筏体和基础弹性对设备冲击响应影响的有限元分析

带有限位器的浮筏隔振系统是非线性系统,利用ANSYS建立了这一非线性系统的有限元模型,计算了带有限位器的浮筏隔振系统模型的冲击响应,分析了筏体弹性、基础弹性和限位器参数对冲击响应的影响.计算结果表明筏体弹性和基础弹性对系统的冲击响应均有一定程度的影响,它们使得机组的最大加速度响应减小,筏体和机组的最大位移响应增大.对于刚性浮筏隔振系统和弹性浮筏隔振系统,限位器间隙与冲击响应之间的关系是相同的,即随着限位器间隙的减小,筏体和机组的最大加速度响应增大,而最大位移响应都减小.     

筏体和基础弹性对船舶设备冲击响应影响的试验分析

试验研究是船舶机械设备冲击隔离性能分析的主要方法之一。为了分析筏体弹性、基础弹性和限位器间隙对冲击响应的影响，设计制作了可以考虑筏体弹性和基础弹性的带有限位器的浮筏隔振系统试验模型。试验结果表明筏体弹性和基础弹性对系统的冲击响应均有一定程度的影响，它们使得机组的最大加速度响应减小，提高系统的抗冲击隔离效果。对于刚性浮筏隔振系统和弹性浮筏隔振系统，限位器与冲击响应之间的关系是相同的，即安装限位器之后将使得筏体和机组的加速度响应增大，随着限化器间隙的减小，筏体和机组的最大加速度响应进一步增大。     

限位器对隔振系统抗冲击性能的影响

水面舰艇特别是潜艇在战斗条件下的主要威胁来自水中爆炸物的非接触性爆炸,选用抗冲击性能好的设备和对设备采取冲击防护措施可以保证艇上设备的安全性,使用隔振装置就是一种较好的冲击防护措施。对于通常的隔振装置,在一定的冲击作用下,设备的相对位移响应较大,可能超过了设备外接管线的变形能力,甚至超过了隔振器本身的极限变形能力。在隔振装置中使用限位器可以有效地限制设备的最大相对位移。通过对弹性限位器各参数(工作间隙和刚度)对隔振系统抗冲击性能(设备的最大加速度和最大相对位移)的影响的探讨,提出了限位器各参数的确定方法。对浮筏隔振系统中限位器的参数进行设计,应用MSC.NASTRAN 软件对具有限位器和没有限位器的浮筏隔振系统冲击响应进行计算,分析了限位器对浮筏隔振系统抗冲击性能的影响。     

利用增量模态叠加法计算带限位器隔离系统非线性冲击响应

舰船机械设备冲击隔离技术研究是一个较为复杂的综合性问题，特别是安装限位器之后，使得隔离系统不能作为线性系统来处理，因而在冲击响应计算时就不能直接采用模态叠加≯和基于机械振动模态理论和响应谱的动态设计分析方法（DDAM），需要探索新的计算方法。论文将增量模态叠加法推广应用于带有限位器的多层隔振系统的冲击响应计算之中。计算结果与冲击试验结果基本一致，说明采用增量模态叠加法计算浮筏隔离系统的冲击响应是可行的。论文利用增量模态叠加法计算分析了限位器安装位置及其参数对冲击响应的影响，结果表明，安装在浮筏隔振系统不同位置上的限位器，将会对机组和筏体的最大加速度和最大位移响应产生不同的影响。     

弹性限位浮筏系统的随机振动建模与算法

对具有弹性限位的浮筏隔振系统,采用单边约束动力学方程,引入接触力,建立系统的确定性方程。再设系统的激励受随机因素的影响,导出系统的随机离散动力学模型,给出离散的计算格式。由于浮筏系统中限位器的个数很多,系统受冲击后,限位器接触状态的可能性非常多,因此对于限位器的接触状态的判别采用了人工神经网络,使得接触计算得以实现。最后通过实例分析对系统的随机动力学特性进行分析,给出噪声对系统振动周期性的影响,以及限位器间隙与位移方差之间的关系。     

带限位器单层隔振系统冲击响应研究

在舰艇设备中,通常采用隔振系统来吸收冲击所带来的能量,为了限制设备受到冲击载荷时发生过大变形,隔振系统通常带有限位器。以单自由度单层隔振系统为研究对象,采用时域有限元分析方法,分别对带有不同阻尼限位器的隔振装置受到水下爆炸载荷冲击下的响应进行数值仿真研究,计算得出隔振系统在冲击载荷作用下的相对位移响应和绝对加速度响应,分析了限位器参数对冲击响应的影响,旨在为舰艇设备抗冲击性能设计及性能评估提供参考。     

吸振器在浮筏隔振系统中的应用

针对工程中广泛应用的浮筏隔振装置,建立柔性基础复杂激励作用下多维耦合浮筏隔振系统的动力学模型。由于浮筏隔振系统在低频范围内减振效果欠佳,为改善浮筏隔振系统的隔振性能,把吸振器引入到浮筏系统。利用子结构导纳综合法分别建立带有动力吸振器、自调谐吸振器和主动式自调谐吸振器的浮筏隔振系统动力学模型。以功率流为指标,研究单频激励下吸振器对浮筏系统功率流传递特性的影响。最后分析多频激励下带有自调谐吸振器的浮筏隔振系统的功率流传递特性。以传递到基础的功率流为目标函数,分析主动式自调谐吸振器在多频激励下的减振效果。仿真结果表明,吸振器对浮筏具有良好的低频隔振效果,吸振器类型不同与安装方式不同对传递到基础的功率流有不同程度的抑制效果。     

带限位双层隔离系统冲击响应计算方法研究

为了限制隔振系统在受到冲击载荷时位移超过允许范围,通常在隔振系统中安装限位器。以带限位双层隔离系统为研究对象,提出坐标平移的方法,以不同刚度段的虚拟平衡点为原点建立新的坐标系,分段建立线性方程。采用模态叠加法对冲击方程进行解析求解,进而利用MATLAB仿真来计算冲击响应,设计了带限位器的试验装置与仿真结果进行对比。研究结果表明：通过坐标平移法建立的线性方程具有标准形式,可以通过模态叠加法直接进行求解;仿真计算结果与试验结果具有较高的一致性,证明了所建立的模型的正确性。     

浮筏隔振装置抗基础冲击的研究

本文对船舶浮筏装置的抗基础冲击特性进行了理论分析与试验研究。在建立隔振装置力学模型的基础上，推导了隔振机组的冲击加速度以及隔振器变形量的表达式，计算得到其与频率比及质量比的关系，讨论了浮筏参数的选取。在理论分析的基础上，通过船舶浮筏模型试验，研究了浮筏隔振装置对于船体基座冲击的响应，讨论了影响冲击隔离的因素。     

船用空压机组隔振设计与抗冲击性能分析

根据某船舶设计中提出的减小空压机组的振动传递、降低水下机械噪声的要求,针对机组所具有的振动激励特性,进行了隔振浮筏装置的设计.利用有限元分析软件ANSYS,建立了空压机组浮筏装置在陆上台架以及装船后的动力学分析模型,计算得到了隔振系统的各阶模态,分析了系统的振动传递特性以及对于冲击的响应特性,探讨了提高船舶设备隔振与抗冲击性能的途径.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...