Combustion synthesis of VC/Fe composites under the action of an electric field

Composites of VC/Fe have been synthesized from reactant mixtures of graphite, iron, and ferrovanadium by a field-assisted combustion synthesis method in a Gleeble thermal simulation instrument. With the aid of a high electric current, a relatively low onset temperature for the combustion reaction, between 691 °C and 813 °C, could be achieved. The ignition temperature and ignition delay time of the reaction decreased with the increase of the reactant V content and the preset heating rate of the process, and the decrease of ferrovanadium particle size. These technologic parameters also affected the final phase and grain size of vanadium carbide particles in the products.     

预设升温速度对电场作用下Fe-Ti-C体系燃烧合成的影响

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟机,研究电场作用下预设升温速度对55wt%(Ti C)-45wt?体系在从室温加热至800℃过程中燃烧合成的影响,结果表明:预设升温速度对体系燃烧合成有较大影响,当预设升温速度为5℃/s时,不能实现燃烧合成;而在10～1500℃/s范围内,体系能实现燃烧合成,且点火温度大幅度降低,在336～742℃之间;随预设升温速度提高,点火温度降低,点火延迟时间缩短;合成产物主要由TiC、Fe和少量C组成,且随预设升温速度提高,TiC颗粒变小,并出现少量Fe2 Ti,但较低和过高的预设升温速度的合成产物中不会出现Fe2Ti.     

原料特征对电场诱导燃烧合成VC/Fe复合材料的影响

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟机,对电场作用下燃烧合成制备VC/Fe复合材料进行研究,探讨不同成分以及不同粒度等对体系燃烧合成的影响.结果表明,在电场作用下,Fe-V-C体系可以在较低温度(691～813℃)下发生合成VC的反应.体系成分、粒度对体系点火温度和合成产物有一定影响,对点火延迟时间影响很小,随V含量增加,体系点火温度降低,产物颗粒尺寸总体上呈增大趋势;反应物粒度越小,体系的点火温度越低,在一定粒度范围内,产物颗粒尺寸随反应物粒度的减小而增大.     

The effect of an electric field on the microstructural development during combustion synthesis of TiNi–TiC composites

The role of an externally imposed (contacting) electric field on the microstructural development during the synthesis of TiC–TiNi composites was investigated. Using elemental reactants, composites with 60 and 70 vol% TiNi were synthesized by the self-propagating combustion method. The field had a direct effect on the velocity and temperature of the combustion wave, and had an influence on the particle size of the TiC phase formed within the TiNi matrix. The average particle size increased by at least a factor of two (from about 2.5 to 5.5 μm for the 60 vol% TiNi samples and from 1.5 to 3.0 μm for the 70 vol% TiNi samples) as the field strength was increased from zero to about 5 V cm⁻¹. Although higher temperatures and wave velocities result in higher temperature gradients and thus an anticipation of shorter residence time at the highest temperatures, the presence of a liquid phase has apparently a more direct effect on TiC particle growth. In cases where no liquid is present the results are different, as will be reported in a subsequent paper.     

TiC颗粒增强Fe-Cu基复合材料制备方法

采用Gleeble-3500D热模拟机在电场下原位合成Fe-Cu-TiC复合材料,同时在真空炉中分别采用原位合成法及外加TiC颗粒法制备Fe-Cu-TiC复合材料,并对3种方法制取的Fe-Cu-TiC复合材料的显微组织结构及性能进行了对比研究。结果表明:相比真空炉原位合成法,电场作用下Fe-Cu-Ti-C体系能够在较低的温度(754℃)下实现合成反应且反应更加完全;电场下合成试样的相对致密度及显微硬度均高于真空炉下原位合成的试样。在真空炉内原位合成试样时,由于Ti与C反应不完全,生成的TiC颗粒增强相较少,导致其显微硬度低于外加颗粒法制取的试样;当最高加热温度为1000℃时,在真空炉中采用原位合成法及外加颗粒法制得试样的相对致密度没有明显差异。     

Effect of process parameter on the combustion temperature of laser-induced self-propagating high-temperature synthesized Al/TiC composites

Ignition phenomena in self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) of Al–C–Ti system were studied. The experiments were performed in quasi-adiabatic conditions. A CO₂ laser was used as external energy source and was set to the influence of Al content, laser power and particle sizes of powder on the ignition behavior. The results showed the combustion temperature depended strongly on Al content, laser power and particle sizes of Ti and C; but the particle size of Al had little effect on combustion temperature, at the same time, the effect of Al content on adiabatic combustion temperature, T_ad, was calculated. According to the calculation result, adiabatic temperature decreased with the increasing of Al content.     

TiC含量对TiC/Cu-Al_2O_3复合材料热变形行为的影响

采用真空热压-内氧化烧结法制备TiC体积分数分别为0、10 vol%、20 vol%的TiC/Cu-Al2O3复合材料,观察和分析了其显微组织、测试和分析了其性能;利用Gleeble-1500D热力模拟试验机,研究了3种复合材料在变形温度为450~850℃,应变速率为0.001~1 s-1条件下的热变形行为。结果表明,复合材料的相对密度在97.1%以上,随着TiC含量的增加,其导电率下降、硬度升高。TiC/Cu-Al2O3复合材料的真应力-真应变曲线主要以动态再结晶机制为特征,峰值应力随变形温度的降低或应变速率的升高而增加;高温变形条件下TiC/Cu-Al2O3复合材料流变应力本构方程可以用双曲线正弦方程和Z参数描述;其热变形激活能分别为163.939 k J/mol(0 vol%TiC)、164.142 k J/mol(10 vol%TiC)和210.762 k J/mol(20 vol%TiC)。     

Effect of hydrogen pressure on the combustion synthesis of Mg2NiH4

The aim of this work is to study the experimental production of a hydrogen storage alloy (Mg₂NiH₄) directly from a magnesium and nickel mixture without activation treatment by combustion synthesis in hydrogen. In this paper, the effect of hydrogen pressure on the hydriding combustion synthesis of Mg₂NiH₄ at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 MPa has been studied by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD results showed that the combustion products of all samples were composed mainly of Mg₂NiH_0.3 and Mg₂NiH₄ in spite of a slight remainder of Ni, in which the amount of Mg₂NiH₄ increased with increasing hydrogen pressure, but not very drastically. In addition, the DSC results showed several sharp heat-flow peaks during heating and cooling periods between room temperature and 850 K. It is suggested that the reaction mechanism of the hydriding combustion synthesis is not simple, but complicated with several endothermic and exothermic reactions with pressure dependence.     

Rapid synthesis of TiC/Ti3SiC2 composites by laser melting

TiC/Ti₃SiC₂ composites were successfully synthesized by laser melting (LM) technique using Ti–Si–TiC with a molar ratio of 1:1.2:2 as starting powders in the holding time range of 15–60 s. Phase content and microstructure of the synthesized samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The synthesis was extremely fast because the migration of solute mainly depended on the convection mixing of molten pool caused by intense laser beam which was far faster than the solid state diffusion by traditional methods. The apparent density and hardness of the composites are higher than Ti₃SiC₂ because of the existence of TiC phase.     

燃烧合成Al/Mg_2Si复合材料的热力学分析

通过计算Al-Mg-Si体系的自由焓及绝热温度,对Al-Mg-Si体系反应中可能发生的反应进行了预测。结果表明,Al-Mg-S体系在自蔓延反应条件下,只有Mg-Si之间能发生反应,当反应体系中有O2存在时,有MgO生成,Al不能参与反应。通过实验成功地制备了Al/Mg2Si复合材料,并验证了热力学分析结果。     

Study of formation behavior of TiC in the Fe-Ti-C system during combustion synthesis

TiC particles were prepared in situ by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) reaction in the Fe-Ti-C elemental powder mixture. The reaction behavior and formation route of synthesizing TiC in the Fe-Ti-C system were investigated. With Fe contents increasing, the adiabatic temperatures, reaction temperatures and TiC particles sizes obviously decreased. The addition of Fe promotes the reaction between Ti and C through a “bridging” effect. Fe plays an important role in controlling the reaction behavior and morphology of products, serving not only as a diluent to inhibit the TiC particles from growing, but also as an intermediate reactant to promote the reaction.     

Feasible process for producing in situ Al/TiC composites by combustion reaction in an Al melt

In situ Al/TiC composites with a homogeneous distribution of TiC reinforcements were prepared by adding a reactant mixture of Al-Ti-C to an Al melt. A certain amount of CuO addition facilitates a combustion reaction of the Al-Ti-C system and thereby enables the formation of in situ TiC at a reasonably low temperature range of 750–920 °C. Synthesised TiC particles with sizes of 1–2 μm are present in the Al matrix along with Al₃Ti. Besides the CuO addition, the melt temperature plays a significant role in the final microstructure of the composites. Increase in the melt temperature up to 920 °C with CuO provides more external heat input and initiates the combustion reaction within a few seconds. Pellet microstructure evidently shows that the polygonal Al₃Ti originates from the unreacted layer of which the distance is significantly shortens by increasing the melt temperature. The suppression of the Al₃Ti formation is the most likely to occur at 920 °C, with producing a large volume fraction of TiC in situ synthesised.     

Highly thermal conductive metal/carbon composites by pulsed electric current sintering

Various composites with metals such as aluminum and copper, and carbons such as pitch based carbon fiber and carbon nanotube, and scale-like graphite have been prepared to realize high thermal conductive materials utilizing pulsed electric current sintering method. The composites have high thermal conductivity and one- or two-dimensional low thermal expansion coefficient.     

Pulsed electric current sintered Fe3Al bonded WC composites

WC based composites with 5, 10 and 20 vol.% Fe₃Al binder were consolidated via pulsed electric current sintering (PECS) in the solid state for 4 min at 1200 °C under a pressure of 90 MPa. Microstructural analysis revealed a homogeneous Fe₃Al binder distribution, ultrafine WC grains and dispersed Al₂O₃ particle clusters. The WC-5 vol.% Fe₃Al composite combines an excellent Vickers hardness of 25.6 GPa with very high Young’s modulus of 693 GPa, a fracture toughness of 7.6 MPa m^1/2 and flexural strength of 1000 MPa. With increasing Fe₃Al binder content, the hardness and stiffness decreased linearly to 19.9 and 539 GPa, respectively with increasing binder content up to 20 vol.%, while the fracture toughness and flexural strength were hardly influenced by the binder content. Compared to WC–Co cemented carbides processed under exactly the same conditions, the WC–Fe₃Al composites exhibit a substantially higher hardness and Young’s modulus.     

Hydriding combustion synthesis of Mg–CaNi5 composites

The composites of Mg–x wt.% CaNi₅ (x = 20, 30 and 50) were prepared by hydriding combustion synthesis (HCS) and the phase evolution during HCS as well as the hydriding properties of the products were investigated. It was found that Mg reacted with CaNi₅ forming Mg₂Ni and Ca during the heating period of HCS. Afterwards, the resultant Mg₂Ni and Ca as well as the remnant Mg reacted with hydrogen during the cooling period. The lower platform in the P–C isotherms corresponds to the hydriding of Mg, and the higher one corresponds to Mg₂Ni. With the increase of the content of CaNi₅ from 20 to 50 wt.%, the hydrogen content of the HCS products increases at first and then decreases. The Mg–30 wt.% CaNi₅ composite has the maximum hydrogen capacity of 4.74 wt.%, and it can absorb 3.51 wt.% of hydrogen in the first hydriding process without activation.     

烧结温度对Ti2SnC/TiC复合材料摩擦磨损特性的影响

以Ti、Sn和C的单质粉体为原料,通过放电等离子烧结技术合成Ti2SnC和TiC的复合材料.研究烧结温度对Ti2SnC/TiC复合材料组织和摩擦磨损等性能的影响.结果表明,烧结温度低于700℃时,烧结块体主要由Ti6Sn5相组成;烧结温度升高到900～1000℃时相组成变为Ti2 SnC+ TiC;当温度高于1000℃时Ti2SnC有分解迹象.1000℃烧结的复合材料具有较低的硬度和较小的摩擦因数.     

Effects of TiC and Al4C3 addition on combustion synthesis of Ti2AlC

Preparation of the ternary carbide Ti₂AlC was conducted by combustion synthesis in the mode of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) from the elemental powder compacts of Ti:Al:C = 2:1:1, TiC-containing samples with TiC of 6.67–14.3 mol%, and Al₄C₃-containing samples with Al₄C₃ of 1.96–10 mol%. Effects of TiC and Al₄C₃ addition were studied on combustion characteristics and the degree of phase conversion. Due to the growth of laminated Ti₂AlC grains, the reactant compact was subjected to an axial elongation during the SHS process. Because the addition of TiC and Al₄C₃ led to a decrease in the reaction temperature, the flame-front propagation velocity was correspondingly reduced for the TiC- and Al₄C₃-containing samples when compared with the elemental reactants. Based upon the XRD analysis, formation of Ti₂AlC along with a secondary phase TiC was identified in the synthesized products. The grains of Ti₂AlC are typically plate-like with a size of 10–20 μm and several laminated Ti₂AlC grains form a layered structure. The content of Ti₂AlC yielded from the elemental powder compacts is about 85 wt%. The addition of TiC was found to facilitate the formation mechanism and therefore to enhance the extent of Ti₂AlC conversion approaching 90 wt%. As a result of the reduced exothermicity of the reaction, however, the content of Ti₂AlC decreased slightly in the products synthesized from the Al₄C₃-added samples.     

Effect of starting powders size on the Al2O3–TiC composites

Al₂O₃–TiC composites with a content of 30 wt% TiC with various size of starting powders were manufactured by hot pressing. The Vickers hardness, bending strength and fracture toughness were studied. The experiment results show that the starting powder size has a significant effect on the properties of the Al₂O₃–TiC composites. The maximum bending strength of the submicron Al₂O₃ with the fine TiC powders addition is 712 MPa, while the maximum fracture toughness of the same Al₂O₃ matrix with the large TiC powders addition is 6.5 MPa m^1/2.     

Fabrication and mechanical properties of FeAl/TiC composites

1　INTRODUCTIONOver the past few decades, considerable inves tigations have been carried out to identify alterna tive binders for cermets in order to improve theirmechanical properties and also to overcome certainshortcomings, such as high cost and density, lowoxidation and corrosion resistance, and environ mental toxicity[1, 2]. Iron aluminides are of particu lar interest due to their low cost and density, highspecific strength, environmental friendliness andexcellent oxidati…