流动电位法研究聚烯烃微孔膜在电解质溶液中的动电现象

对NaCl、KCl、MgCl2、Na2SO4、MgSO4等5种电解质溶液中2种不同微孔膜(管式聚乙烯微滤膜和管式聚丙烯腈超滤膜)的流动电位进行了实验研究。考察了电解质浓度、离子种类和价态对膜的流动电位的影响。根据Helmholtz-Smoluchowski方程和Gouy-Chapmann理论算出2种膜的微孔表面zeta电位和电荷密度。结果表明，两种微孔膜均由于离子的吸附而带有负电荷，电解质浓度、离子种类及价态对膜的流动电位、表面zeta电位和电荷密度均具有重要的影响。     

ZrO_2/堇青石微滤膜表面荷电性能及其对膜通量的影响(英文)

采用挤压成型和流铸法制备了ZrO2/堇青石微滤膜,并通过错流方式下的流动电势测量对所制备微滤膜的表面荷电性能进行了表征.研究了过滤介质溶液的pH值、电解质种类和浓度等对膜的表面荷电性能和渗透通量的影响.结果表明:膜流动电势大小取决于过滤溶液的pH值、电解质种类和浓度.溶液浓度为10-3 mol/L时,膜等电点随着电解质种类改变而在4.2和5.4之间变化.膜的流动电势随NaCl溶液浓度提高而逐渐减小,但等电点不变;而CaCl2和Na2SO4溶液中的Ca2+和SO42-/在膜孔表面存在特定吸附,导致膜的等电点和表面净电荷符号改变.制备的ZrO2/堇青石微滤膜在等电点附近出现最大离子溶液过滤通量.     

流动电位法测定中空纤维膜表面的ξ电位

根据流动电位与表面ξ电位的关系,研制了一套中空纤维膜表面(ξ电位的测定装置,对Nacl、KCl、CaCl2:三种电解质溶液中聚丙烯膜的流动电位进行了研究.结果表明,在中性条件下,膜表面带负电;膜丝间毛细孔径和试验操作方法对ξ电位有影响,毛细孔径越大,ξ电位的绝对值越小,降压法得到的ξ电位值大于快速升压法.ξ电位的大小与电解质溶液的浓度和种类有关,阳离子价态对ξ电位影响很大.     

流动电位法测定中空纤维膜表面的ζ电位

根据流动电位与表面ζ电位的关系,研制了一套中空纤维膜表面ζ电位的测定装置,对NaCl、KCl、CaCl2三种电解质溶液中聚丙烯膜的流动电位进行了研究。结果表明,在中性条件下,膜表面带负电;膜丝间毛细孔径和试验操作方法对ζ电位有影响,毛细孔径越大,ζ电位的绝对值越小,降压法得到的ζ电位值大于快速升压法。ζ电位的大小与电解质溶液的浓度和种类有关,阳离子价态对ζ电位影响很大。     

高压电场强化法制备荷电聚醚酰亚胺纳滤膜及其性能研究

采用一种新颖的方法,以聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)为原料,N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)为溶剂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP K30)为添加剂,在高压静电场下采用浸没沉淀相转化法制备出荷电纳滤膜。首先研究了铸膜液组成及成膜条件对膜分离性能的影响。得到最佳制膜条件为:PEI质量分数为22%,静电场强度2 k V,所制备的荷电纳滤膜对聚乙二醇(PEG) 1000的截留率为77. 97%。接下来研究了成膜条件以及铸膜液组成对膜表面切向流动电位(zeta电位)的影响。结果表明,随着静电场强度的升高,zeta电位增大;添加PVP K30浓度过低或过高均导致zeta电位降低,当PVP K30质量分数为6%时,zeta电位最大,为96. 19 m V;添加不同相对分子量的PEG,zeta电位值变化并无明确规律,但添加PEG300、PEG600时,zeta电位值较大,分别为49. 98 m V、41. 51 m V。该研究结果对于进一步开发高性能荷电聚醚酰亚胺纳滤膜具有一定的参考价值。     

TiO2改性Al2O3微滤膜荷电性及其对膜水通量的影响

以硫酸钛、尿素为主要原料，采用均相沉淀法在Al2O3，微滤膜孔表面成功制备了一层纳米TiO2改性涂层。采用显微电泳法通过测定Al2O3，微滤膜颗粒表面TiO2涂层的zeta电位表征了TiO2涂层改性Al2O3微滤膜表面的荷电性，并探讨了微滤膜荷电性其对其水通量的影响。宏观电泳测试和Zeta电位分析表明，经TiO2改性后，Al2O3微滤膜表面荷电性能发生了明显改变，未改性膜Zeta电位等电点为pH=6．3，而改性后膜在pH=2-12时均荷负电。经TiO3改性Al2O3微滤膜的纯净水渗透通量较未改性时明显提高；当pH=6．6时，经TiO2改性后Al2O3微滤膜表面zeta电位绝对值的变化规律与相应的改性Al2O3微滤膜的纯净永渗透通量的变化趋势完全一致， 表明微滤膜水过滤通量的提高与改性涂层改变了膜孔表面的电动性质密切相关。     

聚丙烯腈UF膜的微孔表面ζ电位和电荷密度

根据Helmholtz-Smoluchowski方程,由实验测定的流动电位计算聚丙烯腈ACP-0053超滤膜的ζzeta电位,并根据Gouy-Chapmann方程,估算出膜的微孔表面电荷密度。表明UF膜微孔表面ζ电位和电荷密度与电解质的种类、浓度有关。UF膜在NaCl与KCl体系的ζ电位相近,在MgCl2与MgSO4体系的ζ电位也相近,即阳离子价态和结构越相近,ζ电位越相近,但当阴离子价态较高时,也有一定影响。由膜微孔表面ζ电位和电荷密度随溶液浓度的变化关系可知,在低浓度区域,膜表面ζ电位和电荷密度较高,并出现一个峰值,之后随浓度增大而缓慢降低。     

Zeta电位法表征γ-球蛋白对超滤膜污染研究

研究聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜截留γ-球蛋白的过程中,溶液质量浓度、pH值和膜面流速的变化对膜吸附污染的影响,结合截留率和膜表面Zeta电位的变化,从宏观和微观角度分析膜的污染情况.结果表明:PVDF膜在中性溶液中呈荷负电性;膜对γ-球蛋白的截留率随着溶液质量浓度的增大而升高,同时膜表面Zeta电位向荷正电性移动,膜污染越严重;将溶液向酸性或碱性调节以及加快膜面流速后截留效果虽有不同,但污染后的膜表面Zeta电位都更接近新膜.     

聚丙烯腈UF膜的微孔表面ξ电位和电荷密度

根据Helmholtz-Smoluchowski方程，由实验测定的流动电位计算聚丙烯腈ACP-0053超滤膜的ξzeta电位，并根据Gouy-Chapmann方程的，估算出膜的微也表现电荷密度。表明UF膜微孔表面ξ电位和电荷密度与电解质的种类、浓度有关。UF膜在NaCl与KCl体系的ξ电位相近，在MgCl2与MgSO4体系的ξ电位也相近，即阳离子价态和结构越相近，ξ电位越相近，但当阴离子价态较高时，也有一定影响。由膜微孔表面ξ电位和电荷密度随溶液浓度的变化关系可知，在低浓度区域，膜表面ξ电位和电荷密度较高，并出现一个峰值，之后随浓度增大而缓慢降低。     

气泡的ζ电位

对气泡ζ电位的测量方法以及纯水中、表面活性剂体系中、电解质体系中气泡ζ电位的测量结果进行综述。研究表明,气泡在纯水中的等电点处于pH 1.5~3.5之间。阴、阳离子型表面活性剂会改变气泡表面的ζ电位,非离子型表面活性剂对ζ电位的影响与其结构和基团有关,当浓度达到临界胶束浓度时,ζ电位不再发生变化。无机电解质对ζ电位的影响与离子在溶液中的存在形式及吸附状态有关,pH对ζ电位的影响主要是通过影响H+和OH-的吸附量以及溶液中表面活性剂和无机电解质的存在形式来实现。     

膜形态、膜污染和浓差极化对流动电位的影响

引　言膜与水溶液接触后 ,由于自身所具有的固定荷电基团的静电吸附或膜表面ｖａｎｄｅｒＷａａｌｓ力对溶液中某些反离子的不等量吸附作用 ,使被吸附的离子紧贴在固体表面 ,形成一个固定的吸附层 ,叫Ｓｔｅｒｎ层 ,同时从Ｓｔｅｒｎ层到液体内部又形成了扩散层 ,带电膜的表面与电解质溶液相对移动时在Ｓｔｅｒｎ层和扩散层之间形成一个剪切面 ,剪切面与溶液体相的电位差即 ζ电位 ,其大小与膜表面吸附离子的性质与数量有关 ,反映出膜表面荷电性能 .多年来 ,许多关于膜荷电性能的研究工作表明膜表面的荷电会影响膜的通量和对溶液中带电微粒…     

不同电解质溶液及其离子浓度和pH值对改性微滤膜流动电势的影响(英文)

采用商品级α-Al2O3微滤膜.由均质共沉淀法制备了TiO2改性α-Al2O3微滤膜.研究了不同的电解质溶液、溶液的离子浓度和pH值对TiO2 改性的α-Al2O3微滤膜流动电势的影响规律.结果表明:对于NaCl溶液,膜流动电势随溶液离子浓度的增大向降低,其等电点在4.3左右:随着溶液的pH值由3增加到10.膜流动电势由值逐渐变为负值.而对于FeSO4,CaSO4,Na2SO4,NaCl和CaCl2溶液,当溶液的离子浓度固定时,膜流动 电势则随溶液的电导率的增加而降低.     

两性氧化物超微过滤及纳米过滤陶瓷膜的过滤性能与材料性能之间的关系

各类陶瓷膜在电解质溶液中的过滤性能试验表明：各种盐分的滤出率取决于溶液的pH值、盐的种类及其浓度。在过滤过程中，脉动电势与盐滤出率存在相关性，脉动电势是影响过滤材料表面电荷特性的相关参数。     

流动电位和通量法表征中空纤维超滤膜的污染程度及清洗效果

用流动电位和通量法表征PS中空纤维膜，研究离子强度、离子种类及pH值对膜的流动电位和通量的影响，同时测量了膜的等电点，结果表明流动电位系数（v）随浓度的增大而减小，等电点随电解质中阳离子价态增大而升高.对0.001mol/L的CuCl2，FeCl3和AlCl3溶液，在pH=6.8时的污染实验，发现污染后流动电位和通量值都有所下降，等电点则有所上升，且通量下降到一定值以后几乎不再下降，经过有效清洗后，流动电位和膜通量恢复到了原来的99%以上，这表明污染只发生在膜表面.     

An experimental investigation of streaming potentials through homogeneous ion-exchange membranes

Streaming potentials through homogeneous ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) were studied with several anion-exchange membranes prepared in our laboratory. Discussions are mainly concentrated on the effects of the chemistry, concentration and pH of the outer solution as well as the thickness and ion-exchange capacity of the IEMs. Results show that except for the membrane thickness hardly affecting the streaming potential coefficient, the remaining factors influence it more or less. The difference of the streaming potential coefficient for different electrolyte solutions with equal concentrations is due to different mobilities of the cations or anions of those electrolytes; the pH of outer solution only alters the magnitude of the streaming potential coefficient, but has no influence on its sign; and the streaming potential coefficient increases with increasing IEC and with decreasing concentration of the outer solution. The desalination rate of the IEMs can be also roughly estimated by the difference of the electrical potential in two opposite pressure directions including the pressure-increase direction (+) and the pressure-reduced direction (−).     

临阈浓度时纳滤膜软化过程中膜面动电现象研究

荷电纳滤（NF）膜在相似浓度范围的进水端主体溶液软化过程中,浓水端的膜面处易出现结垢污染,因此开展临阈浓度条件下膜表面动电现象研究是十分必要的。本文选定DK型NF膜和c_K2SO4：c_CaCl2=1：1的双组分溶液为载体,以CaSO₄·0.5H₂O为典型代表的非碱性难溶垢为研究对象,通过自制的切向流动电位测试系统,分别考察临阈浓度条件下,进水端主体溶液中不同构晶离子浓度（0.5～18 mol·m^-3）、操作压力（25～200 kPa）和不同pH（3.0～10.0）对该NF膜流动电位、Zeta电位和膜表面电荷密度的影响效应。当操作压力恒定为180 kPa且逐渐增加构晶离子浓度（0.5～18 mol·m^-3）时,DK膜面流动电位和Zeta电位绝对值分别从87.37和59.13 mV下降至3.41和36.34 mV,均呈先急剧后缓慢下降的变化趋势。这可能是由于静电屏蔽和扩散层压缩共同作用的结果。而同时膜面电荷密度从13.94 mC·m^-2逐渐增加至34.86 mC·m^-2。研究表明,当NF浓水端膜面处开始出现结垢时,膜表面仍有中低强度的动电现象。     

Water transport in ion exchange membranes

Water transport across ion exchange membranes has been studied experimentally. Water transference numbers were obtained from streaming potential measurements for cation and anion exchange membranes. At low salt concentration the water transference number reaches a limiting value which for the cation exchange membranes seems to be closely correlated with the cation—water friction in infinite dilute solutions.The observed water transference number for a given anion exchange membrane does not seem to be much dependent on the type of coion even at concentrations where the membrane is no longer perfectly permselective.     

Effects of operating conditions on membrane charge property and nanofiltration

The effects of the operating pressure, cross flow velocity, feed concentration, and temperature on the streaming and Zeta potential of the membranes were studied. The permeate flux and the retention rate under different nanofiltration operating conditions were also investigated. The results show that the higher pressure, feed concentration, temperature, and lower cross flow velocity lead to the higher absolute value of streaming and Zeta potential. The permeate flux of the nanofiltration decreases with the feed concentration and increases with not only the pressure but also the cross flow velocity and temperature. The higher the pressure and the cross flow velocity, the higher the retention rate. The lower feed concentration and higher temperature leads to lower retention rate. The effects of the operating conditions on the permeate flux and the retention rate were explained by the variation of the membrane charge property.     

Über das Flüssigkeits-Grenzflächenpotential am Diaphragma von Referenzelektroden

The Liquid Junction Potential on the Diaphragm of Reference Electrodes The electrolyte solution flow through porous ceramic diaphragms is used for evaluating measurements of streaming potentials. With porous magnesia silicate diaphragms, by salt concentrations from 1 × 10⁻⁵ to 1 M KCl, the values of zeta potentials are negative. Increases in salt concentrations lower the zeta potentials through a decrease in double layer thickness. In presence of concentrated salt solutions the streaming potential has a very small effect on liquid junction potential of reference electrodes.     

Electrokinetic property of ZrO2/cordierite composite MF membrane and its influence on the permeate flux

ZrO₂/cordierite composite microfiltration (MF) membrane was prepared by the combination of extrusion and slip casting techniques. The electrokinetic properties of as-prepared membrane were characterized by streaming potential measurements operated in tangential microfiltration mode. The influences of pH, electrolyte species and concentrations of filtered solutions on the electrokinetic properties and permeate flux were investigated. Results show that the streaming potentials are dependent on the pH, types of the electrolyte and concentrations of filtered solutions. The isoelectric point (IEP) of membranes moved from 4.2 to 5.4 with different types of 10^− 3 M electrolyte solutions. The change of ionic concentration of NaCl solution does not alter the IEP of the membranes, but does make the streaming potential tend to be zero at high salt concentration. The specific adsorption of Ca²⁺ and SO₄²⁻ ions in CaCl₂ and Na₂SO₄ solutions onto the pore wall can alter the IEP and the net charge sign of the membrane. The as-prepared ZrO₂/cordierite membrane shows a maximal permeate volume flux near the IEP.