天然维生素E的功能和开发前景

1　维生素E的合成与提取维生素E,即DL-α生育酚,简称生育酚,广泛存在于植物组织的绿色部分和禾本科种子的胚芽中,但市场上的工业产品大量是人工合成的维生素E,这是一种人们熟知的脂溶性维生素E。它广泛应用于医药、化妆品、食品和饲料工业,作为营养补充剂和抗氧剂使用。一般所称维生素E,其中d-α生育酚实际上是α、β、γ、δ生育酚和α、β、γ、δ三烯生育酚八种生育酚的混合物,具有最高的生物活性,依次为α>β>γ>δ。d-δ的抗氧性能最强,依次为δ>γ>β>α,主要含在植物油中。人工合成维生素E是由中间体三甲基氢醌和芳樟醇异植物醇…     

催化甲基化法制备d-α-生育酚

维生素E是由α、β、γ、δ-生育酚及α、β、γ、δ-三烯生育酚等八种化合物组成的混合物,它们的生理活性各异。在构象上,又有d-型和l-型之分,天然的多为d-型而人工合成的则多为d,l-型,天然的d-α-生育酚具有迄今所知的最大的维生素E活性。选用V2O5为催化剂进行了反应条件的优化,得到优化条件为:反应温度250℃、时间1 75h、催化剂用量为维生素E的3 5%、氢气压力0 3mPa(表压)。实验结果为:α-生育酚含量92.31%、维生素E得率为79 83%。     

国外维生素E制品开发应用及市场动向

<正>1922年美国加利福尼亚大学Evans和Bishop研究小组用合成饲料喂养雌白鼠时,发现有种能有助于恢复生育功能物质、当时称该物质为维生素X,1932年Sure改称之维生素E,亦称生育酚。 迄今为止,已知自然界存有α、β、γ、δ体生育酚和α、β、γ、δ体三烯生育酚8种生育酚同族体。现一般称之维生素E,实系为各种生育酚混合体。对人体生理活性而言,以α体生育酚最高,其次依顺为β、γ、δ体、而其抗氧化性则相反,以δ体最强,依次为γ、β、α体。一般认为支链上有双键的三烯生育酚生理活性和抗氧性均低于同体生育酚,但近年美国加州大学pasker经试验表明:α体三烯生育酚抗氧性强于同体生育酚。     

日本天然抗氧剂市场近况

<正>在日本,列表天然抗氧剂有包括γ-谷维素、酶处理芦丁、芝麻萃取物、按树叶萃取物等约35种、但实际上因成本等关系现已商业化仅有如生育酚、没食子酸,迷迭香萃取物,甘草浸出物,茴香萃取物,茶酚物,向日葵萃取物等几种.天然抗氧剂大多与各种增效剂并用,以发挥比单一天然物更佳抗氧效果.而且如没食子酸除抗氧外,还兼有消臭、防褪色等功效,大多数未全纯化天然抗氧剂还含有微量其他生理活性物质.兹介绍日本市场上推出天然抗氧剂.生育酚 系最有代表性天然抗氧剂.生育酚有α、β、ν、δ、四种同族体,对人体生理活性以α最强,其次为β>γ>δ,但其抗氧化性则相反,δ≥γ>β>α,通常作为抗氧剂应用含γ,δ体高的生育酚.而且天然生育酚还含有一定量三烯生育酚.生育酚常作如色拉油,人造     

用羟甲基化-还原法制备高d-α-生育酚

VE是由α、β、γ、δ-生育酚及α、β、γ、δ-三烯生育酚等8种化合物组成的混合物,它们的生理活性各异,天然的d-α-生育酚具有迄今所知的最大的VE活性。目前,d-α-生育酚生产主要还是化学转化(通常称为半合成法)。介绍用羟甲基化-还原法制备d-α-生育酚的试验结果,优化后得到优化的工艺条件为(原料20g):反应温度200℃、多聚甲醛用量为14g、催化剂钯的用量为原料重7%、反应时间6h、醋酸用量为1.4mL。实验结果为:α-生育酚含量90.62%、VE得率为91.68%,经制备后的α-生育酚通过理化性质检测确认结构与天然d-α-生育酚相同。     

食品抗氧化剂及其进展(四)

4.5 生育酚类天然生育酚（维生素E）有α、β、γ、δ、ε、ζ、η七种同系物,以前四种为主,主要存在于大豆等中。另有生育三烯酚,也有α、β、γ、δ四种同系物,主要存在于米糠油、椰子油等中。在90℃下对猪油的抗氧化能力依次为：δ-生育三烯酚＞δ-生育酚＞γ-生育三烯酚＞γ-生育酚＞β-生育三烯酚＞β-生育酚＞α-生育三烯酚＞α-生育酚。作为商品,绝大多数是生育酚类而很少生育三烯酚类。将各种生育酚与猪油均质后在60℃保温箱中的比较结果见图6（图中数字为加入量mg/kg）〔16〕。各种天然生育酚对猪油抗氧化效果比较各种生育酚…     

正相高效液相色谱法测定植物油中维生素E的含量

试验建立了正相高效液相色谱法测定植物油中4种维生素E含量的方法。植物油的最佳取样量为0.20 g,在设定的条件下4种维生素E实现了良好的分离,待测维生素E在0.20～6.00μg/m L质量浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(R~20.999), 4种维生素E的定量限分别为0.15, 0.15, 0.12和0.15 mg/100 g,加标回收率在95.2%～102.3%之间。对市售(流通领域)植物油中维生素E含量进行了测定,发现植物油中各生育酚的含量为γ-生育酚δ-生育酚α-生育酚β-生育酚;γ-生育酚含量范围在39.2～285 mg/100 g之间,δ-生育酚含量范围在1.1～70 mg/100 g之间,α-生育酚含量范围在3～51 mg/100 g之间,β-生育酚含量范围在0.2～6.7 mg/100 g之间。同时测定了餐饮领域的植物油中维生素E含量,发现煎炸用油的α-生育酚、β-生育酚、γ-生育酚和δ-生育酚含量均普遍较低。     

常见植物油中8种生育酚和生育三烯酚含量分析

工作采用正相液相色谱法,对13种、共计42个常见植物油样品中α-、β-、γ-、δ-生育酚和α-、β-、γ-、δ-生育三烯酚等8种维生素E组分进行了的测定。该工作对各油种按维生素E总量、生育酚总量、生育三烯酚总量和α-生育酚分别进行了排序,并对多种植物油中维生素E的组成特点进行了分析。     

食品抗氧化剂及其进展（四） Food-Anti-oxidant Develop

4.5 生育酚类 天然生育酚（维生素E）有α、β、γ、δ、ε、ζ、η七种同系物,以前四种为主,主要存在于大豆等中。另有生育三烯酚,也有α、β、γ、δ四种同系物,主要存在于米糠油、椰子油等中。在90℃下对猪油的抗氧化能力依次为：δ-生育三烯酚＞δ-生育酚＞γ-生育三烯酚＞γ-生育酚＞β-生育三烯酚＞β-生育酚＞α-生育三烯酚＞α-生育酚。作为商品,绝大多数是生育酚类而很少生育三烯酚类。将各种生育酚与猪油均质后在60℃保温箱中的比较结果见图6（图中数字为加入量mg/kg）〔16〕。     

辅酶Q10天然维生素E软胶囊的稳定性研究

目的研究以辅酶Q10天然维生素E为主要原料的软胶囊产品的稳定性。方法不同配方的样品,经过加速试验后,用高效液相色谱法和气相色谱方法分别测定辅酶Q10和天然维生素E的含量,并检测辅酶Q10的存在形态。结果辅酶Q10单独使用或者与维生素E(d-α-醋酸生育酚)配伍使用时,辅酶Q10存在形态为氧化型,其含量经加速试验前后无明显差别。辅酶Q10与维生素E(d-α-生育酚)配伍使用时,氧化型和还原型辅酶Q10共同存在,氧化型含量逐渐降低,还原型含量逐渐升高,两者的含量之和在加速试验前后无明显差别,d-α-生育酚的含量略有降低。结论辅酶Q10单独使用或者与维生素E(d-α-醋酸生育酚)配伍使用时,配方稳定。辅酶Q10与维生素E(d-α-生育酚)配伍使用时,辅酶Q10会逐渐转化为还原型辅酶Q10,d-α-生育酚的含量降低。     

Enterobacter sakazakii in food and beverages (other than infant formula and milk powder)

The ubiqitous microorganism Enterobacter sakazakii is a rare contaminant of infant formula and may cause severe systemic infection in neonates. So far, other food is not known to cause E. sakazakii-infections. The scarce information about the ecology of E. sakazakii and the uncertainty concerning the source of infection in children and adults warrant a summary of the current knowledge about the presence of this opportunistic microorganism in food other than infant formula. This review systematizes publications on the presence of E. sakazakii in food and beverages until June 2006. Food other than infant formula has been rarely investigated for the presence of E. sakazakii. Nevertheless, this microorganism could be isolated from a wide spectrum of food and food ingredients. E. sakazakii was isolated from plant food and food ingredients like cereal, fruit and vegetables, legume products, herbs and spices as well as from animal food sources like milk, meat and fish and products made from these foods. The spectrum of E. sakazakii-contaminated food covers both raw and processed food. The kind of processing of E. sakazakii-contaminated food was not restricted to dry products. Fresh, frozen, ready-to-eat, fermented and cooked food products as well as beverages and water suitable for the preparation of food, were found to be contaminated by E. sakazakii. Although E. sakazakii-contaminated food do not have general public health significance, measures for prevention should consider the presence of E. sakazakii in food, food ingredients, their processing and preparation as possible source of contamination, colonization or infection.     

八种食品添加剂对辣椒红色素颜色影响的研究

以加有辣椒红色素的鸡肉汁为研究对象,添加BHA、维生素C、维生素E、山梨酸钾、双乙酸钠等抗氧化剂以及谷氨酸钠、砂糖等调味剂,考察这几种添加剂对内汁中辣椒红色素颜色变化利影响,以探寻出可防止肉制品中辣椒红色素褪色的食品添加荆。通过单因素试验研究各种添加剂对辣椒红色素颜色的影响。结果表明：BHA和维生素C在延长肉汁中辣椒红色素的保色期方面有极显著效果;在不同保存期间添加维生素E、山梨酸钾、双乙酸钠,护色效果不同。     

Gas Chromatography‐Combustion‐Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry for Traceability and Authenticity in Foods and Beverages

As consumers demand more certainty over where their food and beverages originate from and the genuineness of ingredients, there is a need for analytical techniques that are able to provide data on issues such as traceability, authenticity, and origin of foods and beverages. One such technique that shows enormous promise in this area is gas chromatography‐combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC‐C‐IRMS). As will be demonstrated in this review, GC‐C‐IRMS is able to be applied to a wide array of foods and beverages generating data on key food components such as aroma compounds, sugars, amino acids, and carbon dioxide (in carbonated beverages). Such data can be used to determine synthetic and natural ingredients; substitution of 1 ingredient for another (such as apple for pear); the use of synthetic or organic fertilizers; and origin of foods and food ingredients, including carbon dioxide. Therefore, GC‐C‐IRMS is one of the most powerful techniques available to detect fraudulent, illegal, or unsafe practices in the food and beverages industries and its increasing use will ensure that consumers may have confidence in buying authentic products of known origin.     

A review on selection of fermentative microorganisms for functional foods and beverages: the production and future perspectives

Fermentation has been employed as a traditional means of improving the shelf life and nutritional contents of foods, thus making fermented foods and beverages functional and therapeutic. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) plays a major role in determining the health benefits of fermented milk and related products. This review takes into cognizance numerous investigations reporting certain microbial strains and mixes to contribute safety, quality, stability, health and organoleptic properties to fermented foods, due to increased consumers’ awareness of food products with health claims. A look was taken at selection criteria for the ideal fermentative microbial species and strains, their usefulness and prospective ‘OMICS‘-based approaches to elucidating fermentative complex communities in relation to their effects on fermented food products. Moreover, recommendations were given for improved fermentation of beverages and functional foods. It is projected that fermented foods and beverages will continually be a paramount in the global food and emerging functional food market.     

Sweet processed foods in Brazil: use of sugar and sweeteners,inclusion of sugar claims and impact on nutritional profile

This study characterised the main sweet beverages and food products marketed in Brazil regarding (i) the addition of sugar/sweeteners, (ii) nutritional profile and (iii) sugar claims. Results revealed that most of the beverages had added sweeteners, while food products were mainly sweetened with sugar. Moreover, >90% of the powdered products had added sweeteners. ‘Zero sugar’ (46%) and ‘light’ (55%) were the most common sugar claims in sugar-free and reduced-sugar products, respectively. Powdered products, soya drinks and baked products included claims less frequently. Regarding the nutritional profile, beverages with sugar substitution had a proportionally greater reduction in the content of carbohydrates and calories (up to 99%, for both) in relation to food (<82% and <85%, respectively). The results suggest that reducing sugar in solid foods remains a greater challenge than in beverages and that this reduction has less impact on the final energy density of foods.     

Quality analysis,classification, and authentication of liquid foods by near-infrared spectroscopy: A review of recent research developments

Nowadays, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) has become one of the most efficient and advanced techniques for analysis of food products. Many relevant researches have been conducted in this regard. However, no reviews about the applications of NIR for liquid food analysis are reported. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent research developments of NIR technology in the field of liquid foods, focusing on the detection of quality attributes of various liquid foods, including alcoholic beverages (red wines, rice wines, and beer), nonalcoholic beverages (juice, fruit vinegars, coffee beverages, and cola beverages), dairy products (milk and yogurt), and oils (vegetable, camellia, peanut, and virgin olive oils and frying oil). In addition, the classification and authentication detection of adulteration are also covered. It is hoped that the current paper can serve as a reference source for the future liquid food analysis by NIR techniques.     

RYOTO蔗糖酯在油脂产品中的应用

<正> RYOTO蔗糖酯是由蔗糖和天然植物脂肪酸通过酯化合成的具有安全性的非离子表面活性剂。RYOTO蔗糖酯是在蔗糖的羟基上由脂肪酸进行酯化结合的产品:1个蔗糖的分子,总共有8个羟基。理论上,其结合范围可以从1个蔗糖分子与1个脂肪酸结合的单酯产品到1个蔗糖分     

Unripe grapes: an overview of the composition,traditional and innovative applications,and extraction methods of a promising waste of viticulture

Unripe grapes (UGs) are a waste product of grapevine cultivation and an emerging source of several compounds, such as organic acids, phenolic compounds, vitamins and mineral salts, of great economic importance to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. Traditionally, products made from UGs, such as verjuice and sour grape sauces, have been used as seasoning or acidifying agents. The health effects of grape compounds are described as anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, anticancer and antidiabetic, as often demonstrated by both in vitro and in vivo studies. Recently, UGs have received renewed attention because of the innovative potential applications of their extracts in food and beverages for purposes of preservation and enrichment with healthy compounds, or for direct use in the human diet. The aim of this article is to review the composition and properties of UG products and their traditional and innovative application in food and beverages.     

Eleocharis dulcis corm: phytochemicals,health benefits,processing and food products

Eleocharis dulcis, an aquatic plant belonging to Cyperaceae family, is indigenous to Asia, and also occurs in tropical Africa and Australia. The edible corm part of E. dulcis is a commonly consumed aquatic vegetable with a planting area of 44.46 × 10³ hm² in China. This work aims to explore the potential of E. dulcis corm for use as a new food source for sufficient nutrients and health benefits by reviewing its nutrients, phytochemicals, functions, processing and food products. Eleocharis dulcis corm contains starches, dietary fibers, non-starch polysaccharides, proteins, amino acids, phenolics, sterols, puchiin, saponins, minerals and vitamins. Among them, phenolics including flavonoids and quinones could be the major bioconstituents that largely contribute to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and hypolipidemic functions. Peel wastes of E. dulcis corm tend to be enriched in phenolics to a much higher extent than the edible pulp. Fresh-cut E. dulcis corm can be consumed as a ready-to-eat food or processed into juice for beverage production, and anti-browning processing is a key to prolonging shelf life. Present food products of E. dulcis corm are centered on various fruit and vegetable beverages, and suffer from single categories and inadequate development. In brief, underutilized E. dulcis corm possesses great potential for use as a new food source for sufficient nutrients and health benefits. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.