基于粘聚单元模型的平整冰-竖直圆柱体碰撞数值模拟

基于非线性有限元数值方法,引入粘聚单元模型并结合线性软化弹塑性本构模型,对平整冰与竖直固定圆柱体碰撞进行了数值模拟,研究了碰撞过程中平整冰的破坏模式和柱体所受冰载荷。数值模拟结果与实际观测到的冰层撞击灯塔时的破坏模式进行了比较,两者吻合良好;随后分别分析了粘聚单元破坏准则和碰撞速度对圆柱体所受水平冰载荷的影响。结果表明:柱体所受水平冰载荷受粘聚单元破坏准则影响有限,与碰撞速度呈正相关且平均冰载荷的增长速度稍高于线性增长。     

基于黏聚单元法的冰-柱碰撞流固耦合计算方法研究

在采用黏聚单元法模拟海洋结构物与海冰的相互作用过程中，大多未考虑水的作用，与实际应用场景不符。基于LS-DYNA有限元软件，构建两种不同厚度的黏聚单元冰模型，采用S-ALE流固耦合方法，对圆柱体直立结构与层冰碰撞进行了数值模拟，研究了碰撞过程中层冰的破坏模式及柱体所受冰载荷，数值模拟结果与实际观测现象相吻合。随后分析了流场网格大小对耦合效果及冰载荷的影响。结果表明：柱体所受冰载荷与流场网格呈正相关，当流场网格为冰体单元的2倍时，计算时间及耦合效果最佳。     

破冰船冰区操纵性能离散元分析

针对浮冰区与平整冰区中航行船舶冰阻力与操纵性的预报问题,采用冰-水-船相互作用数值模型对“雪龙”船在浮冰区与平整冰区中的回转运动特性进行了数值分析。在数值模型中,采用具有黏结破碎特征的球形离散元模型来模拟冰盖的破坏过程,采用球体-三角形接触模型来模拟船-冰之间的碰撞过程,建立了考虑船舶桨力、舵力及水动力的六自由度操纵运动方程。在此基础上对船舶在不同厚度（1.2 m~1.7 m）、不同密集度（40%,60%,80%）浮冰区与不同厚度（0.8 m~1.2 m）平整冰区行进时的破冰阻力及回转特性进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明:在相同厚度的浮冰区航行时冰阻力小于平整冰区航行的阻力值;浮冰区中回转圈直径约为敞水中回转直径的1倍~2倍;平整冰中回转直径约为敞水中回转直径的2倍~6倍。     

破冰船在层冰中运动的数值模拟方法

为研究破冰船在层冰中运动的特点与海冰的破坏方式,该文建立了包含冰载荷、敞水阻力、螺旋桨推力与舵力的六自由度动力学方程。考虑海冰的弹性弯曲对破冰力的影响,引入海冰的二次断裂与动态弯曲破坏准则,提出了更加精确、完善的船-冰动态接触模型。在此基础上,对瑞典破冰船Tor Viking Ⅱ在层冰中的直航与回转运动进行了数值模拟,并与全尺寸试验数据对比,验证了数值模拟结果的合理性。结果表明:模拟运动轨迹与真实运动轨迹相符,最大回转直径的相对误差仅为3.32%,因此本文建立的数值模拟方法能够真实地模拟破冰船在层冰中的运动。     

基于模型试验的船-冰碰撞载荷空间分布演变历程研究

针对船-冰碰撞载荷空间分布的演变历程,通过一系列的冰水池模型试验,分别从"整体"与"局部"的角度,对船-冰碰撞载荷沿船体表面的空间移动轨迹,及局部冰压力空间分布形态随时间的变化过程进行了研究。结果表明:船-冰碰撞过程中的冰载荷沿船体外板的整体作用呈现出近抛物线的轨迹;同时,冰压力的局部空间分布也呈现出与冰载荷时程曲线中"峰-谷"循环波动特征相对应的"单-双"高压力区周期性的动态演变过程,极端冰载荷只存在于"单高压力区"型的局部空间分布形态下。基于多个载荷板对船-冰接触轨迹进行覆盖的理念,提出一种移动冰载荷的构建方法。相邻载荷板之间的载荷时程存在重叠以更好地模拟载荷的空间"移动",而各载荷板上的非均布冰压力则通过高斯函数进行拟合。     

板单元蓄冰／融冰性能研究

为了对板单元的蓄冰／融冰性能进行研究,本文建立了一套实验装置,考察了蓄冰槽进口温度及载冷剂流量对蓄冰／融冰过程的影响,理论上,分别建立了蓄冰与融冰过程的数学模型并进行了数值求解,将计算结果与实测值进行了比较,分析了差别存在的原因,另外,通过数值模拟,本文还预测了板单元排蓄冰过程及载冷剂量流量对融冰过程的影响。     

纤维缠绕复合材料夹芯圆柱体准静态压缩吸能机制

提出并设计了一种新型纤维缠绕复合材料夹芯圆柱体吸能结构单元。为探讨其在准静态压缩载荷作用下初始损伤的产生、扩展及演变规律,基于ABAQUS建立该单元数值分析模型,并开展了准静态压缩试验。数值模拟与试验现象综合分析表明,准静态压缩载荷作用下单元结构的响应具有三阶段特征,包括初始线弹性压缩阶段、渐进损伤阶段和结构破坏阶段。固体浮力芯材在压缩载荷作用下产生塑性损伤变形和剪切断裂破坏,纤维缠绕复合材料表层在芯材横向膨胀效应引起的环向应力作用下发生环向纤维的拉伸断裂破坏,导致单元结构稳态吸能过程的终止。研究结果表明,该单元比吸能效率远高于传统的复合材料圆柱壳结构。     

基于GPU并行的锥体导管架平台结构冰激振动DEM-FEM耦合分析

该文为分析海冰与锥体海洋平台的相互作用,采用离散元（DEM）-有限元（FEM）耦合方法建立冰激海洋平台结构的耦合模型。通过具有粘结-破碎性能的球体离散单元对海冰的漂移及破碎现象进行计算,海洋平台锥体部分采用平板型壳单元构造,其整体构架及锥体内部的加劲肋采用梁单元构造,即建立壳单元与梁单元组合的锥体海洋平台有限元模型。为提高DEM-FEM耦合算法的计算规模和效率,发展了离散单元与平板型壳单元接触算法及GPU并行环境下参数传递算法。基于此耦合模型分别讨论了平台结构的冰载荷、冰激振动以及锥体应力分布,并与相关实测数据进行对比,为寒区锥体海洋平台的结构设计提供有益的参考。     

覆冰导线机械式冲击除冰模拟研究

采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立覆冰导线有限元模型,利用用户材料子程序VUMAT定义覆冰本构模型和删除破坏单元,实现冲击载荷作用下导线除冰过程的模拟。覆冰采用多孔弹性模型,并考虑温度和孔隙率对其力学性能的影响;引入拉伸破坏准则判断覆冰的破坏。对不同档数、档距、覆冰孔隙率、覆冰厚度、除冰时的温度、冲击载荷大小等情况下除冰过程的模拟分析表明,较小范围温度的变化对除冰率的影响很小,而其它因素对除冰效果的影响明显,在设计机械式冲击除冰装置时应予以考虑。     

锥体接触宽度对冰排弯曲破坏模式影响的有限元分析

冰排在锥体上发生的弯曲断裂形式按其裂纹扩展形成可分为径向开裂型和环向开裂型两种。利用三维有限元数值分析,对不同接触宽度的冰与锥体相互作用过程进行了数值分析,得到了不同接触宽度下的冰排环向应力和径向应力的分布规律;给出了冰排所存在的两种弯曲破坏模式转变的接触宽度判断依据;并对两种断裂形式的产生机理进行了分析。     

Ice loads on the caisson structures in the Canadian Beaufort Sea

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the characteristics, instrumentation and measured ice loads on the caisson structures that were used for exploratory drilling in the Canadian Beaufort Sea in the 1970s and 1980s. Details are presented on the Tarsiut Caisson, the Single-Steel Drilling Caisson (SSDC), the Caisson-Retained Island (CRI), and the Mobile Arctic Caisson (MAC) Molikpaq. The global loads on the structures are presented as a Line Load (Global Load per unit width of the structure) and the Global Pressure (Line Load per unit ice thickness). Over 170 loading events are documented. There is excellent agreement amongst the measured loads on all of the structures if factors such as ice rubble and ice thickness are considered. Global loads are shown to be a function of the ice macrostructure (level first-year sea ice, multi-year ice, first-year ridges, hummock fields, isolated floes) and failure mode of the ice (bending, creep, mixed mode, crushing). The analysis shows that there is a general increase in the Line Load with increasing ice thickness. Empirical equations are presented to predict the global load in terms of the ice thickness and structure width for different ice failure modes. The most significant result of the analysis shows that the maximum Global Pressure measured for all types of ice loading events never exceeded 2 MN/m², with the vast majority less than 1.5 MN/m².     

Application of the Probabilistic Mechanics of Fatigue Fracture to the Evaluation of the Reliability of Welded Structures

We propose a method for the evaluation of the reliability of load-carrying elements of welded metallic bridges in the process of long-term operation based on the probabilistic mechanics of fatigue fracture. This method enables one to estimate the risk of failure of a structure as a result of the development of fatigue cracks in the zones of stress concentration near the welds with regard for the irregularity of in-service loads and stochastic distributions of the sizes of initial technological defects in welded joints. By using the proposed method, we study the possibilities of elevation of reliability as a result of the detection of the most dangerous defects in the course of periodic defectoscopic monitoring of the structure. Some examples of numerical computations are presented.     

Effect of Material and Geometry on Crushing Behaviour of Laminated Conical Composite Shells

This paper examines the effects of the material and structural geometry on the crushing behaviour, energy absorption, failure mechanism and failure mode of circular conical composite shell. The static crushing behaviour of circular conical composite shell under uniform axial compressive load has been investigated experimentally. The cone vertex angles used were 0, 6, 12 and 18 degrees. The cone vertical length and bottom outer diameter were kept for all the cases as 100 and 110 mm, respectively. Failure modes were examined using several photographs taken during the crushing stages for each specimen. Results obtained from this investigation showed that the initial failure was dominated by the interfacial and shear failure, while the delamination and eventually fibre fracture were dominated the failure mechanism after the initial failure. It has also found that the static crushing behaviour of the circular conical shell is very sensitive to the change in the vertex angle. Reinforcement type greatly affects the energy absorption of the circular conical and cylindrical shells.     

Experimental and numerical study of fastener pull-through failure in GFRP laminates

An experimental and numerical study of the fastener pull-through failure mode in glass–fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) laminates using both phenolic and vinylester resins is presented. It is shown that the type of resin does not affect the mechanical response of the joint when a pull-through test is performed because similar values of the sub-critical initial and final failure loads are obtained. Moreover, considering that the joint is considering to fail when the sub-critical failure load is reached, a methodology to predict the pull-through failure mode is proposed. It is observed that the main failure mechanism is the delamination of the plies; therefore, the prediction of the sub-critical initial failure load is performed using a three-dimensional finite element model where cohesive elements are used to simulate delamination. The predictions agree remarkably well with the experimental results.     

埋地PVC管纵向断裂失效预测概率模型

针对存在初始裂纹缺陷的埋地PVC管在荷载作用下的纵向断裂失效问题,基于管道环向受力特性和裂纹扩展经验公式建立失效预测模型,并在此基础上运用蒙特卡罗法(MC)对模型和参数的不确定性进行随机模拟,给出管道失效风险率随服役时间变化的规律。计算结果表明:MC数值模拟结果与实测值吻合良好,说明失效预测模型的合理性;裂纹增长是一个由慢到快的过程,初始裂纹越大,失效时间越短;失效风险率在开始的20年内达到最高,随后逐渐减小;所有参数都作为随机变量考虑时与只有初始裂纹为随机变量时相比,失效风险率提高近一倍;管道初始裂纹、内压、残余应力和壁厚是影响管道失效时间的四个重要因素,管道内压和残余应力增加都导致管道失效率变大,准确的给出管道初始裂纹的分布对PVC管纵向断裂失效预测尤为重要。能够减小PVC管初始裂纹缺陷的生产工艺和施工技术可以有效提高管道的使用寿命。     

Failure analysis for cylindrical explosion containment vessels

The elastic or elastic–plastic dynamical response of the explosion containment vessels (ECVs) subject to the impulsive loading have been studied intensively, however the damage mechanism of ECVs is still scarcely investigated. In this work two cylindrical explosion containment vessels under the different explosion loads are tested. The overpressure is measured and compared with the numerical result. The damage mechanism of adiabatic shear band is successfully applied to explain the failure mode of the ECVs, where the instability analysis for the thermo-viscoplastic constitutive law is conducted to yield a rate-dependent failure criterion. Based on the overpressure analysis and rate-dependent failure criterion, the shear failure mode of ECVs is studied for the first time, including the potential initial flaw in the meso-scale in the vessel. The failure analysis indicated that the rate-dependent failure criterion governs the damage mode of the vessel with the impulsive loading however the initial flaw is mainly to ignite the shear band, which has minor influence to the final failure mode of the vessel. The simulated fracture profile shows a good agreement with the experimental result.     

船板钢焊接接头的断裂失效行为及GTN模型的数值分析

船舶钢结构皆采用焊接方法建造而成,在实际工况及环境载荷作用下,焊接接头的力学性能及其断裂强度,直接影响船舶整体结构的强度和寿命。该文针对常用的船板钢材料(Q345和Q690),首先对母材进行单向拉伸试验,获得其各自的应力-应变曲线,进而评估其断裂性能;基于Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN)损伤模型,通过程序代码的调试和一系列的数值模拟分析,提出了母材本构关系的表达函数及最优GTN模型参数,且与实测的应力-应变曲线高度吻合。同时,针对满足焊接规范要求的船板钢对接焊接头,进行了单向拉伸试验获得其应力-应变曲线;考虑焊缝微观缺陷以及焊接残余应力的影响,提出修正GTN损伤模型中的初始空穴体积分数f₀和材料的幂函数塑性强化参数,预测焊接接头的断裂强度,且与试验测量数据吻合一致。