与试验结果符合良好,可供工程应用参考。     

Partially bonded near-surface-mounted CFRP bars for strengthened concrete T-beams

A partially bonded strengthening approach for reinforced concrete (RC) beams utilizing near-surface-mounted (NSM) carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars was investigated with the specific objective of improving deformability. A total of six RC T-beams strengthened with NSM CFRP bars of various unbonded lengths were tested. Test results showed a decrease of the stiffness at the post-yield stage of the load–deflection response in the partially bonded beams. This is caused by the delayed increase of the FRP strain within the unbonded length. As a result the beam deformability was increased as the unbonded length increased at the same applied load. Internal slip of the FRP bar and gradual concrete failure were observed near the ultimate state, which caused a complicate nonlinear behavior of the beams. An analytical model is proposed to address the complete beam behavior including the effect of slip of FRP reinforcement and gradual concrete crushing. This model was developed based on the compatibility of deformation of the partially bonded system and was able to represent the ultimate behavior of the beams well.     

内嵌CFRP筋/片加固木梁受弯性能试验研究

为研究内嵌CFRP筋/片加固木梁的受弯性能,制作5根底面中心内嵌CFRP筋加固试件,3根侧面内嵌CFRP筋加固试件,6根底面中心内嵌CFRP片加固试件以及3根未加固的对比试件,对其进行三分点静载试验。试验参数包括：CFRP筋/片,内嵌位置（底面或侧面）,CFRP筋/片数量（1根或2根）、是否采用附加锚固措施（U形铁钉或CFRP布U形箍）、底面是否粘贴CFRP布等。研究表明,内嵌CFRP筋/片加固试件的受弯承载力较未加固试件明显提高,提高幅度为14%~85%,平均提高39%;破坏位移亦平均提高32%。内嵌CFRP筋加固试件的初始弯曲刚度均大于对比试件,而内嵌CFRP片加固试件由于底面开槽面积较大其初始弯曲刚度未见提高。内嵌CFRP筋加固试件的跨中截面应变随荷载增加仍基本符合平截面假定,而内嵌CFRP片加固木梁的跨中截面应变变化与平截面假定存在一定差距。增加内嵌CFRP筋/片的数量及端部采用U形铁钉锚固措施对提高加固木梁承载力的作用不明显;而在加固木梁底面粘贴一层CFRP布可显著提高其加固效果。     

碳纤维增强复合网格-聚合物水泥砂浆加固RC梁的抗弯性能试验研究

为研究碳纤维增强复合(CFRP)网格和聚合物水泥砂浆(PCM)复合加固钢筋混凝土(RC)梁的抗弯性能,对5个RC梁试件进行抗弯性能试验,分析CFRP网格-PCM复合加固RC梁的抗弯破坏机理,研究网格不同层数和不同单位加固量对RC梁抗弯性能的影响。基于抗弯承载力的既有计算模型,引入剥离应变建立改良计算模型,并采用其他学者的9根FRP网格加固RC梁的受弯试验数据,验证改良计算模型的准确性。研究结果表明：CFRP网格-PCM对RC梁的抗弯加固效果明显,单位加固量较高的试件具有更高的承载能力,但其更易发生剥离破坏;在单位加固量相当的条件下,单层网格与双层网格呈现出相同的抗弯性能,双层网格重叠布置的加固方式是有效的;抗弯承载力的既有计算模型对试验结果拟合效果较差,所建立的改良计算模型拟合程度较好,能更好地反映CFRP网格-PCM复合加固层的实际受力状态。