压电复合材料换能器耦合振动特性研究

本文建立了针对压电复合材料的压电复合换能器耦合振动有限元模型,采用有限元方法研究了压电复合材料类型对换能器振动模态与共振频率的影响,并对换能器共振频率与压电复合材料结构几何尺寸之间的关系进行研究。结果表明:压电复合材料类型不同,换能器的振动模态振型会发生改变,并且其前两阶共振频率差值会因压电复合材料的基体材料的杨氏模量和泊松比的不同而发生变化,即共振频率差值随着基体材料杨氏模量的增大而增大,但随着泊松比的增大而减小;而且共振频率与压电复合材料的结构几何尺寸有关,即随着压电复合材料厚度的增大,换能器的纵向振动频率与弯曲振动频率都会逐渐减少,但两频率之间的间距是逐渐拉大的。     

厚度振动换能器降耦合结构优化与工程应用

厚度振动是高频换能器的常用振动模态。对压电圆片而言,横向方向的耦合总是存在的,不存在理想的厚度振动模态。若压电圆片的尺寸比例合适,横向耦合较弱,若尺寸比例不合适,横向耦合会很强。耦合会使振子表面振动位移反相,频响曲线出现多个难以区分的谐振峰,对换能器的发送电压响应、指向性等产生负面影响,对某军用型号工程中利用该振动模态工作的换能器的生产质量有较大影响。通过对压电振子的振动模态、耦合振动频率等理论和仿真计算,开展频率优化研究,降耦合对换能器的影响分析以及试验验证,仿真分析和试验结果表明:中心孔对圆片高频换能器模态振动具有明显的降耦合作用,可提高圆片换能器的发射能力,改善指向性特性,解决了该类换能器生产质量不高、成品率低等问题。     

Cymbal压电发电换能器有限元分析

通过建立Cymbal压电发电换能器的机电耦合有限元分析模型,计算分析了换能器结构参数对输出电压和谐振频率的影响以及外接负载对Cymbal换能器输出电压和输出功率的影响。研究表明,为了降低换能器的工作频率和提高换能器的输出电压,应增大换能器的空腔底部直径和减小换能器的空腔高度;在选择金属端冒和压电陶瓷厚度等参数时,应综合考虑换能器系统的刚度和外界振动源的频率特性和加速度特性;在任意一个频率点上,Cymbal换能器均存在一个最佳的外接负载,使得换能器的输出功率最大,而这个最佳的负载阻抗就等于Cymbal换能器在这个工作频率点上的输出阻抗。文中还提出并分析了基于外加预应力的多振子级联方式Cymbal压电发电换能器系统的结构。     

一种利用前盖板弯曲扩展带宽的纵向换能器仿真计算

在水声设备中常用水声换能器获取海洋信息,从而完成对水下目标的探测和识别工作.水声换能器已向低频、宽带、大功率、高效率、高灵敏度和小尺寸方向发展.本文对前盖板弯曲拓宽频率的纵向换能器进行了仿真计算,并对实物进行了测量,测量的结果表明,有限元仿真能有效计算压电换能器的性能.     

圆环式径向换能器声压分布及其指向性

根据圆环式径向换能器的对称性,定性分析了其声压分布性质,提出将辐射面镶在无限幕上并向辐射面的外法线所在的半空间辐射声场的分析模型;根据惠更斯原理,推导了圆环式径向换能器辐射声场远场区的声压分布以及指向性函数;通过MATLAB绘制指向性函数曲线,研究换能器的有效工作段长度、外径以及辐射频率对其指向性的影响。结果表明,当换能器的尺寸一定时,辐射频率增大,指向性增强;当换能器的辐射频率和外径一定时,换能器的有效工作段长度增大,指向性增强;当换能器的辐射频率和有效工作段长度一定时,外径对声场指向性的影响不大。结合有限元分析软件COMSOL Multiphysics,仿真声波在混凝土中的传播,进一步验证了以上结论。     

固贴式薄膜体声波谐振器性能受压电材料的影响分析

利用Math CAD软件对固贴式薄膜体声波谐振器(SMR-FBAR)器件建立数学模型进行仿真,分析了不同压电薄膜材料和厚度,不同电极材料和厚度对FBAR器件谐振特性的影响。采用射频磁控溅射方法制备氮化铝(AlN)薄膜,利用扫描探针显微镜中的压电力显微镜(PFM)模块对AlN薄膜的压电性能进行了测试。得到主要结论为:复合FBAR的谐振频率因为增加了电极厚度因素相比理想FBAR的谐振频率偏低;压电材料的机电耦合系数对器件带宽起决定性作用,器件的机电耦合系数正比于材料的机电耦合系数;AlN具有较高的压电系数,可以有效提升器件性能,增大带宽,适合作为压电薄膜材料;采用小尺寸压电薄膜和电极厚度有益于提高器件的频率。     

一种高频宽带大尺寸的圆柱换能器的设计方法

介绍了一种新的圆柱换能器的设计方法。该高频宽带大尺寸的圆柱换能器采用压电陶瓷颗粒拼接而成,在外层添加一层匹配层,通过对匹配层材料及厚度的选择来提高与水的匹配性能,实现宽带能量传输。     

铷原子频标中微波谐振腔加载特性的微扰法分析

本文用微扰法分析了铷原子频标中圆柱形谐振腔内紧贴内壁加载一薄玻璃腔泡后对谐振腔谐振频率产生的影响.通过理论推导得到了由玻璃介质引起的谐振频率偏移的解析式,并对TE011模的谐振频率与玻璃厚度、径向长度的关系进行了数值计算与分析,得到了该种谐振腔的谐振频率随介质厚度和径向长度的不同而发生变化的曲线.结果表明,谐振腔加载玻璃腔泡后的谐振频率较空腔时变小,但随着腔壁厚度增大逐渐减小,而随着径向长度增大谐振频率先减小而后增大.以上结论对于微波谐振腔在原子频标中的设计应用有着一定的指导价值.     

叶片旋转噪声激励下旋涡风机壳体声辐射计算理论及分析

基于旋涡风机内螺旋形流动,采用面元法和螺旋桨尾流面建模法建立叶片表面气动载荷理论计算模型。根据FW-H方程所得的叶片旋转噪声结果对旋涡风机壳体进行简化,基于Fluegge薄壳理论和拉格朗日能量法建立了旋涡风机壳体动力学模型,并结合边界元法建立了壳体远场声辐射的理论计算模型。理论计算的壳体声辐射指向性表明,壳体声辐射主要是在风机的周向位置,与试验结果一致。且较商业软件仿真,采用该文理论方法的计算时间大幅减少。最后利用理论计算模型,探讨了叶片数、叶片厚度、叶片宽度和叶片弯角对叶片旋转噪声激励下壳体声辐射的影响规律:叶片数的增加使得声压级逐渐减小;叶片厚度的改变对平均声压级几乎没有影响;随着叶片宽度的增加,声压级先减小再增大;声压级随前向叶片弯角的增大而增大,随后向弯角的增加而减小。     

用于声化学的复合换能器的研究

设计了一种夹心式纵弯复合振动模式超声换能器,该换能器由纵向夹心式压电超声换能器与弯曲正六边形薄板组成。采用有限元方法,对一定几何尺寸边界自由的正六边形薄板进行模态分析,得到中心位移最大的某一模态,设计以该模态的频率作为共振频率的纵弯复合模式换能器。当复合振动系统振动模式的共振频率与纵向换能器的共振频率以及正六边形薄板弯曲振动的共振频率一致时,复合振动系统具有较高的有效机电耦和系数,系统声辐射能力较强;频率的理论与测量值的误差可能是设计纵向换能器时未考虑预应力螺栓、前后盖板的形状以及横向振动的影响,材料参数的取值与实际值有误差。弯曲振动的正六边形薄板的几何尺寸大,将会增大复合振动系统声波的辐射面积,因此可以改善局部空化腐蚀问题,并且可以提高槽内声场的均匀性,从而可以提高声化学产率;实验结果表明,换能器的共振频率测试值与设计值基本吻合。     

Design of ultrasonic array elements for acoustic power considerations

In sound-transmitting applications such as therapeutic ultrasound, the acoustic power at a particular operating frequency is a critical figure of merit for transducer/array design. A design methodology for enhancing the acoustic power radiated from fluid-loaded piezoelectric array elements at a fixed frequency is developed in this paper. A gradient-based optimization algorithm is integrated within the finite element framework to guide the determination of the two design variables, the piezoelectric element thickness and the matching layer thickness, to optimize the acoustic power output. A method for avoiding explicit remeshing in the optimization iteration is presented. Optimized designs are determined numerically, and the effectiveness of the design method is confirmed by experimental measurements. The validated numerical analysis also shows that conventional design strategies using one-dimensional transducer analysis and rule-of-thumb matching layer or protection layer sizing rules may not give the best design for array elements in acoustic power applications     

Preparation and Properties of 1-3 Piezoelectric Composite Transducers

This study demonstrated the preparation of 1-3 piezoelectric composite transducers by using 1-3 piezoelectric composites as the active phases, air as the backing layer and polyurethane as the matching layer. The composite electrode was produced by electroless nickel coating and the effect of the matching layer on transducer performance was investigated in detail. The results showed that the matching layer could improve the receiving sensitivity of the transducer significantly. The receiving response value of the transducer at first increased and then decreased with the increase of the matching layer thickness. This receiving response had the largest head-wave amplitude value when the thickness of the matching layer was about 2.2 mm, which was in good agreement with the theoretical value. The resonance frequency of the transducer in water showed a tendency of low frequencies, and the bandwidth of the transducer in water became much wider than that in air. The reasonable matching layer could improve performance of the transducer effectively.     

一种采用PVDF压电薄膜的弯张换能器

本文提出了一种采用PVDF压电薄膜代替弯张换能器的金属外壳的新型弯张换能器,即一种采用PVDF压电薄膜的弯张换能器。用阻抗分析仪、激光扫描测振仪和水声测量系统分别测量了采用PVDF压电薄膜的弯张换能器的谐振频率、带宽、发送电压响应、水平指向性。通过对比分析实验结果,可以看出该新型换能器与传统换能器一样可以将压电晶堆纵的振动转化为壳体的径向振动。     

Design considerations for piezoelectric polymer ultrasound transducers

Much work has been published on the design of ultrasound transducers using piezoelectric ceramics, but a great deal of this work does not apply when using the piezoelectric polymers because of their unique electrical and mechanical properties. The purpose of this paper is to review and present new insight into seven important considerations for the design of active piezoelectric polymer ultrasound transducers: piezoelectric polymer materials selection, transducer construction and packaging requirements, materials characterization and modeling, film thickness and active area design, electroding selection, backing material design, and front protection/matching layer design. Besides reviewing these design considerations, this paper also presents new insight into the design of active piezoelectric polymer ultrasonic transducers. The design and fabrication of an immersible ultrasonic transducer, which has no adhesive layer between the active element and backing layer, is included. The transducer features direct deposition of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] copolymer onto an insulated aluminum backing substrate. Pulse-echo tests indicated a minimum insertion loss of 37 dB and -6 dB bandwidth of 9.8 to 22 MHz (71%). The use of polymer wear-protection/quarter-wave matching layers is also discussed. Test results on a P(VDF-TrFE) transducer showed that a Mylar/sup TM/ front layer provided a slight increase in pulse-echo amplitude of 15% (or 1.2 dB) and an increase in -6 dB pulse-echo fractional bandwidth from 86 to 95%. Theoretical derivations are reported for optimizing the active area of the piezoelectric polymer element for maximum power transfer at resonance. These derivations are extended to the special case for a low profile (i.e., thin) shielded transducer. A method for modeling the non-linear loading effects of a commercial pulser-receiver is also included.     

基于COMSOL的声表面波器件仿真

声表面波器件在通信、传感、射频识别等领域有着广泛的应用.以有限元方法为基础,利用有限元软件COMSOL对声表面波器件进行了仿真.从器件的模型建立入手,按由浅入深的顺序对无电极压电基片、压电基片表面沉积叉指换能器、叉指换能器表面溅射薄膜、薄膜上负载液体的4种结构进行了仿真分析.仿真研究表明:叉指换能器的电极效应会产生正、反特征频率,并且两种频率都随着叉指电极的敷金比与高度增加而向低频偏移;薄膜厚度的增加同样会导致器件频率向低频变化;当器件负载液体用于液体密度检测时,可通过器件频率变化对液体密度的灵敏程度来对薄膜厚度进行优化.其研究结果可以为声表面波器件的设计制作提供依据.     

P(VDF-TrFE) transducer with a concave annular structure for the measurement of layer thickness

A new type of transducer that measures the layer thickness at a small spot by spectroscopy is developed. It is made of piezoelectric copolymer film P(VDF-TrFE) with a concave annular structure. This transducer converges an ultrasonic wave on the specimen surface with oblique incidence. The layer thickness is estimated by means of a dip in the frequency spectrum of a reflected wave. Theoretical analysis using the angular spectrum theory and experimental evaluation of the transducer are described. The transducers operate in a frequency range from 7 MHz to 90 MHz. The output variation when the transducer scans a thin wire is in good agreement with a calculation of a line spread function. The lateral and axial resolutions estimated by the calculation of a point spread function are 0.61 lambda and 8.05 lambda, respectively.     

Fabrication and evaluation of a single-element Bi(0.5)Na(0.5)TiO(3)-based ultrasonic transducer

This paper discusses the fabrication and characterization of a single-element ultrasonic transducer with a lead-free piezoelectric active element. A piezoelectric ceramic with composition of 0.88Bi(0.5)Na(0.5)TiO(3)-0.08Bi(0.5)K(0.5)TiO(3)- 0.04Bi(0.5)Li(0.5)TiO(3) was chosen as the active element of the transducer. This composition exhibited a thickness coupling coefficient (kt) of 0.45, a dielectric constant of 440 (at 1 kHz), and a longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient (d(33)) of 84 pC?N(-1). To make the transducer, the ceramic was sandwiched between an epoxy-tungsten backing layer and a silver epoxy matching layer. An epoxy lens was also incorporated into the transducer?s design to focus the ultrasound beam. The focused transducer with a center frequency of about 23 MHz demonstrated a -6-dB bandwidth of 55% and an insertion loss of -32 dB; the -20-dB pulsed length was measured to be 150 ns. A phantom made of copper wires (30 μm in diameter) was utilized to investigate the imaging capability of the transducer. The results indicated that the fabricated transducer, with a lateral resolution of 260 μm and a relatively high depolarization temperature, could be considered as a candidate for replacement of lead-based ultrasonic transducers.     

Sandwiched piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers oflongitudinal-torsional compound vibrational modes

Sandwiched piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers of longitudinal-torsional compound vibrational modes were studied. The transducers consist of coaxially segmented, longitudinally and tangentially polarized piezoelectric ceramic rings, a back metal cylinder, and a front exponential solid metal horn. Based on the plane-wave approximation, the equivalent circuits of the longitudinal and torsional vibrations in the sandwiched transducer were obtained and the resonance frequency equations of the transducer in longitudinal and torsional vibrations were derived. By means of choosing the radius decay coefficient of the front exponential horn, the longitudinal and torsional vibrations are made to resonate at the same frequency in the transducer. Sandwiched piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers of longitudinal-torsional compound modes were designed and fabricated according to the frequency equations. It is demonstrated that the measured resonance frequencies of the transducers are in good agreement with the theoretical results, and the measured resonance frequencies of the transducers in longitudinal and torsional vibration modes are also in good agreement with each other. Theoretical and experimental results show that this kind of transducer can be used in ultrasonic welding, ultrasonic machining, ultrasonic motors, and other ultrasonic applications which need large displacement amplitudes     

Radial vibration of the composite ultrasonic transducer of piezoelectric and metal rings

The radial composite ultrasonic transducer of a piezoelectric ceramic ring and a metal ring is studied. The radial vibrations of a piezoelectric ceramic ring polarized in the thickness direction and a metal ring are analyzed and their electromechanical equivalent circuits are obtained. On the basis of the electromechanical equivalent circuits of the piezoelectric and the metal ring and the radial boundary conditions, the total electromechanical equivalent circuit for the composite ultrasonic transducer is also obtained. The resonance frequency and anti-resonance frequency equations of the composite ultrasonic transducer are given. Some radial composite ultrasonic transducers are designed and manufactured and their resonance and anti-resonance frequencies are measured. Experiments show that the measured resonance frequencies are in a good agreement with the theoretical results.     

阻尼层对水下圆柱壳辐射声场的去耦特性影响

基于模态叠加法,采用Navier方程描述阻尼层,建立敷设粘弹性阻尼层的水下圆柱壳振动声辐射模型。与数值计算结果比对,验证了计算模型的可靠性。分析圆柱壳的径向均方振速和辐射声功率,研究了粘弹性阻尼层对水下圆柱壳辐射声场的去耦特性影响。结果表明,粘弹性阻尼层的径向均方振速频响曲线可以分作三个频段,当频率较高时,粘弹性阻尼层能降低辐射声功率;与壳体厚度相比,阻尼层厚度对阻尼层去耦特性的影响更大。