Dynamic analysis of functionally graded truncated conical shells subjected to asymmetric moving loads

The dynamic behavior of functionally graded (FG) truncated conical shells subjected to asymmetric internal ring-shaped moving loads is studied. The material properties are assumed to have continuous variations in the shell thickness direction. The equations of motion are derived based on the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) using Hamilton׳s principle. The finite element method (FEM) together with Newmark׳s time integration scheme is employed to discretize the equations of motion in the spatial and temporal domain, respectively. The formulation and method of solution are validated by studying their convergence behavior and carrying out the comparison studies in the limit cases with existing solutions in the literature. Then, the influences of material graded index, radius-to-length ratio, semi-vertex angle, thickness, boundary conditions and moving load velocity on the dynamic behavior of the FG truncated conical shells are studied. In addition, the difference between the responses of the FG shells under symmetric and asymmetric loadings is compared.     

三维轴对称功能梯度材料瞬态热传导问题的自然单元法

为了更有效地求解三维轴对称功能梯度材料瞬态热传导问题,对无网格自然单元法应用于此类问题进行了研究,并发展了相应的计算方法。基于几何形状和边界条件的轴对称性,三维的轴对称问题可降为二维平面问题。为了简化本质边界条件的施加,轴对称面上的温度场采用自然邻近插值进行离散。功能梯度材料特性的变化由高斯点的材料参数进行模拟。时间域上,采用传统的两点差分法进行离散求解,进而得到瞬态温度场的响应。数值算例结果表明,提出的方法是行之有效的,理论及方法不仅拓展了自然单元法的应用范围,而且对三维轴对称瞬态热传导分析具有普遍意义。     

Free vibration of quadrilateral laminated plates with carbon nanotube reinforced composite layers

The free vibration behavior of quadrilateral laminated thin-to-moderately thick plates with carbon nanotube reinforced composite (CNTRC) layers is studied. The governing equations are based on the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT). The solution procedure is based on transforming the governing differential equations from an arbitrary straight-sided physical domain to a regular computational one, and discretization of the spatial derivatives by employing the differential quadrature method (DQM) as an efficient and accurate numerical tool. Four different profiles of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) distribution through the thickness of layers are considered, which are uniformly distributed (UD) and three others are functionally graded (FG) distributions. The fast rate of convergence of the presented approach is numerically demonstrated and to show its high accuracy, wherever possible comparison studies with the available results in the open literature are performed. Then, the effects of volume fraction of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), geometrical shape parameters, thickness-to-length and aspect ratios, different kinds of CNTs distribution along the layers thickness and different boundary conditions on the natural frequencies of laminated plates are studied.     

A second degree approximation for the calculation of the transfer function coefficients for heat conduction through walls

Calculation of the conduction transfer function coefficients using a state space representation requires the transient governing differential equation to be discretized in space by the use of finite difference or finite element methods, in order to obtain a set of first order differential equations. The use of FEM to discretize the media gives an additional advantage due to it is possible to use a higher order approximation of the dependent variable, which gives us a better accuracy with less elements. In this paper, the transient heat flow problem is tackled using a quadratic finite element. The variational formulation for the governing differential equation is developed, the Ritz approximation to construct the finite element formulation is used and the approximation functions are presented using a normalized local coordinate system for elements with three equally spaced nodes for the one-dimensional problem. The 2D transient problem is presented using a rectangular 8 node element. Results with 1, 2 and 3 three-node elements are compared with the ASHRAE conduction transfer functions for the 3, 5, 6, 8 and 32 wall groups and a 2D-example is given.     

Large deflection analysis of flexible plates by the meshless finite point method

The classical finite difference technique and methods based on series expansions can only be adopted for solving plates with simple geometry, loading and boundary conditions. In contrast, the finite element method has been widely used for general analysis of bending and flexible plates (coupled bending and in-plane effects). Lack of stress continuity and relatively expensive mesh generation and remeshing schemes have led to the emergence of meshless methods, such as the finite point method (FPM). FPM is a strong form solution which combines the moving least square interpolation technique on a domain of irregularly distributed points with a point collocation scheme to derive system governing equations. In this study, coupled nonlinear partial differential equations of fourth order are solved to analyse large deflection behaviour of plates subjected to lateral and in-plane loadings. Several plate problems are solved and compared with analytical solution and other available numerical results to assess the performance of the proposed approach.     

Non-linear in-plane stability analysis of FG circular shallow arches under uniform radial pressure

In this paper, non-linear stability behavior of functionally graded (FG) circular shallow arches subjected to a uniform radial pressure is investigated by an analytical method. For this purpose, the classical single layer assumption is used to approximate the displacement field through the arch. Donnell׳s non-linear model for shallow shells is employed to derive the strain–displacement relations. The material properties vary smoothly through the thickness of the arch according to a power-law distribution. The governing equilibrium equations and the complete set of boundary conditions are extracted employing the principle of virtual displacements and variational calculus. Because of considerable pre-buckling deformations of shallow arches, the stability analysis is accomplished considering the pre-buckling deformations. The non-linear equilibrium paths are presented for two symmetric types of boundary conditions. Results show the influences of properties dispersion, geometrical characteristics, and boundary conditions on the stability behavior of the FG circular shallow arches. Also, the results of the paper are compared with the known data in literature.     

Free vibration analysis of laminated FG-CNT reinforced composite beams using finite element method

In the present study, the free vibration of laminated functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite beams is analyzed. The laminated beam is made of perfectly bonded carbon nanotubes reinforced composite (CNTRC) layers. In each layer, single-walled carbon nanotubes are assumed to be uniformly distributed (UD) or functionally graded (FG) distributed along the thickness direction. Effective material properties of the two-phase composites, a mixture of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and an isotropic polymer, are calculated using the extended rule of mixture. The first-order shear deformation theory is used to formulate a governing equation for predicting free vibration of laminated functionally graded carbon nanotubes reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) beams. The governing equation is solved by the finite element method with various boundary conditions. Several numerical tests are performed to investigate the influence of the CNTs volume fractions, CNTs distributions, CNTs orientation angles, boundary conditions, length-to-thickness ratios and the numbers of layers on the frequencies of the laminated FG-CNTRC beams. Moreover, a laminated composite beam combined by various distribution types of CNTs is also studied.     

Coupled thermoelasticity of functionally graded plates based on the third-order shear deformation theory

In this paper, the analytical solution is presented for a plate made of functionally graded materials based on the third-order shear deformation theory and subjected to lateral thermal shock. The material properties of the plate, except Poisson's ratio, are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. The solution is obtained under the coupled thermoelasticity assumptions. The temperature profile across the plate thickness is approximated by a third-order polynomial in terms of the variable z with four unknown multiplier functions of (x,y,t) to be calculated. The equations of motion and the conventional coupled energy equation are simultaneously solved to obtain the displacement components and the temperature distribution in the plate. The governing partial differential equations are solved using the double Fourier series expansion. Using the Laplace transform, the unknown variables are obtained in the Laplace domain. Applying the analytical Laplace inverse method, the solution in the time domain is derived. Results are presented for different power law indices and the coupling coefficients for a plate with simply supported boundary conditions. The results are validated based on the known data for thermomechanical responses of a functionally graded plate reported in the literature.     

Vibrations of axially moving flexible beams made of functionally graded materials

Problems related to the vibrations of axially moving flexible beams made of functionally graded materials are addressed. The problem of an axially moving beam may be interpreted as a telescopic system in which the mass is not constant, the mechanism of elastic deformation is transverse bending. A thin-walled beam with annular cross-section is analyzed, in which a continuously graded variation in the composition of ceramic and metal phases across the wall thickness with a simple power law is considered. In this paper a finite element scheme is employed to obtain numerical approximations to the variational equation of the problem. Normally, finite element approaches use fixed-size elements, however, for this kind of problems the increase of the number of elements, step by step as the mass enters, is a cumbersome task. For this reason an approach based on a beam-element of variable domain is adopted. The length of the element is a prescribed function of time. Results highlighting the effects of the beam flexibility, tip mass and material constituents on the dynamics of the axially moving beams are presented and the corresponding conclusions are given.     

Nonlinear thermomechanical post-buckling of circular FGM plate with geometric imperfection

Nonlinear thermomechanical post-buckling of an imperfect functionally graded material (FGM) circular plate, subjected to both mechanical load and transversely non-uniform temperature rise, is presented. The material properties of FGM plates are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. Based on von Kármán's plate theory, equilibrium equations governing a large axi-symmetric deformation of the FGM circular plate under thermomechanical loads are derived. In the analysis, the geometric imperfections of the plate are taken into account. By using a shooting method the nonlinear ordinary differential equations with immovably clamped boundary conditions are solved numerically. Responses for the nonlinear thermomechanical post-buckling responses of the FGM plate are obtained. Numerical examples are presented that relate to the performances of perfect and imperfect, homogenous and graded plates. Characteristic curves of the post-buckling deformation of the imperfect FGM circular plate varying with thermal loads, imperfection parameters and volume fraction index are plotted. And then effects of the load parameters, materials constitution, and the geometric imperfection of the plate on the deformation are discussed in detail.     

对带几何缺陷的FGM圆板的非线性热力学后屈曲现象的分析

带有几何缺陷FGM圆板的非线性热力学后屈曲现象是由力学荷载及横向不均匀温度升高导致的。基于组成材料的体积分数导致的能量分布法则,FGM板的材料特性假定在板厚度方向呈梯度变化。根据VonK偄rm偄n平板理论,推导出FGM板在温度荷载作用下的轴对称大变形的计算公式。在此分析中同时考虑了板的几何缺陷。通过运用目标法,解决了那些带有固定边界条件的非线性方程。数值算例中考虑了是否带有几何缺陷、均质或非均质的钢板。带缺陷FGM圆板的后屈曲变形特征曲线根据温度荷载、缺陷参数和体积分数的变化绘制而成。文中同时讨论了荷载参数、材料构成及板的几何缺陷对变形的影响。     

流形元法及其在工程中的应用

叙述了流形元法的原理和应用，依据林德璋和莫海鸿的工作，参照ＥＦＧ法（无单元伽辽金法）作了理论的协调，介绍了所形成的计算方法。这一方法特别适合于裂纹扩展、应力集中、渗流集中等问题，可以将连续介质及非连续介质结合起来。文中给出了工程实例。     

A simple time domain calculation method for transient heat transfer models

This paper presents a simple time domain calculation method to derive thermal response factors and conduction transfer conduction (CTF) coefficients of finite differential models for estimating transient heat transfer through building structures. It is developed on the basis of converting the matrix exponential function, which is a part of the solution of the state equation established from the finite differential equations of building finite differential models, to matrix polynomial. The thermal response factors and CTF coefficients can be easily derived from the matrix polynomial with simple arithmetic and integral in time domain. This method avoids the time-consuming root-finding process of conventional methods and the computation of all the internal temperature of the finite differential model, while utilizing the advantage of the thermal response factors/CTF coefficients which relate the desired outputs at a moment to the previous inputs through a set of coefficients. Various case studies were conducted to validate the performance of this time domain calculation method in calculating the thermal response factors and CTF coefficients of various order finite differential models.     

漠河多年冻土区砼灌注桩承载力形成时间数值分析

根据带内热源伴有相变瞬态温度场的控制方程,在空间域内用采用混合单元的有限元网格划分,在时间域内用有限差分格式划分的混合解法编制有限元计算程序。针对黑龙江省漠河多年冻土区场地,根据实验得到的不同水泥水化热释放热量,进行钻孔灌注桩周土体温度场数值计算,分析影响砼灌注桩冻结强度形成的因素和变化规律及原因。研究表明砼浇注温度、不同外加剂组合水化热放热量对桩壁土体温度有显著的影响。在漠河多年冻土区,建议混凝土外加剂选用粉煤灰+硅粉+早强剂+减水剂组成,灌注桩混凝土向冻土钻孔中浇注温度应控制在5℃,这样可以大大缩短混凝土灌注桩承载力形成时间。     

Non-linear analysis for the freezing–thawing situation of the rock surrounding the tunnel in cold regions under the conditions of different construction seasons, initial temperatures and insulations

In this paper, based on the governing differential equations of the problem of temperature field with phase change, the finite element formulae of this problem are obtained from Galerkin's method. An illustrative example of the temperature field in cold region tunnel under the conditions of the different construction seasons, different initial temperatures, different thicknesses and thermal conductivity of insulation material is provided. Then some significant results are presented, which can provide a reference for actual tunnel engineering designs in cold regions.     

2.5维有限元分析饱和地基列车运行引起的地面振动

从饱和土的Biot波动方程出发,通过对时间的Fourier变换得出频域内的波动方程,再结合边界条件利用Galerkin法推导出频域内的u–p格式的有限元方程。把轨道视为饱和地基上的Euler梁,通过沿轨道方向的波数变换将三维空间问题降为平面应变问题。将平面应变问题解答沿轨道方向进行波数扩展,最后通过快速Fourier逆变换求得三维时域–空间域内的地面振动响应。假设体波波阵面为半圆柱形式,推导出了适合饱和多孔介质2.5维有限元的黏弹性人工边界。验证了计算模型。结果表明：车速低时,弹性介质的竖向位移大于饱和介质;高速时,饱和介质竖向位移大于弹性介质。车速略微超过饱和土剪切波速时地面产生振动增大现象,随车速进一步增加位移幅值又逐渐减小,但随距离的增加衰减变慢,且得出了不同车速时孔隙水压力随深度的变化曲线。     

General analysis and application to redundant arches under static loading

The aim of this paper is to define an exact formulation of a curved beam finite element for static analysis. The basic equations are combined in the coupled fundamental system in terms of radial displacement v, tangential displacement u and rotation ϕ. An original procedure for solving the fundamental system of equations is used. A finite element formulation based on shape functions that satisfy the homogeneous form of the fundamental system of differential equations is developed. The effects of bending moment, axial extension and transverse shear are taken into account. The exact elastic solution renders the element obtained free of shear and membrane locking.An efficient numerical procedure is presented for determining the pressure curve in the case of circular arches under static loading and arbitrary bonding conditions. The solution obtained is applicable to the analysis of both thin and thick curved beams.Several examples of arches with various loading and boundary conditions are investigated to illustrate the validity and the accuracy of the method. Finally, the effect of the arch rise on the structural response is pointed out.     

基于广义热弹性理论的多孔地基在移动荷载作用下的特性研究

 基于广义热弹性理论,引入热松弛时间,对Biot波动方程进行修正,建立了考虑温度效应的多孔饱和地基在移动荷载作用下的动力控制方程。利用Fourier变换方法,得到地基中温度增量、应力、位移和孔隙水压力在变换域中的一般解,结合热源输入条件和地基边界条件,确立时域内的温度增量、应力、位移和孔隙水压力的积分形式解答。利用Fourier逆变换方法和自适应数值积分算法得到了相应的数值结果。结果可退化为静荷载作用下的弹性地基解答,并与经典Flamant解进行比较,显示出较好的一致性。通过数值计算讨论不同的热源输入对地基温度增量场、应力场、位移场以及孔隙水压力的影响。结果表明：温度增量场受热源输入条件的影响很小,而应力、位移和孔隙水压力受热源输入的影响很明显。     

移动荷载下正交各向异性地基无限大板的动力响应

以薄板理论和弹性动力学理论为前提,以位移分量为基本未知量,建立了直角坐标系下的移动谐振荷载作用下正交各向异性地基上覆无限大弹性板的力学模型和动力微分方程;然后用坐标变换和Fourier积分变换,且引入边界条件,推导了移动荷载作用下无限大板的挠度和薄板与地基之间的接触应力的积分形式解。基于推导的理论方法,编制了相应的计算程序,并对薄板表面作用线性谐振荷载问题进行了算例分析,验证了方法的正确性。最后,对移动谐振荷载作用下公路路面板的动力响应进行了参数分析,研究了土体参数、板参数、荷载速度、荷载频率对其影响规律。结果表明:土体的各向异性、板厚、板的弹性模量、荷载移动的速度和振动频率对板动力响应影响很大。