软土地基孔隙水压力降低引起的压缩分析

根据土力学基本原理,分析孔隙水压力降低引起的土体压缩方式,并对真空预压地基的分层沉降现场实测值和理论计算值进行分析;同时,定量分析真空预压地基在不同深处单位压缩量。研究结果表明:(1)若按有效应力原理水土压力分开计算、地基土体中孔隙水压力降低时,土体竖向总应力维持不变而侧向总应力减小;(2)土体中孔隙水压力在相对压强小于0的范围内降低时,将引起土体等向压缩,在相对压强大于0的范围内降低时,将引起土体单向压缩;(3)南沙港区的真空预压地基若其沉降按欠固结计算时,计算值与实测值接近,自重应力欠固结引起的沉降是抽真空期间地基总沉降主要部分;(4)真空预压的加固深度随排水体深度增加而增大,土层压密效果随地层深度增加而减弱,故降低孔隙水压力法在加固软土地基中,设计排水体深度时应考虑最佳加固深度。     

沿海吹填土地基真空预压加固效果现场监测分析

温州瓯江口某吹填区道路工程采用真空预压法加固处理,利用十字板剪切试验与静力触探等原位测试方法评估其抗剪强度增长情况,结果表明土体浅部加固效果明显,但其抗剪强度增幅随深度逐步下降。对地表沉降、分层沉降以及孔隙水压力监测分析表明,真空预压在埋深10 m范围内,负压损失较小且加固效果良好;其有效影响深度在10 m以下也是存在的,但随着深度增加而逐渐减弱,在排水板底部5 m范围内的深层土体加固效果不明显。     

基坑底部土体满堂加固模型试验与数值模拟研究

为探究基坑底部土体满堂加固对基坑变形和内力的影响,采用室内模型试验方法,研究了基坑底部土体满堂加固对基坑周围地表沉降、冠梁侧向位移、桩身弯矩以及桩后土压力变化的影响。运用ABAQUS有限元软件对模型试验进行数值模拟,将试验数据与数值计算结果进行对比,并分析了加固土体的水泥掺入比和加固深度对基坑变形的影响。结果表明:满堂加固对降低基坑底部隆起效果最为明显,对降低支护结构侧向位移较为明显,对减小地表沉降不明显;通过极差分析法得出,增加加固土体的弹性模量较增加加固深度对抑制支护桩侧向位移及坑底隆起更为有效;当水泥掺入比超过一定范围后,加固效果没有显著提升,建议在含水率为20%左右的软弱土层地区,水泥掺入比一般为5%～20%;土体的加固深度超过一定范围后,控制基坑变形的效果有所提高,但不明显,建议土体加固深度取0.4～0.45倍基坑深度。     

真空预压和堆载预压模型试验研究

采用室内模型槽试验,研究了真空预压法和堆载预压法加固软土的固结机理和特性,得出两种加载情况下土样的含水率都随深度的增加而增加,十字板剪切强度随深度的增加而减小的结论。在相同压力作用下,真空作用下土样的含水率比堆载作用下的土样偏小。而且真空作用下土体前期固结沉降的速率远大于堆载作用下土体固结沉降速率。     

真空堆载联合预压作用下软土地基位移和孔压变化规律研究

根据实测资料分析了真空堆载联合预压作用下加固区地表沉降、土体侧向位移、孔压、超孔压变化规律,并对孔压消散原因进行微观解释,结果表明:真空预压形成的负压与堆载预压形成的正压二者在加固软土地基的效果上是一致的,场地中心处的沉降要比四周大,用固结度对数配合法推定最终沉降,停泵时的平均固结度达到97%;真空预压阶段土体侧向位移方向是指向加固区内的,而堆载预压阶段是指向加固区外的;开始抽真空后浅层土体孔压消散非常明显,深层土体孔压消散较为缓慢,后期较深土层中孔压才有较大变化;超孔压在抽真空后变为负值,在真空预压阶段绝对值越来越大。     

真空联合堆载预压处理软土地基测试与分析

结合山东某港口大面积吹填软土地基处理实践,阐述了真空联合堆载预压施工相关监测和检测内容及其基本操作方法;分析了真空联合堆载预压施工过程中土体表面沉降、分层沉降、深层水平位移以及孔隙水压力的发展变化过程和规律。表明真空联合堆载预压法加固软土地基具有真空预压和堆载预压的双重加固特征,堆载能加速软土地基的固结变形,但在堆荷较小情况下,被加固土体总体仍表现为土体向加固区中心位移的收缩固结变形特征。从工后现场原位测试及试样室内土工试验成果可以看出,淤泥土层加固后含水量、孔隙比均有大幅减小,土体物理力学性质得到较大改善,土体强度增长幅度可达100%～300%。说明真空联合堆载预压应用于处理大面积吹填软土地基是成功可行的,其加固效果明显,有效影响范围可达排水板深度。     

水位降深对真空降水联合强夯处理公路地基的影响研究

结合上虞地区某公路软土地基处理工程,选取两块具有代表性的试验场区,采用真空降水的方式将两试验场区水位降至不同深度处,进行现场对比试验研究水位降深对地基联合加固的影响。通过对比试验分析不同水位降深下,夯后土体的沉降及孔压增长、消散规律;同时对不同水位降深场地进行现场原位试验,对比研究其加固效果。得出结论:水位越高,夯后超静孔隙水越难排出,单位夯能引起的地面沉降量越小,且有效夯击次数减小,孔压消散时间增长;随水位降深提高,6m径向范围内加固效果显著提升,地基有效加固深度增大。因此,增大水位降深可有效提升加固效果,减小夯后时间间隙,可为类似深厚饱和粉土地基的加固处理提供借鉴。     

两次插板和两阶段真空预压模型试验对比研究

为解决真空预压联合竖向排水板处理软土地基过程中，竖向排水板容易发生淤堵导致土体加固效果很差，土体产生不均匀固结的问题，进行了两次插板和两阶段真空预压模型对比试验。通过比较采用两种方法加固后土体的沉降、十字板抗剪强度、含水率等指标，探究两种方法对软土地基的改良效果。试验结果表明：两次插板真空预压试验的最大沉降为208 mm,两阶段真空预压试验的最大沉降只有170 mm;试验结束后，两次插板和两阶段真空预压的平均十字板抗剪强度分别是29.5, 24.75 kPa。表明两次插板真空预压处理超软土效果比两阶段真空预压更好。     

真空-堆载联合预压加固软基的沉降分析

以某煤场试验区现场垂向变形测试数据为基础,分析了真空-堆载联合预压下土层的垂向变形特点和沉降随时间的变化过程。在抽真空初期和堆载初期沉降速率最大,能达到54mm/d,真空-堆载联合预压阶段,沉降是趋势渐变、幅度收敛的过程。真空预压的加固深度在边缘处能达到19m左右。土体压缩变形主要发生在地面下7.5～15m之间。介绍了拉格朗日(Lagrange)插值法,并运用Asaoka法、指数曲线法、双曲线法推算最终沉降量,与实测资料进行对比,讨论了3种方法的适用性及优缺点。计算结果表明Asoaka法推算的结果与实测值最为接近,是预测最终沉降的一种较为理想的方法。     

布袋注浆桩地基用于软基处理的试验研究

布袋注浆桩(布袋桩)用于软基加固处理是一项新技术,本文对布袋桩在沿海软土地基处理中的应用效果进行试验研究。通过埋设分层沉降管、测斜管,测试布袋桩复合地基深层沉降和路基边缘的深层水平位移,探讨其加固效果。研究表明:采用布袋桩复合地基处理方法,其地基沉降随荷载增加而增加,上部土体沉降量较下部沉降量大;深层土体的水平位移小,表层土体水平位移较大;地基沉降最大值和水平位移最大值均发生在地表以下1.5-2m,说明该段土层扰动最大。     

Improvement of silty clay by vacuum preloading incorporated with electroosmotic method

A laboratory test was performed to assess the effectiveness of vacuum preloading incorporated with electroosmotic (EOM) treatment on silty clay (combined method) for reclamation projects like new disposal ponds, where the horizontal electrode configurations beneath the soil layer were possible and the drainage pipes and the prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) system could be easily installed in advance before the sludge dragged from sea bed or river bed was filled into the site. Three groups of tests were conducted on the silty clay from Qinhuai River in Nanjing, China. The model is able to apply vacuum pressure at the bottom of the soil layer and a direct current electric field simultaneously. It is also possible to measure the pore pressures at different depths of soil column, and the changes in settlement and volume with the elapsed time. In this study, the vacuum preloading method, vacuum preloading applied at the bottom (VAB method), was applied and the cathodes were installed beneath the soil layer. The results obtained indicate substantial reduction in water content, and increases in dry density and undrained shear strength in comparison with those obtained by the vacuum preloading only, particularly at the positions close to the anode. The combined method utilizes the vertical drainage flow created by the electroosmosis integrating the horizontal drainage flow created mostly by the vacuum pressure. The total drainage flow can be calculated as a result of the vertical drainage flow by electroosmosis only and the horizontal drainage flow by the vacuum preloading only. The way of placement of the cathode and the anode in the combined method also overcomes the disadvantage of EOM method itself, i.e. the appearance of cracks between the anode and the surrounding soil. Moreover, it is observed that the vacuum preloading plays a primary role in earlier stage in deduction of free pore water; meanwhile, the electroosmotic method is more efficient in later stage for absorbing water in the diffused double layers o     

真空预压处理软基效果分析

采用真空预压法处理某高速公路软基,处理淤泥层的平均厚度达到10m以上,软基上施加真空压力80kPa,150d后地基表面沉降量达到1m以上,地基平均固结度超过90%,满足设计要求。处理后的软土地基物理力学性质变化明显,表明采用真空预压法处理本工程软基是可行的,同时对真空预压引起的土体水平位移进行分析。     

高等级公路桥头软基真空联合堆载预压加固试验研究

对浃里陈大桥桥头试验段的孔隙水压力、分层沉降、地表沉降、土体水平位移等现场监测结果进行了分析;分析结果表明:在真空联合堆载预压加固软基的过程中,由负超静孔隙水压力与正超静孔隙水压力叠加后产生的联合超静孔隙水压力相对较小,一般小于0,有利于路堤的快速堆载;能大幅预消除沉降,工后沉降量小于100mm,满足桥头软基工后沉降要求;影响区土体水平位移沿水平方向距加固区边界20m之外相对较小,沿深度方向,15m以下基本上无水平位移。真空预压的有效影响深度可以大于10m。对地基土体的加固效果进行了检验,检验结果表明,真空联合堆载预压加固后,土体的强度明显增强,加固效果明显。最后结合试验监测成果,对真空联合堆载预压加固软基机理进行了分析,给出了附加应力分布图。     

A pilot test on a membraneless vacuum preloading method

A membraneless vacuum preloading method is proposed in this paper for soft soil improvement. The method offers several advantages over the conventional vacuum preloading in which membrane is used to create the airtight condition and sand blanket layer to distribute vacuum. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed method, a pilot test was conducted at a land reclamation site in Tianjin, China. The ground settlement and the pore water pressure (PWP) at different elevations in soil were measured. After vacuum preloading, the average water content of the soft soils reduced by approximately 12% and the undrained shear strength increased twofold. The average degree of consolidation at the end of the vacuum preloading achieved 85.1% based on the settlement data and 84.5% based on the PWP data. The pilot test data have shown that the proposed method exhibits similar efficiencies to the conventional vacuum preloading method.     

排水板真空堆载预压法在大厚度软基处理中的应用

真空-堆载预压法在处理大厚度淤泥质软基上的公路差异沉降和稳定性问题中应用广泛,本文从加固机理出发,根据工程现场的监测数据对预压期间各土层的沉降、侧向位移、孔隙水压力进行了分析,认为前期真空预压时沉降主要发生在淤泥层,堆载加压后填土层沉降较大;堆载作用下淤泥层发生蠕变现象,判断其与竖向荷载大小、层间土弹性模量比及软弱层的厚度有关。另外,由于水压消散值的测定受真空和堆载联合作用而随时间变化较复杂,推荐用沉降量推算固结度。     

真空堆载联合预压加固软基机理的试验研究

通过对浃里陈大桥桥头试验段的真空度、地下水位、流量、孔隙水压力、地表沉降等现场监测结果的分析 ;阐述了真空堆载联合预压的联合机理 ,真空预压与堆载预压的联合方式不是真空荷载与堆载荷载的叠加 ,而是真空预压引起的孔压差与堆载压力引起的孔压差的叠加。试验结果表明 ,用真空堆载联合预压法处理软基是极为有效的。     

孔隙水压力测试和分析中存在的问题及对策

针对目前几种常用的孔压计封孔方法存在的问题,提出一种新的孔压计封孔技术,并在广州南沙一真空预压加固软基工程中进行对比试验。实测结果表明,采用传统塌孔方式封孔埋设孔压计难于封堵,上下孔压计容易连通,不同深度的孔压差几乎一致,测试结果误差较大;采用新的封孔装置可有效地防止孔压计上下连通,不同深度的孔压差变化呈现明显的差异性,测试结果较为准确,且施工方便,孔压计定位准确。同时,还分析土体压缩和地下水位的变化对孔隙水压力的影响:土体压缩和地下水位变化越大,对孔隙水压力的影响就越大。土体压缩和地下水位变化对孔隙水压力的影响可达20kPa,因此在研究孔隙水压力消散规律或超静孔隙水压力分布模式时,须扣除因土体压缩和地下水位的变化而引起的孔隙水压力变化值。     

真空预压联合搅拌桩在有轨电车软基加固中的应用

有轨电车以其绿色环保的运营方式正在引领中国交通行业向可持续方向发展。针对南京河西地区软土地基的结构特点和工程特性,提出了真空预压联合搅拌桩软基加固方法,结合施工期表层沉降、分层沉降、水平位移和孔压及运营期累计沉降监测结果,分析了该软基处理方法的加固效果。研究结果表明:在抽真空过程中,孔隙水压力随着深度的增加而逐渐减小;水平位移和分层沉降变化率均逐渐减小;表层总沉降量在抽真空2个月后趋于稳定,表明软土层接近完成固结;施工期的表层累计沉降量为440 mm;运营后半年累计沉降为4.2 mm,预测运营10 a后累计沉降约为9.8 mm,远低于设计警戒值。说明真空预压联合搅拌桩的方法可以有效加固有轨电车软土地基。     

Experimental study on a dredged fill ground improved by a two-stage vacuum preloading method

The vacuum preloading method has been wisely chosen among many ground-improvement methods considering the time limit of many projects and the characteristics of reclaimed soil. However, the loss in vacuum with soil depth, the clogging around prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs), and the deteriorative consolidation of the deep soil layer, among other factors, create a large challenge to vacuum preloading for dredged marine clay fill. Thus, this study proposes a two-stage vacuum preloading method and focuses on its feasibility and effectiveness. Contrasting laboratory tests are performed in two identical experimental tanks with dredged marine clay fill from the Wenzhou land reclamation site in China. In one tank, the one-stage vacuum preloading method is used to serve as a baseline for this study. In the other tank, use of the two-stage vacuum preloading method is proposed for consolidation; it comprises two stages. In the first stage, the dredged marine clay fill is conditioned by vacuum preloading using half of the PVDs, where the dissipation of the excess pore water pressure tends to be steady. In the second stage, vacuum preloading is activated using all the PVDs. The results show that a better consolidation effect is achieved with the proposed method in terms of the settlement, vacuum pressure, pore water pressure, water content, vane shear strength, and soil particle microstructure after soil consolidation.