Effect of adding citrus waste water, thyme and oregano essential oil on the chemical, physical and sensory characteristics of a bologna sausage

The industrial transformation of citrus fruits generates large quantities of co-products rich in bioactive compounds that may well be suitable for other purposes. One such co-product is the water used in the process of obtaining fibre from orange. It was found that the addition of citrus waste water (5–10%) obtained as co-product during the extraction of dietary fibre and oregano or thyme essential oils (0.02%) to the bologna samples reduced the residual nitrite levels and the degree of lipid oxidation. The flavonoids hesperidin and narirutin were detected in all the samples, while those prepared with 5% of citrus waste water and 0.02% of either essential oil were the most highly valued from a sensory point of view.

Industrial relevance

The object of the present work was to study the effect of adding different concentrations (5–10%) of orange juice waste water obtained as co-product during the extraction of dietary fibre, and oregano or thyme essential oils (0.02%), on the chemical, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of a bologna-type sausage, to extend its shelf life. Addition of orange juice waste water and spices essential oil had a significant effect on shelf-life extension because of a reduction of the lipid oxidation degree.     

天然防腐剂柠檬烯在橙汁保鲜中的应用

对柠檬烯乳化及其在橙汁保鲜中的应用进行研究。乳化实验结果表明,添加20g/L 的蔗糖酯SE-15,乳化效果最好,离心前后吸光变化率为26.70%。橙汁保鲜实验结果表明,添加0.25g/L 的柠檬烯保鲜效果较差,贮存期间细菌总数变化,只有第4 天明显低于空白对照,pH 值和感官品质与空白对照相比,始终无明显差异;而添加大于等于0.50g/L 的柠檬烯,保鲜效果明显,在整个检测过程中,细菌总数、pH 值变化和感官品质都明显优于空白对照。     

Quality degradation kinetics of pasteurised and high pressure processed fresh Navel orange juice: Nutritional parameters and shelf life

A kinetic study of post processing quality loss was conducted after high pressure processing (600 MPa, 40 °C, 4 min) or thermal pasteurisation (80 °C, 60 s) of fresh Navel orange juice. Selection of processing conditions was mainly based on pectin methylesterase inactivation. Ascorbic acid loss, colour, viscosity and sensory characteristics were measured during storage at different isothermal conditions (0–30 °C). Increased shelf life (based on ascorbic acid retention) was achieved for high pressurised compared to thermally pasteurised juice, ranging from 49% (storage at 15 °C) to 112% (storage at 0 °C). Activation energy values for ascorbic acid loss were 68.5 and 53.1 kJ/mol, respectively, for high pressurised and thermally treated juice. High pressure processing resulted in better retention of flavour of untreated juice and superior sensory characteristics compared to thermal pasteurisation. Colour change was linearly correlated to ascorbic acid loss for both types of processing. Slightly higher apparent viscosity values were determined for high pressurised juice.Industrial relevanceApplication of high hydrostatic pressure on orange juice industry. Fresh orange juice is a product of high commercial and nutritional value due to its rich vitamin C content and its desired sensory characteristics. High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) is an alternative non-thermal technology that has been proposed for application on orange juice. Such a treatment denaturates enzymes and eliminates microorganisms responsible for spoilage of orange juice without detrimental effects on the sensory and nutritional quality of juice. The effect of HHP on the stability of fresh orange juice has been studied by different research groups, while orange juices processed with the new technology have already been commercially available in Japan, U.S.A., Mexico and Europe. However, a systematic kinetic approach of the effect of HHP on different quality indexes (not only microbial spoilage) immediately after processing, as well as during a long term storage of the processed orange juice is needed, in order to achieve an optimal process design and a successful application of the new technology in orange juice industry. Such kinetic data for parameters related to the quality and nutritional value of fresh orange juice were gathered in the present work providing therefore industry with useful information for the HHP stabilization of orange juice and the production of a high quality product. Due to the great benefits of HHP compared to the conventional pasteurization that emerged from this work regarding the quality, shelf life and nutritional characteristics of fresh orange juice, HHP technology is an advantageous alternative process for high valued products like orange juice.     

Comparative study on shelf life of orange juice processed by high intensity pulsed electric fields or heat treatment

The effects of high intensity pulsed electric fields (HIPEF) processing (35 kV/cm for 1,000 μs; bipolar 4-μs pulses at 200 Hz) on the microbial shelf life and quality-related parameters of orange juice were investigated during storage at 4 and 22 °C and compared to traditional heat pasteurization (90 °C for 1 min) and an unprocessed juice. HIPEF treatment ensured the microbiological stability of orange juice stored for 56 days under refrigeration but spoilage by naturally occurring microorganisms was detected within 30 days of storage at 22 °C. Pectin methyl esterase (PME) of HIPEF-treated orange juice was inactivated by 81.6% whereas heat pasteurization achieved a 100% inactivation. Peroxidase (POD) was destroyed more efficiently with HIPEF processing (100%) than with the thermal treatment (96%). HIPEF-treated orange juice retained better color than heat-pasteurized juice throughout storage but no differences (p<0.05) were found between treatments in pH, acidity and °Brix. Vitamin C retention was outstandingly higher in orange juice processed by HIPEF fitting recommended daily intake standards throughout 56 days storage at 4 °C, whereas heat-processed juice exhibited a poor vitamin C retention beyond 14 days storage (25.2–42.8%). The antioxidant capacity of both treated and untreated orange juice decreased slightly during storage. Heat treatments resulted in lower free-radical scavenging values but no differences (p<0.05) were found between HIPEF-processed and unprocessed orange juice.     

Effects of ultrafiltration combined with high-pressure processing,ultrasound and heat treatments on the quality of a blueberry–grape–pineapple–cantaloupe juice blend

This study investigated the effect of ultrafiltration (UF) combined with high-pressure processing (HPP) at 550 MPa, 25 °C for 5 min, ultrasound (US) at 520 W, 40 °C for 10 min and heat treatment (HT) at 90 °C for 3 min on the microbial, physicochemical and sensory properties of a blueberry–grape–pineapple–cantaloupe juice blend during 104 days of storage at 4 °C. After UF, the shelf life of the HPP- and US-treated clear juice blends were 104 and 72 days during the storage at 4 °C respectively. HPP, US and HT treatment minimally affected the anthocyanin and total phenol contents, while HPP better maintained the ascorbic acid levels and sensory properties in the clear juice blend during the storage. Therefore, HPP combined with UF was identified as a prospective processing technique in the fruit juice industry.     

Flavor Evaluation and Volatile Flavor Constituents of Stored Aseptically Packaged Orange Juice

Samples of commercial orange juice packaged aseptically and stored at 21°C and 26°C were evaluated weekly by a sensory panel using hedonic ratings. Flavor scores were significantly lower than control juice and unacceptable after 1 wk at 26°C and 2 wk at 21°C. The flavor score decreased to 50–60% of the starting value during 6 wk storage. The volatile components, α-terpineol and ethyl acetate, increased during storage. A component not identified earlier as a volatile citrus component was identified as 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol. This and the observed increase in ethyl acetate during storage might have come from the laminated multilayered package liner. Limonene in juice decreased about 40% during storage. Other major volatile components did not change markedly.     

Use of Banana Peel Extract To Stabilise Antioxidant Capacity and Sensory Properties of Orange Juice During Pasteurisation and Refrigerated Storage

Banana peel extract (BPE) was added to freshly squeezed orange juices (FSJ) and orange juices from concentrate (JFC), in order to evaluate if it stabilises their antioxidant activity, sensory attributes and physicochemical characteristics after heat treatment and during refrigerated storage. Mild pasteurisation increased shelf life in refrigeration for both types of orange juice, although JFC was more stable than FSJ. Antioxidant activity, determined as ABTS^?+ scavenging capacity, tends to decrease with refrigeration time. However, when BPE was added, pasteurised juices tend to have greater capacity to scavenge ABTS^?+ over time. No relevant effects were observed on the capacity to inhibit lipid peroxidation. Panellists found it extremely difficult to detect differences between juices with BPE and conventional ones. Moreover, panellists found the juices with BPE were more acceptable than conventional ones, although some modifications became more evident over time. The sensory quality of the JFC remained more stable during storage than that of FSJ. Juice colour changed slightly after heat treatment, but these changes tended to disappear over time. Adding BPE increased the total soluble solid content in all FSJ and in unpasteurised JFC. Adding BPE or pasteurising did not produce significant changes in pH in either type of juice. An increase of pH and acidity was detected in all the FSJ (except in acidity of juices without BPE) with time of refrigeration.     

Cellulose acetate as a selective sorbent for limonin in orange juice

Cellulose acetate as flake or powder is an efficient and selective sorbent for removing the bitter principle limonin from orange juice. Treatment of orange juice serum with powder (10 g/litre) removed 44–70% of the limonin content in less than an hour, at the same time removing relatively negligible amounts of hesperidin and ascorbic acid. Similar amounts of limonin could be removed by agitating the whole juice with cellulose acetate flakes held in open mesh bags which allowed contact between the enclosed flakes and the juice. Other materials, including related carbohydrate derivatives and polymers, were tested but only cellulose acetate butyrate shared the unusual sorptive properties of cellulose acetate.     

橙汁储藏期非酶褐变控制与感官评定

橙汁作为世界上销量最大的果汁类饮品,其储藏过程中的褐变一直是研究领域的一大难题.综述了目前抑制橙汁褐变的一些方法,并介绍了橙汁储藏过程中的感官评定方法,为橙汁褐变的研究提供一定的理论基础.     

Evaluation of total phenol content and antioxidant properties of encapsulated grape seed extract in yoghurt

The effect of encapsulated (En) and nonencapsulated (NE) grape seed extract (GSE) at 1% level added to milk before its fermentation was evaluated on the physicochemical properties, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the resulting yoghurt. Encapsulated GSE resulted in a product comparable to the control, based on sensory properties, acidity, water‐holding capacity, viscosity and colour, along with a threefold increase in total phenolic content and fourfold increase in antioxidant activity. The GSE addition resulted in no effect on the viability of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus subsp. delbrueckii counts. The product with NE‐GSE had poor sensory properties and lesser polyphenol stability during storage as compared to En‐GSE yoghurt.     

Consumer-perception,nutritional, and functional studies of a yogurt with restructured elderberry juice

We investigated the effects of supplementation of yogurt with elderberry juice (Sambucus nigra L.), in both natural and restructured forms, on certain technological, physicochemical, sensory, and health-promoting properties of yogurt, including antioxidant activity and inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), α-amylase, and α-glucosidase activity. Consumer acceptance of the yogurt-juice products was assessed. Gel-strength restructured elderberry juice retained a spherical shape and most of the juice, despite decreasing in mass from 57.2 to 50.9 g during storage. As a result, yogurt supplemented with 10 and 25% restructured elderberry juice appeared to be more desirable from a sensory and technological perspective than yogurt with natural juice. Yogurt supplemented with restructured elderberry juice had a high water-holding capacity (94.4–96.4%), exhibited no spontaneous whey syneresis, and maintained a dense consistency (up to 5,626 g). Consumer penalty analysis of the just-about-right diagnostic attributes indicated that the flavor of these yogurts may not be sufficiently refreshing. High correlation was demonstrated between ACE inhibition, ABTS, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase in yogurt supplemented with restructured juice. An in vitro gastrointestinal simulation estimated bioaccessibility of antioxidants to be in the range of 62 to 66%. This model fermented yogurt supplemented with restructured elderberry juice is a novel dairy-juice beverage that represents a new approach for the development of functional fruit yogurt beverages.     

Changes in Quality and Nutritional Parameters During Refrigerated Storage of an Orange Juice–Milk Beverage Treated by Equivalent Thermal and Non-thermal Processes for Mild Pasteurization

The effects of high-pressure (HP) treatment (400?MPa at 42 °C for 5 min) and pulsed electric field (PEF) processing (25 kV/cm at 57 °C for 280 μs) on ascorbic acid, total carotenoids, total phenolic compounds and total antioxidant capacity (TEAC and ORAC) of an orange juice–milk (OJ-M) beverage along the storage time at 4 °C were compared with a conventional heat preservation technology used in industry (90 °C for 15 s). During storage, ascorbic acid, total carotenoids and antioxidant capacity (TEAC) depleted with time regardless of the treatment applied. Instead, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity measured by the ORAC method increased at the end of the storage. Non-thermal-treated beverage had less non-enzymatic browning than the thermally pasteurized one. There were no significant variations in the hidroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content of the HP- and PEF-treated OJ-M, whilst a significant increase was obtained after thermal treatment. During refrigerated storage, HMF was always below the maximum values established. The HP treatments reduced the L* value of the treated beverages immediately after processing and during refrigerated storage and induced an increase in total colour differences of beverages treated by HP compared with PEF and thermally processed orange juice–milk. Hence, alternative methods such as HP and PEF may give new opportunities to develop orange juice–milk with an equivalent shelf life to that of thermally treated orange juice mixed with milk in terms of microbial, physicochemical and nutritional characteristics.     

银杏叶提取液与竹醋液流化冰对鲳鱼冰藏期间品质变化的影响

研究银杏叶提取液流化冰与竹醋液流化冰对鲳鱼冰藏期间品质变化的影响。将新鲜鲳鱼运至实验室,清洗后随机分组,分别用体积分数1%银杏叶提取液与体积分数1%竹醋液制得的流化冰进行冰藏处理,以普通流化冰处理后的样品为对照组。贮藏期间,分别于第0、5、9、12、15、18天进行各组样品的感官、理化(质构、电导率、pH值、K值、硫代巴比妥酸值、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basis nitrogen,TVB-N)含量)与微生物(菌落总数、假单胞菌总数和希瓦氏菌总数)指标分析,并结合低场核磁共振技术对冰藏鲳鱼品质变化的影响进行综合评价。结果得出:与对照组相比,银杏叶提取液和竹醋液流化冰处理组均能较好保持样品的感官品质与质构特性,延缓其电导率值、pH值、K值、TVB-N含量与微生物指标的上升,减慢鱼肉的氧化速率。银杏叶提取液与竹醋液流化冰处理能使鲳鱼的冰藏期从9~12 d分别延长至15~16 d和17~18 d。     

超高压和高温短时杀菌对NFC橙汁品质的影响

本文对比了超高压（Ultral high pressure processing,HPP,600 MPa,1 min）和高温短时（High temperature short time,HTST,110℃,8.6 s）杀菌处理对非浓缩还原（Not from concentrate,NFC）橙汁处理前后及4℃、25 d贮藏期内微生物、基本理化指标以及颜色、稳定性、生物活性成分、抗氧化活性等品质的影响,并在贮藏期末对杀菌橙汁进行了感官评价。结果表明,HPP和HTST处理后NFC橙汁菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌、乳酸菌、嗜冷菌均降低至检测限以下（<10 CFU/mL）,储藏25 d后HPP处理橙汁微生物仍未检出,符合国家果蔬汁饮料行业标准《NY/T 434-2016》,而HTST处理橙汁在贮藏期末菌落总数和霉菌酵母数量开始增加。HPP处理对橙汁色泽的L*、b*值无显著影响（P>0.05）,使a*值显著增大（P<0.05）,总色差ΔE低于HTST处理。HPP处理对橙汁悬浮稳定性的保持和果胶甲基酯酶（Pectin methylesterase,PME）的钝化效果较差,处理后HPP组和HTST组PME残留活性分别为92.31%和14.42%,贮藏末期分别为30.77%和0.03%,贮藏期间HPP组悬浮稳定性下降了95.45%。HPP处理显著提高了NFC橙汁的总酚含量13.50%（P<0.05）,对维生素C含量、DPPH自由基清除能力、FRAP铁离子还原能力、综合感官评价无显著影响（P>0.05）,显著高于HTST处理橙汁（P<0.05）。综上所述,HPP处理有助于保持橙汁的营养和感官品质,保留新鲜风味,比HTST处理更具优势,但对PME酶的钝化效果有待提高。     

基于色谱质谱联用技术分析纽荷尔脐橙果汁及其果酒的香气成分和苦味物质

为了研究纽荷尔脐橙果汁、果酒的香气成分及其苦味物质,本文通过顶空固相微萃取技术富集其中香味物质并采用气相-质谱联用技术测定所含物质及相对含量。其中果汁中鉴定化合物31种,主要成分为D-柠檬烯(33.74%)和巴伦西亚橘烯(25.12%);果酒中鉴定化合物27种,主要成分为4-萜烯醇(13.45%)、芳樟醇(8.54%)、苯乙醇(8.45%)以及高级脂肪酸乙酯。通过QuEChERS前处理方法,PSA填料净化,采用液相-质谱联用技术测定果汁、果酒中苦味物质含量,其中果汁中主要苦味物质为橙皮苷(13.4 μg/mL)、柠檬苦素(4.43 μg/mL)、橙皮素(0.02 μg/mL)、诺米林(0.07 μg/mL),果酒中主要苦味物质为橙皮苷(16.7 μg/mL)、柠檬苦素(0.05 μg/mL)、橙皮素(0.08 μg/mL)。酿造过程中,柠檬苦素通过酵母发酵、酶的作用等原因逐渐降解,转变为没有苦味的脱氢柠檬苦素及酸类,因此果酒中柠檬苦素的含量降低至0.05 μg/mL,橙皮苷和橙皮素的含量没有显著变化。     

Fructooligosaccharide fortification of selected fruit juice beverages: Effect on the quality characteristics

Fortification of selected fruit juice beverages (Pineapple, Mango and Orange juice) with fructooligosaccharides (FOSs), a low calorie prebiotic has been discussed. Results indicated that sucrose which is usually used as a sweetener in fruit juice beverages can be partially substituted with FOS without significantly affecting the overall quality. The fruit juice beverages were evaluated for physicochemical and sensory changes during 6 months storage period at ambient (25 ± 2 °C) and refrigeration temperature (4 °C). The pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and colour did not change significantly (P ≥ 0.05) during storage. The initial FOS content of pineapple, mango and orange juice beverages was 3.79, 3.45, and 3.62 g/100 mL. The FOS content of the fruit juice beverages stored at refrigeration temperature was 2.00-2.39 g/100 mL after 6 months of storage and 2.69-3.32, 1.65-2.08 and 0.38-0.58 g/100 mL at the second, fourth and sixth months of storage at ambient temperature respectively. The sensory analysis showed that the beverages were acceptable up to 4 and 6 months storage at ambient and refrigeration temperature respectively.     

Rosemary Extract in Combination with ɛ-Polylysine Enhance the Quality of Chicken Breast Muscle during Refrigerated Storage

Chicken breast muscle was treated with rosemary extract combined with ?-polylysine, and its quality was assessed throughout 10 days during refrigerated storage. Characteristics of peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid, total volatile basic nitrogen, K value, pH, color, sensory, and bacteriological were all periodically analyzed. Rosemary extract plus ?-polylysine treatment effectively improved physicochemical and sensory quality parameters, and reduced microbial growth as compared with rosemary extract or ?-polylysine alone or the control. Therefore, the treatment of rosemary extract combined with ?-polylysine could be a promising method of extending shelf life and maintaining storage quality of chicken breast muscle during refrigerated storage.     

橙汁混浊的稳定性

研究成熟度、制汁工艺、酶处理、贮藏条件对橙汁混浊稳定性影响。结果表明：随着成熟度增加,橙汁混浊度呈上升趋势;胶体磨细微化可以增加果浆中果胶、可溶性果胶的溶出,果胶含量显著增加(P ＜ 0.05);果胶酯酶(PE)活性影响橙汁混浊稳定性,应完全钝化;采用果胶酶酶解会破坏橙汁浑浊稳定性,木瓜蛋白酶酶解橙汁浑浊度的影响不明显;4℃和15℃贮藏对橙汁混浊度的影响不显著(P ＞ 0.05),25℃贮藏对橙汁混浊度降低影响显著(P ＜ 0.05),常温贮藏不利于保持橙汁混浊稳定性。     

Differentiation of Fresh Greek Orange Juice of the Merlin Cultivar According to Geographical Origin Based on the Combination of Organic Acid and Sugar Content as well as Physicochemical Parameters Using Chemometrics

The aim of the present study was to differentiate fresh Greek orange juice prepared from the Merlin cultivar according to geographical origin, based on organic acid/sugar content, and physicochemical parameter analysis, using chemometrics. For this purpose, oranges were collected during the harvesting period 2013–2014 from four different regions in Greece where Merlin oranges are produced. The analysis of organic acids and sugars was performed using a modified high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC–DAD/RI) method. Applying MANOVA and LDA analysis to the collected data, orange juices were successfully classified according to geographical origin (correct classification rate 83.3%). For validation purposes of the applied model, oranges from the harvesting period 2014–2015 were also collected and new instrumental and chemometric analysis carried out involving orange juice from both harvesting periods. Cumulative results showed that the classification rate remained practically constant, recording a correct classification rate of 80.4%, confirming the discriminatory power of the applied model. In order to further improve the overall classification rate, physicochemical parameter data were subjected to chemometric analysis along with organic acid and sugar content data. Results showed that the combination of organic acids, sugars, and physicochemical parameters somewhat increased the overall correct prediction rate to 82.0%. Present results enhance the potential of multi-parameter analysis for the correct geographical differentiation of Greek fresh orange juice, aiding to product quality and authenticity control.     

Flavanone glycosides in Brazilian orange juice

Authentic samples of oranges, frozen concentrated orange juice and pulp-wash, and retail samples of freshly squeezed orange juice and frozen concentrated orange juice have been collected in Brazil and analysed for the flavanone glycosides (FG) narirutin and hesperidin by reversed phase HPLC with UV detection at 280 nm. The juice from hand-squeezed fruit gave narirutin and hesperidin concentrations of 16–142 mg l⁻¹ and 104–537 mg l⁻¹, respectively. The ratio of hesperidin to narirutin showed varietal difference with Pera having the highest ratio (mean 8.4) and Baı́a the lowest (3.6). Frozen concentrated orange juice contained higher quantities of FG with narirutin ranging from 62 to 84 mg l⁻¹ and hesperidin from 531 to 690 mg l⁻¹ (after dilution to 12 °Brix). In frozen concentrated orange juice pulp-wash, the narirutin level ranged from 155 to 239 mg l⁻¹ and hesperidin from 1089 to 1200 mg l⁻¹. The analysis of 23 samples of freshly squeezed juice from the Brazilian market place showed that the FG content of most samples (9.1 to 94.8 and 105.8 to 586.6 mg l⁻¹, respectively, for narirutin and hesperidin) was similar to those found for authentic ones, indicating that these orange juices were not adulterated.