渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷3区多期叠加断裂体系形成机制

针对渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷3区内广泛发育的多期叠加断裂体系形成机制及演化过程不清的问题,以构造地质学、地质力学理论为指导,采用三维地震解释、构造物理模拟、有限元数值模拟等综合、联合技术,梳理断裂几何特征及组合样式,恢复不同构造活动期的应力状态,分析平面上变应力场条件下的断裂形成演化规律,探讨垂向上断陷盆地深部先期构造对晚期断裂形成和演化的控制作用,建立研究区多期叠加断裂体系动力学模式。结果表明：以沙河街顶不整合为界分为上、下两套断裂系统,常呈现为“X”型叠加样式,中间具短期反转特征,上部为SN向伸展兼左旋走滑的复合断裂系统,力学机制为纯剪,下部为NW-SE向伸展断裂系统,力学机制为单剪。叠加断裂体系的发育主要受控于地质力学层分布、晚期应力强度、先期断裂与后期应力方向之间的夹角。先期断裂的存在影响着局部应力场的重新分布以及后期断裂的发育,晚期断裂要么继续扩展,要么产生新的断裂。以不整合面为主要特征的岩层界面作为一种力学薄弱面,受力作用时,容易发生“变形不协调或滑移”现象,使得断裂发育在垂向上具有明显的不连续性或间断性;区域上,多期叠加断裂系统的形成和发育直接受控于郯庐断裂古近纪以来构造应力场的转变。     

黄骅坳陷上古生界古构造恢复

针对黄骅坳陷油气预探对古构造恢复的需求,结合盆地演化特点及相关资料,在对古构造恢复方法进行系统分析、优选的基础上,利用高分辨率三维地震数据,采用古水平面恢复法对黄骅坳陷上古生界进行古构造恢复,证实古水平面恢复方法是断陷盆地地震覆盖区快速开展古构造恢复、研究构造演化的有效手段.通过古构造恢复,认识到黄骅坳陷中生代末期的古...     

库车坳陷克拉苏构造带盐下差异构造变形特征及控制因素

以研究区连片三维地震精细构造解释为基础,应用最新钻探成果,借鉴物理模拟实验的成果与认识,提出了克拉苏构造带盐下构造具有差异构造变形的特点,主要表现在：①自北向南,以克深断裂为界,断裂上盘以基底卷入构造变形为主,断裂下盘以滑脱构造变形为主,其中基底卷入变形带向东北收敛;②东西向构造模式存在明显差异,大北段受基底先存古隆起影响多发育基底卷入式构造,克深1-2段则以滑脱构造为主;③基底结构、膏盐岩层分布、多期叠加构造变形是控制盐下差异构造变形的主要因素。中生代基底结构变化控制盐下基底卷入与盖层滑脱2类构造模式的分布,膏盐层的差异分布及叠加构造变形影响了各构造段缩短量、变形样式的差异。     

六盘山盆地构造演化及对成藏的控制

多期次、多性质的构造演化制约着六盘山盆地的油气成藏,以构造变形解析为基础,通过盆地构造演化和叠加改造过程的重建,确立了六盘山盆地的构造叠加改造序列,其中晚燕山期至喜马拉雅期为盆地演化的关键构造变革期,发生构造正反转,且在喜马拉雅期盆地发生了强烈的断裂褶皱作用,推覆构造发育,根据盆地的构造演化和成烃演化,认为以石炭系、三叠一侏罗系烃源岩为油源的油气藏以次生油气藏为主,而以白垩系烃源岩为油源的油气藏则为原生油气藏,指出海原凹陷的肖家湾和凤凰山构造带、固原凹陷的寺口子构造带和三营隆起带以及盆地西南缘的月亮山推覆构造为有利勘探目标.     

残余盆地构造分析与油气地质评价

垂向上层序不完整,平面上沉积体系和相带不齐全,盆地以侵蚀或断层为边界以及周缘和邻近地区露头的构造特征都可作为识别残余盆地的标志。残余盆地大多经过多次构造的叠加,从系统论和信息论的角度可将这一过程抽象为建造过程、构造过程和信息记录过程。要认识和重建某个地质历史时期盆地的原始构造格局和沉积特征,就必须除去后期叠加的构造层和构造变形,即反序构造分析法。该方法主要包括构造成像、变形年代确定和变形恢复等几项关键技术。残余盆地油气地质条件复杂,一般分两个步骤对其进行油气地质评价 :一是运用反演技术恢复原型盆地构造格局、沉积特征以及原生油气地质特征;二是以原型盆地为出发点,运用正演技术对其进行理论分析,将结果与现存实际对照,修正主观因素的影响。以此为基础,建立盆地改造过程中空间结构层次、时间发生序次与成烃、成藏事件的时空耦合关系,并由此深化对油气形成和聚集规律的认识。     

准噶尔盆地东部地区构造演化与油气聚集

应用地表地质、地震与钻井等资料,结合准噶尔盆地及周缘造山带的研究进展,对准噶尔盆地东部地区构造变形特征及构造变形的叠加过程进行了综合研究。结果表明,该区构造变形具有南北分带、东西分区,多期叠加的特点。南北向划分博格达山前、东部隆起与克拉美丽山前三大构造变形区。东部隆起构造变形区南北分为三大构造变形带,北部构造变形带为一组北东向展布的背斜与向斜构造,中部为北西西向展布古凸起,南部构造变形带发育受早期构造控制的近南北向构造,形成叠瓦状褶皱-断裂组合。该区经历了石炭纪的伸展断陷和南北向挤压变形,中生代的挤压走滑和新生代南北向的挤压等多期构造变形,具有挤压、走滑、逆冲推覆与膝褶褶皱等多种构造变形型式,划分为六大构造演化阶段。通过已发现油气藏的解剖,认为构造变形差异性、多期叠加古凸起、不整合和断裂等控制了油气的分布。     

莺歌海盆地新近纪以来古构造地貌恢复

新近系三亚组和梅山组是莺歌海盆地烃源岩发育的重要层系,研究其古构造地貌是预测烃源岩分布和油气资源潜力的基础。应用"构造应力体制保持不变的情况下,盆地内古构造地貌继承性发育"的思想,在确定莺歌海盆地新近纪构造变形应力体制及其演化的基础上,应用"将今论古"和"比例补偿"的思想和方法,分别以盆地现今地貌特征和地层厚度分布为基础资料,并以单井资料确定局部古海水深度作为约束条件,恢复莺歌海盆地新近纪的古构造地貌(古海水深度)。指出莺歌海盆地在三亚组和梅山组沉积时期是半封闭的局限海湾环境,有利于烃源岩的发育;提出古构造地貌研究的新方法——比例补偿法,可应用于其他盆地古构造地貌的恢复。     

柴达木盆地东部第四系局部构造形成的控制因素及分布规律

柴达木盆地东部三湖地区第四纪湖相沉积面积达1× 1 0 4km2 以上 ,第四系厚度最大为 34 0 0m ,其中 ,下更新统涩北组中上段的泥岩夹粉砂岩段是该区的主力气源岩 ,也是原生构造型气藏发育层段。目前的勘探和研究成果表明 ,该区第四系局部构造属同沉积构造 ,其形成虽受深层第三纪古构造和古地形影响 ,但第四纪变形的边界控制条件不同。采用遥感解译手段 ,结合地震剖面研究 ,认为三湖地区第四系局部构造的形成受盆地北侧边界断裂的影响更大 ,变形动力主要来自盆地北缘 ,构造分布在一定程度上受盆地边界断裂、盆内主干断裂等控制 ,根据主干断裂的分布特征可推测局部构造的分布位置。     

平衡剖面控制下古构造的恢复

文中详细分析了现有恢复古构造方法的工作原理以及影响恢复精度的因素,在此基础上提出了在平衡剖面控制下直接编制古构造等值线图的方法。研究认为:命名为"某段沉积前"的构造图,反映的并非某一时刻的地表形态,而是该段地层沉积后底界面的构造起伏,是整个时段内变形叠加的结果;地层倾斜、井斜、差异剥蚀、断层水平位移是影响古构造恢复精度的最主要因素,沉积压实影响相对较小,古水深影响最小,几乎可以忽略;平衡剖面控制法读取的厚度是在地层拉平、断层水平位移恢复的基础上进行的,同时兼顾了差异剥蚀、沉积压实的影响,可以准确标定古断层的位置,更能准确反映地质历史时期构造的三维形态。     

二连盆地乌兰花凹陷古地貌恢复及构造发育史研究

利用古地貌恢复原型盆地,对早期古构造、古环境、古水流等盆地特征有较为直观的认识,可为下步油气勘探奠定良好基础。以乌兰花凹陷为例,对二连盆地中生代残留型凹陷的构造特征开展分析,将地球物理法、残余厚度法、层序地层学法等多种古地貌恢复方法相互结合,并以三维可视化技术为载体,较真实地反映出凹陷的构造发育史特点。古地貌恢复表明,乌兰花凹陷在早白垩世阿尔善组沉积时期,初具雏形,腾格尔组沉积时期为断陷扩张期;赛汉塔拉组沉积时期湖盆萎缩并且构造反转,整体呈现出早盛晚剥的特点。     

COMPRESSIVE NEOGENE-QUATERNARY TECTONICS IN THE HINTERLAND AREA OF THE NORTHERN APENNINES

The NW-SE trending Northern Apennine Mountains consist of a series of allochthonous units which were thrust generally to the NE during Neogene crustal shortening, in the direction of a foreland basin to the east andNE. On the hinterland (internal) side of this fold-and-thrust belt, a series of small-scale sedimentary basins developed from the late Miocene and were deformed at the same time. The late Tortonian-Pleistocene evolution of the Northern Apennines has previously been considered by most authors in terms of a classical model of a NE-migrating compressional front, which was followed in time and space by a hinterland extensional regime related to the development of the Tyrrhenian Basin. This paper presents new structural data from both the external parts of the Northern Apennines and the late Tortonian-Pleistocene basins located in the internal sector. In the Northern Apennine thrust belt, reactivation and out-of-sequence geometries for the thrust faults have been recorded. In the hinterland basins, compressional deformation has been documented and is usually associated with thrust ramps and regional unconformities. The timing of both thrust reactivation and of the major compressional phases affecting the hinterland basins is closely correlated with periods of magmatic quiescence, and with compressional phases detected in the external margin of the Northern Apennines (the Padan-Adriatic foredeep). Data presented in this paper indicate that compressional deformation has played a major role in the recent evolution of the Northern Apennines. The mechanism envisaged to explain this tectonic framework takes account of the piggy-back emplacement of basement thrusts from internal to external sectors, which occurred in post-Serravallian time. Activity on basement thrusts may have caused reactivation of thrusts in the internal cover sequence, giving rise to out-of-sequence geometries and controlling the development and/or deformation of the hinterland basins. This type of structural evolution has resulted in a complex geometry for the thrust sheets, and this must be taken into consideration during re-interpretation of the structure of the Northern Apennines. It may also have important implications for petroleum exploration.     

断裂及其伴生微构造对不同类型储层的改造机理

断裂带具有典型的二元结构,即断层核和破碎带。由于断层核、破碎带与母岩间的物性具有一定差异,断裂在低-非孔隙性岩石和高孔隙性岩石中的表现形式明显不同,使其对储层物性具有相反的改造作用。传统观点认为,储层受力变形均会形成裂缝,而实际上高孔隙性储层中发育的是变形带,会降低储层的物性。中国含油气盆地多为陆相盆地,储盖层普遍为砂泥互层地层,受岩石固结程度、泥质含量、物性等因素影响,断裂在砂泥互层地层中具有6种断裂带结构类型:解聚型断裂带、碎裂型断裂带、层状硅酸盐-框架断层岩型断裂带、断层角砾岩型断裂带、断层泥型断裂带和涂抹型断裂带。以松辽盆地大庆长垣葡萄花油层高孔隙性储层和徐家围子断陷营城组致密火山岩储层为例,系统剖析断裂伴生微构造类型及其对储层反向改造作用。通过对大庆长垣杏树岗背斜带过断裂带钻探X7-20-S632井的岩心观察,发现断裂滑动面周围伴生大量变形带,且随着距滑动面距离增加,变形带密度越来越小。微观结构特征研究表明,变形带具有比母岩更低的孔渗性。徐家围子断陷营城组为致密的火山岩储层,储层变形后形成裂缝,徐中、徐东断裂两侧伴生裂缝密度随着距断裂距离增加逐渐减小,统计表明,断裂附近火山岩储层较远离断裂储层的孔隙度明显提高。依据断层核、破碎带的分布规律,建立了理想的地质模型,模拟了断裂伴生微构造的发育对流体流动效率的影响。结果表明,当储层中的变形带或裂缝发育达到一定程度时,对流体流动具有明显的阻滞或输导作用,因此,断裂及伴生微构造对储层物性具有反向改造作用。     

叠合盆地构造解析几点思考

我国大多数含油气盆地以多期叠合为特征,盆地演化具有阶段性,不同的演化阶段具有不同的大地构造环境、海陆分布和盆地原型。缝间就位和山间就位是我国叠合盆地的重要特点,反映了盆地经历了多期次的伸展裂解、俯冲消减、碰撞闭合以及后碰撞期的伸展挤压旋回。在叠合盆地构造解析中,应该特别重视对古生代非典型克拉通和中新生代非典型前陆盆地及其叠合历史的研究,确定关键构造变革期及其对盆地转型的影响,分析盆地不同构造期变形样式及其在平面和剖面上的变化,揭示基底盖层统一构造变形历史,恢复盆地系统形成过程和耦合历史,为叠合盆地油气生成和运移聚集研究提供背景资料。      

从地壳的波状运动探讨我国大型沉积坳陷(盆地)的找油前景

前言地壳表层受地应力作用,以“波”的形式进行运动。地壳表层的建造与改造,大型隆起区和坳陷区正负相间有规律地分布和排列,是波状运动的结果。归纳波状运动的型式,基本上可分为两大类:(1)波状延伸,包括阶梯升降和往复增长;(2)翘板活动,包括往复转换和左右摆动。     

黑龙江省中,新生代残留盆地的天然气前景

黑龙江省境内除松辽盆地以外还发育了一系列中、新生代沉积盆地。这些盆地均受深大断裂和基底断裂的控制,多数未见边缘相沉积属残留盆地。盆地内以侏罗系含煤地层为主要目的层,盆地内有含分散有机质的泥岩和煤层两种气源岩,有砂岩和煤层两种储集层,有泥岩和凝灰岩两种盖层,沉积韵律明显,泥岩最大单层厚度不超过50m,有利于烃的一次运移。砂岩与断层发育,有利于烃的再次运移。盆地内逆冲断层发育并伴有线状背斜的良好构造圈闭条件。凝灰岩具膨胀和易分散特性,可以克服断层多保存不利的因素。具备油气藏形成的生、储、盖、圈、运、保六大要素。但盆地面积及盆地内次一级负向构造单元面积均不大,有形成中小型天然气田和小型油田的前景。     

河西走廊拉分盆地的构造演化与油藏分布

该区雁列展布的中、新生代菱形盆地是特殊的拉张构造——拉分盆地。其演化经历了断块破裂、拉分断陷和压扭坳陷三个阶段,形成了南北分带、东西分块的构造格局。不同演化阶段的沉积相带类型、构造圈闭类型、油气藏类型及其展布方向各异,但均受断裂控制。因此,顺断裂找圈闭是勘探这类盆地含油气构造的最有效途径。     

THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEOGENE BASINS IN THE SE BETIC CORDILLERA (SE SPAIN): A CASE STUDY OF THE TABERNAS-SORBAS AND HUERCAL OVERA BASINS

Neogene— Quaternary sedimentary basins in SE Spain contain a record of the geodynamic evolution of the Internal Zone of the Betic Cordillera. The basement of the Internal Zone is composed of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic metasediments which have undergone variable degrees of metamorphism. The External Zones consist of largely unmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks which were deposited on the SE margin of the Iberian Plate during the Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic. Westward tectonic emplacement of these terranes onto the Iberian Plate took place between the end of the Palaeogene and the middle Miocene. In this paper, we investigate the late Miocene (Tortonian-Messinian) stratigraphy of two basins in the Internal Zone — the Tabernas-Sorbas and Huercal Overa Basins. We also consider some recently-acquired structural data. The Tabernas-Sorbas and Huercal Overa Basins are east-west trending depressions bounded to north and south by sierras in which basement rocks are exposed. The basins contain very similar sedimentary successions in which planktonic foraminifera have been preserved. However, the faunal composition is very variable, and the observed sporadic and abrupt changes in foraminiferal populations imply palaeo-ecologic and palaeo-oceanographic instabilities which may be associated with local tectonism. Stratigraphic markers were affected by these changes, making precise dating difficult near the Tortonian-Messinian boundary. Our data indicate that Messinian rocks are more widely distributed than has hitherto been suspected. A Messinian age for the prominent coral limestones in the Tabernas-Sorbas Basin has long been accepted; similar coral limestones in the Huercal Overa Basin have previously been dated as Tortonian. However, our data show that these carbonates are of Messinian age in both basins. The origin and development of the Tabernas-Sorbas and Huercal Overa Basins have previously been interpreted in a number of ways. Many (but not all) models favour strike-slip movement on NE-SW or east-west trending basin-bounding faults. The formation and deformation of the basins occurred during the Tortonian and Messinian, at the same time as the uplift of the sierras. The sierras are here interpreted to represent structural culminations above westward-verging, deep-seated thrust faults, and the basins to be lateral folds (or lateral ramps, i.e. oriented parallel to the thrust transport direction). The east-west trending strike-slip faults at the margin of the Sorbas- Tabernas Basin may be compatible with such a model. Major NE-SW trending, left-lateral wrench faults have been described in this area. These faults cut through late Miocene and Pliocene deposits, and are still active at the present day. Although these faults were initiated during the late Miocene, they do not appear to have influenced the development of the Tabernas-Sorbas and Huercal Overa Basins during the early Tortonian.     

我国东部含油气盆地重力构造类型

我国东部沉积盆地是在引张背景下形成的。盆地中边隆起、边沉降、边断裂、边沉积,构造作用与沉积作用同步发生。盆地结构一般呈地堑一地垒式或半地堑一半地垒式,边缘受正断层(生长断层)控制。因此,这类盆地无明显的挤压褶皱变形,局部构造的成因主要受重力构造作用的侧向运动和垂向运动所控制。     

新疆天山构造带中小型山间盆地构造特征及油气勘探方向

新疆天山构造带中的中小型山间盆地是在海西期褶皱基底之上形成的。它们经历了晚二叠世断陷湖、三叠一侏罗纪坳陷型湖泊－沼泽及白垩纪一新生代收缩型山间盆地３个成盆期。燕山运动控制着盆地次一级构造单元的格局及局部构造的形成。喜马拉雅运动控制着局部构造和断裂的最后定型以及油气运移、聚集成藏。这些山间盆地具有形成中小型油气田的基本石油地质条件，应引起我们的高度重视。     

Sandbox modeling of fault formation and evolution in the Weixinan Sag, Beibuwan Basin, China

Fault formation and evolution in the presence of multiple pre-existing weaknesses has not been investigated extensively in rift basins.The fault systems of Weixinan Sag,Beibuwan Basin of China,which is...