Effect of VC addition on the microstructure and properties of Ti（C,N）-based nano cermets

In this paper, Ti(C,N)-based nano cermets were prepared by nano particles, and the effect of VC addition on the microstructure and properties of Ti(C,N)-based nano cermets was investigated. The results showed that there existed black-core grayish-rim structure as well as gray-core grayish-rim structure in VC-doped Ti(C,N)-based nano cermets. With the increase of VC addition, the number of gray cores increased, the lattice parameter of Ti(C,N) phase increased, the grain size decreased, the hardness and fracture toughness of Ti(C,N)-based nano cermets were enhanced, and nearly full densification could be achieved. However, excessive addition of VC to 1 wt% resulted in slight decrease in hardness and fracture toughness. Some deep dimples were found in the fracture surface of cermets with VC addition, which corresponded to ductile fracture.     

Effect of submicron Ti(C,N) on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of Ti(C,N)-based cermets

There is an increased industry demand for Ti(C,N)-based cermets with improved material properties. One of the parameters which are supposed to influence these properties is the mean particle size of the Ti(C,N) powder used. In this study the effects of a newly developed submicron Ti(C,N) powder grade on the properties of Ti(C,N)-based cermets, including hardness, toughness and microstructure were investigated. The cermets showed only small differences with respect to outgassing upon sintering (investigated by MS-EGA) as well as shrinkage (dilatometry). Cermet formulations with submicron Ti(C,N) could be sintered under identical conditions as with fine Ti(C,N), yielding completely dense bodies of A00 porosity. From SEM and XRD investigations it was found that submicron Ti(C,N) powders cause accelerated diffusion and homogenisation of the microstructure leading to a substantially increased amount of outer rim phase, a higher amount of inverse grains and substantially finer and less Ti(C,N) cores. Upon using submicron Ti(C,N), hardness (HV10) is increased and in one grade the fracture toughness (Palmqvist–Shetty) is increased as well.     

碳纳米管添加量对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷组织和力学性能的影响

采用真空烧结工艺制备了Ti(C, N)基金属陶瓷,通过XRD、TEM和SEM等手段研究碳纳米管(CNTs)对金属陶瓷组织和性能的影响.结果表明:与未加碳纳米管的基体组织相比,添加CNTs的金属陶瓷组织中具有"白芯-灰壳"结构的小颗粒大大增加,金属陶瓷晶粒逐渐细化且分布均匀;当CNTs添加量(质量分数)为0.5%时,Ti(C, N)基金属陶瓷的硬度可达90.9HRA;金属陶瓷的抗弯强度比未加碳纳米管的试样提高14.1%,可达2 180.7 MPa,其强化机制主要为细晶强化;金属陶瓷的断裂韧性比未加碳纳米管的试样提高18.5%,可达14.7 MPa·m1/2,CNTs对金属陶瓷强韧化机制主要为桥联作用、拔出效应和裂纹偏转作用.     

Effects of NiTi additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti(C,N)-based cermets

X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to observe and investigate the microstructure and fracture morphology of Ti(C,N)-based cermets added with NiTi alloy powder. A new ceramic phase is found with the structure of gray core, black inner rim, noncontinuous white inner rim and continuous gray outer rim. The fracture toughness and the transverse rupture strength have a distinct trend to increase with the increase of NiTi powder content in Ti(C,N)-based cermets, while the hardness has the opposite trend. Grain refinement and the increase of metallic phase are the dominant strengthening and toughening mechanisms. Additionally, the crack deflection and bridging may play an active role in improving the properties, as well as the special structure of large metallic binder containing many small ceramic particles. In cermets with a higher content of NiTi powder, the microcrack and the crack closure effect induced by martensitic transformation are advantageous to the mechanical properties.     

Effect of sintering time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of (Ti,Ta)(C,N)-based cermets

Complete solid-solution cermets based on titanium–tantalum carbonitride using a starting nominal composition with 80 wt.% of (Ti_0.8Ta_0.2)(C_0.5N_0.5) and 20 wt.% of Co were performed by pressure-less sintering at 1550 °C for different times (from 0 to 180 min) in an inert atmosphere. Chemical and phase analyses were conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). The binder mean free path and the contiguity of the carbonitride particles were used to rationalise the microstructural effects of the mechanical behaviour. Mechanical characterisation included determining the Vickers hardness, the fracture toughness (conventional indentation microfractures, IM), the dynamic Young's modulus (ultrasonic technique), the biaxial strength (ball on three ball) and a detailed fractographic examination. Finally, the experimental findings were combined with a theoretical fracture mechanics analysis to estimate the critical processing flaw sizes. Binder-less carbonitride clusters, pores and coarse carbonitride grains were the main defects observed and were responsible for the fractures.     

VC/Cr3C2对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷微观组织和力学性能的影响

研究VC/Cr3C2对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷微观组织和力学性能的影响.利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜结合能谱仪研究微观组织.测试横向断裂强度、硬度和断裂韧性等力学性能.结果表明:微观组织中存在“黑芯-灰壳”和“白芯-灰壳”结构;由于添加VC/Cr3C2,硬质相晶粒变细,添加0.75VC/0.25Cr3C2的金属陶瓷晶粒细化最明显;黑芯随着VC添加量的增加而变细,壳随着Cr3C2添加量的减少而变厚;孔隙率随着VC/Cr3C2中VC的量增加而增大;横向断裂强度和硬度均升高,并且均在添加0.25VC/0.75Cr3C2时达到最大值;按适当的VC和Cr3C2添加量比例添加VC/Cr3C2可以有效地使断裂韧性升高,并在添加0.5VC/0.5Cr3C2时取得最大值.     

CeO2添加量对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷显微结构和力学性能的影响

采用真空烧结工艺制备了(56-x)Ti(C0.5,N0.5)-20WC-3.5Mo2C-20(Co+ Ni)-xCeO2(x=0,0.05％,0.1％,0.2％)系列金属陶瓷,研究了CeO2添加量对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷显微结构和力学性能的影响.结果 表明:添加适量的CeO2有利于Ti(C,N)金属陶瓷显微组织细化,...     

二次颗粒尺寸和添加WC对双结构金属陶瓷组织和性能的影响

研究了二次颗粒尺寸和添加WC对双结构金属陶瓷组织和力学性能的影响,结果表明二次颗粒均匀地分布在基体中,随着添加WC含量的增加,组织中白芯灰壳结构和无芯结构增加。组织中发现了一种新的四层复合结构的硬质相。随着二次颗粒尺寸的增加,材料的断裂韧性提高,但抗弯曲度和硬度下降,而提高WC加入量,断裂韧性和抗弯曲度提高,但硬度有所下降。更高的断裂韧性主要归功于裂纹的分叉、桥接、偏转、微裂纹以及二次颗粒的拔出效应。     

Effects of molybdenum on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti（C,N）-based cermets with low Ni

The effects of Mo on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti（C,N）-based cermets with low Ni have been studied systematically. Different contents of Mo （4-12 wt.%） were added into Tl（C,N）-based cermets. Specimens were fabricated by conventional powder metallurgy and vacuum sintered at temperatures of 1440, 1450, and 1460℃ individually. The microstructure and fracture morphology were investigated by scanning electron microscope, and the mechanical properties such as transverse strength and hardness were measured. The results show that the microstructure is uniform and the thickness of rim phase is moderate when the content of Mo is 8 wt.%; the mechanical properties of the specimens sintered at 1450℃ are better than those sintered at 1440 and 1460℃. The integrated properties of transverse strength and hardness are the best when the content of Mo is 8 wt.% and the sintering temperature is 1450℃.     

Effect of WC addition and cooling rate on microstructure,magnetic and mechanical properties of Ti(C0.6,N0.4)-WC-Mo-Ni cermets

Ti(C_0.6,N_0.4)-8Mo-xWC-25Ni (x = 0, 3, 6 and 9 wt%) cermets were synthesized under different cooling rates by vacuum sintering. The influence of WC addition and cooling rate on microstructure, magnetic and mechanical properties of the as-prepared Ti(C,N)-based cermets was investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and physical property measurement system (PPMS). The results revealed that the grain size of the Ti(C,N)-based cermets became finer with WC addition. Furthermore, room-temperature saturation magnetization (M_s), remanence (M_r) and Curie temperature (T_c) of the Ti(C,N)-based cermets initially decreased with increasing WC content, followed by a gradual increase. Cermets bacame paramagnetic at x = 6 under the cooling rate of 2 °C/min, x = 6 and 9 under the cooling rate 35 °C/min, respectively. The decrease in magnetic properties could be ascribed to the enhanced solid solubility of alloy elements in Ni-based binder phase. Moreover, the hardness and transverse rupture strength (TRS) of the Ti(C,N)-based cermets initially increased and followed by a gradual decrease, whereas the fracture toughness initially decreased followed by an increase with increasing WC content. At the same value of x, the Ti(C,N)-based cermets exhibited better magnetic and mechanical properties at the cooling rate of 35 °C/min than that at the cooling rate of 2 °C/min, which could be attributed to the grain refinement strengthening and solid-solution strengthening of the binder phase.     

Microstructure and properties of CVD coated Ti(C,N)-based cermets with varying WC additions

In this paper, multilayer coatings of TiN/TiCN/Al₂O₃/TiN are deposited on the Ti(C, N)-based cermets containing WC, and the effect of WC on the growth and adhesion strength as well as the mechanical properties of the coating are investigated. The multilayer coatings deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are uniform and dense. TiN coating exhibits a dense fine-grained structures and the Ti (C,N) on TiN coating shows dense columnar structure. The α-Al₂O₃ layer deposited on transition coating presents coarse grains with limited voids. The grain size of the columnar crystals deposited on the substrates gradually decreases with WC addition. The Al₂O₃ layer shows a preferred growth orientation of (104) plane. For TiN/TiCN phase, a change in orientation from (111) to (200) is observed. Generally, the (200) preferred orientation enhances and (111) preferred orientation diminishes with increasing WC addition. Strong adhesion of the CVD coating is obtained due to a sufficient amount of chemical elements, especially tungsten, diffusing from the substrate to the interfacial layer. Scratch tests show that the adhesion strength of TiN/TiCN/Al₂O₃/TiN films gradually increases firstly, and then decreases. With the addition of WC, the hardness, elastic modulus and plasticity index increase at the beginning, and then decrease. The change in nanohardness and elastic modulus is related to the grain size, elemental diffusion, and preferred orientation of the coating.     

Effect of carbon content and cooling mode on the microstructure and properties of Ti(C,N)-based cermets

Ti(C,N)-based cermets were prepared by vacuum liquid sintering. The effects of carbon content as well as cooling mode on the microstructure, magnetic and mechanical properties of the cermets were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Hardness and transverse rupture strength (TRS) were also measured. The grains of Ti(C,N)-based cermets became finer and solid solubility of titanium, molybdenum, tungsten in binder phases decreased with increasing carbon content. The thickness of the rim phases increased when the cermet was annealed at 1360 °C for 30 min during cooling, which resulted in the decrease of the hardness and the transverse rupture strength (TRS). On the other hand, the magnetic saturation of Ti(C,N)-based cermets increased with increasing carbon content, which was due to the decrease of the solid solution of alloy elements in binder phases.     

Ultrafine (Ti, M)(C, N)-based cermets with optimal mechanical properties

A tough and strong cermet with the composition (Ti,20M,0.2V)(C,N)-16M-20Ni/Co (M = W,Mo) was prepared by mixing WC and Mo₂C with ultrafine (Ti,M)(C,N) powders, and then, processed via a conventional P/M technique. It has an ultrafine and distinct core/rim structure, resulting in excellent mechanical properties: bending strength of 2210 MPa, HV hardness of 14.7 GPa and toughness of 10.1 MPa m^1/2. The small concentration gradient in core/rim composition and the disappearance of inner rims benefit the reduction of the stress concentration at the core/rim interface in (Ti,M)(C,N)-M_xC cermets, and thus improve their toughness. In addition, ultrafine microstrucure improves mainly their bending strength and hardness.     

Effect of secondary carbides addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of (Ti, W, Mo, V)(C, N)-based cermets

(Ti, W, Mo, V)(C, N)-based cermets were prepared by mixing Mo₂C, WC and TaC with ultrafine (Ti, W, Mo, V)(C, N) powders, and then processed via a conventional P/M technique. The effect of Mo₂C, WC and TaC on the microstructure and mechanical properties of (Ti, W, Mo, V)(C, N)-8 wt.% Ni-7 wt.% Co systems was investigated. The Mo₂C content was varied from 0 to 10 wt.% and additive WC or TaC was added at a level of 5 wt.% with Mo₂C addition. The results show that the densification of (Ti, W, Mo, V)(C, N)-8 wt.% Ni-7 wt.% Co cermets was improved significantly by the addition of Mo₂C. With the increase of Mo₂C content, there is a coarsening tendency in the microstructure of (Ti, 20W, 15Mo, 0.2V)(C, N)-8Ni-7Co system, but the refinement for (Ti, 15W, 5Mo, 0.2V)(C, N)-8Ni-7Co. TaC addition decreases the density of (Ti, 15W, 5Mo, 0.2V)(C, N)-10Mo₂C-8Ni-7Co cermet and thus weakens its bending strength. (Ti, 15W, 5Mo, 0.2V)(C, N)-10Mo₂C-5WC-8Ni-7Co cermet has optimal mechanical properties: bending strength of 1999 MPa, hardness (H_v) of 1677 MPa and toughness of 9.95 MPa m^1/2 respectively by adding WC, which is due to its ultrafine and weak core/rim structure.     

Structures and properties of TiAlCrN coatings deposited on Ti(C,N)-based cermets with various WC contents

In this paper, the Ti(C,N)-based cermets with various WC contents were used as the substrates of TiAlCrN coatings. The influence of WC addition on the structures and properties of the coatings was investigated. Besides, cutting tests on the coated cermet inserts were conducted under different conditions. The results indicated that the cermet substrates with finer grains provided more nucleation to the coatings. The grain size of the coating decreased with increasing WC contents in the substrate. W diffused from the substrates to coatings, which deteriorated the adhesion between TiAlCrN coatings and the cermet substrates. The coated cermet inserts presented better cutting performance, when WC was added to the substrates. However, the cutting performance of the coated cermet inserts was weaken when the addition of WC was more than 10 wt%.     

Effect of sintering on microstructures and properties of sub-micron Ti （C, N）-based cermets

The influence of different sintering processes, including vacuum sintering, vacuum sintering followed by HIP and sintering-HIP, on the microstructure and properties of sub-micron Ti(C,N) cermets with various binder contents was studied. Image analysis based on back-scattered electrons image observations was used to determine the morphologic and structural characteristics. Transverse rupture strength(TRS), hardness, fracture toughness were measured and TRS data were treated by Weibull statistics further. It is shown that a very significant improvement in TRS can be obtained by HIP or sintering-HIP treatment for the alloys with lower and middle binder content at the controlled cooling rate, but the effect is not obvious for the alloys with higher binder content. HIP is also helpful for improving the hardness of sub-micron Ti(C,N) cermets, however, but can lower the fracture toughness. The varia-tion of these properties was interpreted in terms of the difference in morphologic and structural characteristics.     

Cutting performances, mechanical property and microstructure of ultra-fine grade Ti(C, N)-based cermets

The two cutting tools obtained from ultra-fine grade Ti(C, N)-based cermets were tested in the dry cutting of a medium carbon steel (AISI1045). Microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. Wear mechanisms (mainly diffusion and oxidation) were investigated in detail and compared each other in order to better understand key aspects due to thermal wear mechanisms. Comparing tool A with B, under the adopted cutting conditions, the tool A has a better resistance to oxidation deformation in machining medium carbon steel due to the higher hardness, although tool B has higher bending strength and fracture toughness.     

纳米TiN改性Ti（C, N）基金属陶瓷的组织和性能

采用真空烧结法制备纳米TiN改性的Ti（C, N）基金属陶瓷,研究不同金属相对纳米改性Ti（C, N）基金属陶瓷组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：除经典的黑芯/灰壳组织外,添加纳米TiN的金属陶瓷在黑芯内还出现灰芯结构;纳米TiN主要分布在陶瓷相颗粒的晶界处;相对于未添加纳米TiN的金属陶瓷,添加纳米TiN粉末能明显提高金属陶瓷的抗弯强度、硬度与断裂韧性;对纳米TiN改性的金属陶瓷而言,金属相Ni能提供更好的抗弯强度与断裂韧性,而金属相Co则能带来更高的硬度。     

细晶粒TiCN-Co金属陶瓷的显微结构与力学性能

采用纳米TiN、亚微米TiC和Mo等原材料,以金属Co作为粘结剂,利用真空烧结技术制备了细晶粒Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷材料,研究了所得金属陶瓷的显微结构和力学性能.结果显示:金属陶瓷的组织中有黑芯.灰壳结构和白芯.灰壳结构;Mo的加入使金属陶瓷的显微组织细化,当Mo的加入量为15%时,硬质相颗粒粒径小于lyre;15%的Mo加入量所得的细晶粒金属陶瓷与未加入Mo的金属陶瓷比较,其抗弯强度增加,硬度变化不明显,密度和断裂韧性降低.     

Influence of preparation process on sintering behavior and mechanical properties of ultrafine grained Ti（C, N）-based cermets

The influences of forming and sintering processes on distortion, cracking as well as mechanical properties of sintered bodies of ultrafine grained Ti（C, N）-based cermets were investigated. The results show that lubricant is indispensable to fabrication of ultrafine Ti（C, N）-based cermets, however, with low binder content in powder mixture, the lubrication action of paraffin is attenuated. A appropriate level of 2% （mass fraction） paraffin is determined for a cermet with binder content of 36% （mass fraction）. It is also found that the influence of compaction pressure on distortion and cracking of sintered bodies presents a complex relationship. A relatively lower or higher compaction pressure, less than 100 MPa and more than 400 MPa respectively, favors uniform density distribution in green compact. The heating rate of sintering should be strictly controlled. Too fast heating rate results in enclosed pores to burst and forms large size pores in sintering body. A heating rate of 3 ℃/min is recommended.