稀土元素镧对Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金组织及性能的影响

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射分析研究添加稀土元素镧(La)及其添加量对Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金组织及性能的影响。研究结果表明,添加微量La元素可以细化枝晶组织,改善合金的枝晶偏析,并且随着La添加量增加,改善效果越明显。La可与Ni或Sn反应形成LaNiSn相或La₅Sn₃相,并且随着La添加量增加,析出相逐渐由LaNiSn相向La₅Sn₃相转变。添加0.8%(质量分数,下同)La可以有效抑制形成不连续沉淀,分布在晶界上的La₅Sn₃相可以占据不连续沉淀的形核位点,分布在晶体内的La₅Sn₃相可以抑制不连续沉淀前沿界面的移动,共同作用抑制了Cu-15Ni-8Sn-0.8La合金时效过程中不连续沉淀的形成。此外,Cu-15Ni-8Sn-0.8La合金在450℃时效30 min获得HV硬度峰值为324。     

Cu-9.5Ni-2.3Sn-0.25Si合金铸态组织与时效性能的研究

本文应用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪、X-射线衍射仪、SIGMASCOPE SMP10型导电仪、维氏硬度计等仪器,分析了添加0.25%Si对Cu-9.5Ni-2.3Sn合金的铸态微观组织,时效后的微观组织、电导率和硬度的影响。结果表明:Cu-9.5Ni-2.3Sn-0.25Si合金铸态组织呈明显的树枝晶状,且枝晶发达,组织中出现了Ni2Si、Ni3Si、Ni3Sn、Ni4Sn相,经400℃×4h时效后,由于Ni2Si、Ni3Si相的析出,通过阻碍晶粒长大和时效沉淀而强化,合金的电导率随时效时间的延长或时效温度的提高先一直增大,随后增加减缓,而合金的硬度与时效时间、时效温度曲线是单峰曲线,并随时效时间的延长或时效温度的提高先增大后减小,合金时效制度为400℃×6h为宜。     

垂直半连续铸造Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金组织及性能研究

采用垂直半连续铸造法制备Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金,并对合金的凝固组织、元素偏析以及热处理后的组织和性能进行了分析。采用普通熔铸法制备Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金的铸态组织主要由贫Sn的α-Cu(Ni, Sn)固溶体、富Sn的γ相以及片层状的（α+γ）组成,并且Sn元素主要偏聚在晶界上。在垂直半连续铸造的过程中同时施加机械振动和电磁场具有明显的晶粒细化效果,同时有效减轻了Sn元素的宏观反偏析和微观晶界偏析,富Sn相比较均匀地分布在晶粒内部和晶界上。Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金经过850℃固溶、 90%轧制和400℃时效1 h后可获得最佳的综合性能,此时合金的硬度为HV 401,导电率为8.4%IACS,抗拉强度为1233 MPa,屈服强度为1185 MPa,伸长率为4.5%。     

Cu-9.5Ni-2.3Sn-0.15Si合金组织与性能研究

研究了在Cu-9.5Ni-2.3Sn合金中添加质量分数为0.15%的Si后对该合金铸态及时效态微观组织、电导率和硬度的影响.结果表明:添加0.15%的Si后,合金出现发达的树枝状晶体,且有Ni_2Si、Ni_3Si、Ni_3Sn和Ni_4Sn相出现.经400℃×4 h时效处理后,Ni_2Si、Ni_3Si相的析出使得合金得到强化.合金电导率随时效时间的延长和温度的提高而升高,硬度在时效初期随时效温度的提高和时效时间的延长而提高,在430℃时效2 h和在400℃时效8 h得到峰值,较佳时效工艺为400℃×8 h.     

Hf元素对Cu-20Ni-20Mn合金组织与性能的影响

Cu-Ni-Mn合金是一类具有高强度、高弹性模量的铜合金,凭借优异的力学、耐蚀以及耐磨性能,在矿山机械、海洋工程等领域被广泛应用。本文研究了Cu-20Ni-20Mn合金的组织转变规律及时效过程中的析出行为,采用向Cu-20Ni-20Mn 合金中加入 Hf 元素作为第四组元的方式,揭示了Hf元素对Cu-20Ni-20Mn合金组织与性能的影响机制。结果表明, Cu-20Ni-20Mn-xHf合金铸态组织经固溶处理后,由树枝晶转变为等轴晶结构,并在热轧过程中发生不完全再结晶,由等轴晶转变为不完全再结晶组织,其力学性能随之逐步提高。合金在时效过程中的析出机制随温度升高而变化,在350~450 ℃由不连续析出向连续析出转变。Hf元素加入对Cu-20Ni-20Mn合金时效过程中的不连续析出会产生一定的抑制效果,并且在一定范围内,抑制效果随着Hf元素含量的增加逐渐提升。Cu-20Ni-20Mn合金的硬度峰值在350~450 ℃下能够保持在 HB 320,0.6%Hf 的添加能在低温时效时提高合金的硬度,350 ℃时提高 HB 5.1,400 ℃时提高 HB 8.1,而 450 ℃时峰值硬度无明显提高。     

添加Mn和Cr对Cu-9Ni-6Sn合金组织与性能的影响

对中频真空熔铸含Mn量为0．76wt％～1．05wt％和Cr量为0．19wt％～0．2lwt％的Cu-9Ni-6Sn合金的铸锭组织、时效和形变时效特征及其组织变化作了研究。实验证明：(1)0．76wt％～1．05wt％Mn、0．19wt％～0．2lwt％Cr能完全固溶于Cu-9Ni-6Sn合金中；(2)含少量的Mn、Cr的合金的铸锭组织、时效硬化、形变时效和组织变化等基本特征与不含Mn、Cr的合金相类似，但少量Mn、Cr促进合金时效、形变时效过程，提高最佳时效温度，增加硬化效果和盐酸、硫酸水溶液中的耐蚀性。     

热处理工艺对高弹高导Cu-Ni-Al合金组织与性能的影响

利用力学与电学性能测试、透射电子显微镜(TEM)对Cu-9.0Ni-1.4Al合金的时效过程进行了观察和研究;分析了Cu-9.0Ni-1.4Al-0.5Ti合金的组织和性能,分别比较了Cu-9.0Ni-1.4Al和Cu-9.0Ni-1.4Al-0.5Ti合金在3种形变热处理工艺下的力学和电学性能.性能试验结果表明:Ti的加入能够提高合金的硬度,而对导电率影响不大,经过工艺3试验后,Cu-9.0Ni-1.4Al和Cu-9.0Ni-1.4Al-0.5Ti合金的维氏硬度分别达到243、317,导电率分别达到19.1%IACS、21.0%IACS.TEM观察结果表明:Cu-9.0Ni-1.4Al合金时效过程中的主要强化过程是γ'相(Ni3Al)的连续沉淀.     

微量Co对Cu-0.2Be合金组织性能的影响

采用大气熔铸工艺制备不同Co含量的Cu-0.2Be-XCo合金(X=0、0.5%、1.0%,质量分数),采用维氏硬度计、金属电导率测试仪及金相显微镜对合金的性能及组织进行测试.结果表明:随着Co含量的增加,铸态Cu-0.2Be-XCo合金的中心等轴晶区域逐渐扩大、粗大柱状晶区域减小,晶粒明显细化;Co的添加提高了铸态合金硬度,但同时降低了导电率,Cu-0.2Be-1.0Co合金的硬度较Cu-0.2Be合金增加23.5%,而导电率降低39.9%.合金经950℃×1 h固溶+460℃不同时间时效后,Cu-0.2Be合金导电率及硬度随时效时间基本不发生变化,Cu-0.2Be-0.5Co合金及Cu-0.2Be-1.0Co合金导电率及硬度在时效初期(0~2 h)急剧升高,中期(2~4 h)缓慢增加,后期(4~8h)趋于稳定.时效态Cu-0.2Be-0.5Co合金的综合性能较佳,经460℃×2 h时效,导电率为57.1%IACS,硬度(HV)为243.     

微量稀土对铸态Cu-3.0Si-2.0Ni合金组织及性能的影响

加入适量的稀土元素能有效改善铜合金的组织和性能.铸态Cu-3.0Si-2.0Ni合金中添加稀土Ce后,进行熔炼及热处理试验,再通过室温拉伸、导电率试验和金相观察,研究了微量Ce对铸态Cu-3.0Si-2.0Ni合金组织与性能的影响.结果表明:铸态合金晶粒随着Ce含量的升高呈现先减小后递增的趋势;铸态合金的抗拉强度和导电性随着Ce的增加分别先升高后减低;当Ce的质量分数为0.06%时,铸态合金的抗拉强度最高、导电性最强.     

喷射成形Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金的显微组织和性能研究

采用喷射成形技术制备了Cu-15Ni-8Sn(%,质量分数)合金坯锭,利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察分析了合金坯锭的微观组织和成分分布;利用拉伸实验测量了坯锭试样的力学性能。结果表明,喷射成形工艺制备的Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金沉积坯底部和中部位置的微观组织存在较大差异,底部微观组织由多相组成,其余部位基本为单相α固溶体;合金中的大量孔洞降低了喷射成形Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金的致密度和力学性能。     

Relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties of a spinodally decomposing Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy prepared by spray deposition

A spinodally decomposing alloy of composition Cu-15 wt pct Ni-8 wt pct Sn processed by Osprey spray deposition was examined and the principal factors determining strength and ductility studied. Strengthening contributions are shown to arise from grain-size reduction by controlled recrystallization, and from the internal stress fields created by spinodal decomposition. Discontinuous precipitation takes place after the completion of spinodal decomposition and is partly responsible for the decrease of yield stress after such prolonged aging. At the same time, there is some loss of ductility, but the discontinuous precipitation is not believed to be the main cause. Instead, it is the appearance of additional phases, such as Ni₃Sn, in the matrix that is considered to be the main cause of the brittleness.     

Cu-9.5Ni-2.3Sn-0.2Si合金铸态组织与时效性能的研究

应用金相显微镜、能谱仪、X-射线衍射仪、SIGMASCOPE SMP10型导电仪、维氏硬度计等仪器,分析了添加0.2％(质量分数)Si对C72500合金的铸态微观组织、时效后的微观组织、电导率和硬度的影响.结果表明:向C72500合金中添加0.2％Si后,合金铸态组织呈明显的树枝晶状,且枝晶发达,组织中出现了Ni2Si、NiSn、Ni3Sn相,经400℃×4h时效后,由于Ni2Si、Ni3Si相的析出,通过阻碍晶粒长大和时效沉淀而强化.合金的电导率随时效时间的延长或时效温度的提高一直增大,随后增加减缓,而合金的硬度与时效时间、时效温度曲线是单峰曲线,并随时效时间的延长或时效温度的提高先增大后减小,合金时效制度以400℃×6h为宜.     

粉末冶金Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金时效组织的演变行为

对粉末冶金Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金进行热挤压、固溶处理后,研究400℃时效不同时间对合金力学性能及其组织的影响。结果表明:随时效时间延长,Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金的抗拉强度先升高后降低,伸长率先降低后升高,合金断裂方式表现为由沿晶断裂为主向穿晶断裂为主转变。合金抗拉强度在400℃时效1.5 h时获得最大值918MPa。综合考虑合金的强度和韧性,400℃的最佳时效时间为2 h。借助扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜研究合金在400℃时效不同时间(1~3 h)的组织结构变化及其对合金强度和塑性的影响,结果表明:在欠时效阶段,合金组织在富Sn区出现了有序排列的介稳态DO22相,基体的FCC结构开始向DO22有序化结构转变,合金强度大幅提升。而在峰时效阶段,DO22向L12转变,合金强度继续增加,随片层状不连续析出组织开始由晶界向晶内生长,合金强度下降。在过时效阶段,DO22进一步向L12转变,并且片层状不连续析出组织开始大肆侵蚀基体调幅组织,导致合金强度降低,塑性提高。在时效后期,调幅组织被片层状组织大幅侵蚀,出现片层状组织粗化并断裂的现象,粒状γ相(DO3)不断生成,由于这一过程需要更大的浓度起伏而进行得非常缓慢,合金组织仍以大量片层结构为主,因而合金强度和塑性变化不明显。     

Combined Recrystallization and Precipitation in a Cu-9Ni-6Sn Alloy

An attempt has been made to investigate the structural changes occurring in a heavily cold-deformed Cu-9Ni-6Sn alloy consequent upon aging at two different temperatures of 350°C and 600°C. At the lower temperature of aging a fine continuous ordered precipitate forms first in the highly dislocated matrix, followed by combined discontinuous recrystallization and precipitation of the equilibrium (Cu, Ni)₃ Sn particles. Aging at the higher temperature seems to produce recrystallization of the deformed matrix first, followed by discontinuous precipitation. In this connection the role of deformation bands in nucleating the discontinuous reaction fronts has been discussed. The crystallographic texture of the fully recrystallized alloy has been found to be very much the same as that of the cold-deformed alloy and can be characterized as {110}«112» plus {110}«001». Aging beyond the primary recrystallization stage seems to alter the relative predominance of these texture components.     

Age hardening in Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy

Age hardening and accompanying phase transformations were studied in a Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy using mechanical testing, X-ray diffraction and microscopy techniques on samples aged at 300 to 550°C. At 450°C and below, strengthening is accompanied by the formation of sideband peaks about the fundamental reflections corresponding to a modulated structure with A? 100Å. This structure is metastable and with further aging is displaced by a discontinuous (cellular) precipitation reaction which causes the yield strength to drop. A peak yield strength increment of ?450 MPa is achieved in samples aged at 350°C. Both the hardening and the discontinuous transformation growth rates are increased by extensive deformation prior to aging. Prior deformation decreases the time to peak strength but does not significantly affect the peak strength increment. The early stages of aging correlate well with a spinodal strengthening model proposed by Ditchek and Schwartz which considers squaring of the composition modulation wave.     

Tensile strength of thermomechanically processed Cu-9Ni-6Sn alloys

The tensile properties of Cu-9Ni-6Sn alloys with different swaging amounts of 64, 77, and 95 pct, either solutionized and aged (S/A) or directly aged (D/A), were examined as a function of aging time. It was found that the aging response of Cu-9Ni-6Sn alloys varied greatly depending on the prior solution heat treatment before aging and/or different swaging amounts. The swaged S/A Cu-9Ni-6Sn alloys showed a multistage increase in tensile strength with respect to aging time, probably due to the sequential occurrence of spinodal decomposition, formation of metastable γ· precipitates, and recrystallization. The effect of different swaging amounts, ranging from 64 to 95 pct, was minimal on the aging response of S/A specimens. The prior cold working, however, appeared to favor the spinodal strengthening, comparing unswaged and swaged S/A Cu-9Ni-6Sn alloys. In 95 pct swaged D/A Cu-9Ni-6Sn alloys, the level of hardening was much less sensitive to aging time. A complex interaction between the reduction in dislocation density, the formation of equilibrium precipitates, and the reduction of Sn content in the Sn-rich segregates during an aging process is believed to be responsible for such a lean sensitivity. The increases in tensile strength of 64 and 77 pct swaged D/A Cu-9Ni-6Sn alloys were found to be much steeper than that in the 95 pct counterparts in the early and intermediate stages of aging, which is believed to be related to the relative contribution from work hardening and precipitation hardening to the strength level of D/A specimens.     

Effect of Natural Aging and Cold Working on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al-4.6Cu-0.5Mg-0.5Ag alloy

This research investigates the effects of natural aging and cold working prior to artificial aging on microstructures and mechanical properties of Al-4.6Cu-0.5Mg-0.5Ag alloy. Mechanical properties relative to microstructure variations were elucidated by the observations of the optical microscope (OM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), electrical conductivity meter (pct IACS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that natural aging treatment has little noticeable benefit on the quantity of precipitation strengthening phases and mechanical properties, but it increases the precipitation strengthening rate at the initial stage of artificial aging. Cold working brings more lattice defects which suppress Al-Cu (GP zone) and Mg-Ag clustering, and therefore the precipitation of Ω phase decreases. Furthermore, more dislocations are formed, leading to precipitate the more heterogeneous nucleation of θ′ phase. The above-mentioned precipitation phenomena and strain hardening effect are more obvious with higher degrees of cold working.     

High-strength Cu-Ni-Sn alloys by thermomechanical processing

The influence of prior cold work on the aging characteristics and mechanical properties response for copper-rich alloys in the Cu-Ni-Sn system has been investigated. It has been established^15,16 that there exists a spinodal mode of decomposition below a critical temperatureT _R, 200 to 300°C below the equilibrium phase boundary in this system. Significant age hardening response is observed in this region; however, fracture ductility is severely impaired due to a grain boundary precipitate network which develops after relatively short aging times. Cold work prior to low temperature aging is found to have relatively little influence on the incubation time for this embrittling network. It does, however, profoundly enhance the kinetics of the continuous (spinodal) transformation. It is observed that for broad variations in composition, critical combinations of prior cold work, aging time and temperature yield material with unique combinations of. yield stress and fracture ductility (for example, a Cu-9 wt pct Ni-6 wt pct Sn alloy may be processed to exhibit an 0.01 pct offset yield of 174,000 psi in conjunction with a 55 pct R.A. on fracture; significantly higher 0.01 pct offset yield values may be achieved at some reduction in fracture ductility for other NiJSn ratios). It is concluded that the resultant ductileJbrittle properties response is a consequence of a critical compctitive balance between amplitude development in the modulated structure and nucleation of the grain boundary network. The minimum level of prior cold work required to effect this balance in the Cu-9 wt pct Ni-6 wt pct Sn alloy is 75 pct R.A. The present levels of yield stressJfracture ductility values reported, to the best of our knowledge, are unsurpassed by those of any other copper-base alloy system (at a significant cost reduction to the Cu-Be alloys) and suggest the potential yet to be realized in other systems exhibiting this mode of decomposition.     

High-strength Cu-Ni-Sn alloys by thermomechanical processing

The influence of prior cold work on the aging characteristics and mechanical properties response for copper-rich alloys in the Cu-Ni-Sn system has been investigated. It has been established^15,16 that there exists a spinodal mode of decomposition below a critical temperatureT _R, 200 to 300°C below the equilibrium phase boundary in this system. Significant age hardening response is observed in this region; however, fracture ductility is severely impaired due to a grain boundary precipitate network which develops after relatively short aging times. Cold work prior to low temperature aging is found to have relatively little influence on the incubation time for this embrittling network. It does, however, profoundly enhance the kinetics of the continuous (spinodal) transformation. It is observed that for broad variations in composition, critical combinations of prior cold work, aging time and temperature yield material with unique combinations of. yield stress and fracture ductility (for example, a Cu-9 wt pct Ni-6 wt pct Sn alloy may be processed to exhibit an 0.01 pct offset yield of 174,000 psi in conjunction with a 55 pct R.A. on fracture; significantly higher 0.01 pct offset yield values may be achieved at some reduction in fracture ductility for other NiJSn ratios). It is concluded that the resultant ductileJbrittle properties response is a consequence of a critical compctitive balance between amplitude development in the modulated structure and nucleation of the grain boundary network. The minimum level of prior cold work required to effect this balance in the Cu-9 wt pct Ni-6 wt pct Sn alloy is 75 pct R.A. The present levels of yield stressJfracture ductility values reported, to the best of our knowledge, are unsurpassed by those of any other copper-base alloy system (at a significant cost reduction to the Cu-Be alloys) and suggest the potential yet to be realized in other systems exhibiting this mode of decomposition.