基于热胀冷缩原理的TACR压力管与排管间非能动热开关设计

提出了一种可应用于钍基先进CANDU型反应堆(TACR:Thorium-based Advanced CANDU Reactor)压力管与排管间的非能动热开关设计方案.该方案应用金属的热胀冷缩性质,通过热胀冷缩部件推动开关滑块移动来控制压力管与排管间的传热介质种类,以改变压力管与排管之间的热阻.该方案在满足TACR正常运行工况下对压力管和排管间高热阻要求的同时,能够在事故工况下降低二者之间的热阻导出余热.由于利用了金属热胀冷缩性质作为推动力,并利用改变传热介质种类来改变热阻,因此,高度的可靠性和有效性是该方案设计的特点.     

TACR排管容器研究中多孔介质法的应用

以钍基先进重水堆(TACR:Thorium Based Advanced CANDU Reactor) 慢化剂系统排管容器作为研究对象,提出了一种适用于计算排管容器内流场和温度场的非结构网格多孔介质方法,并将其计算结果与精细数值计算法所获得的结果进行了比较,二者符合较好,由此验证了其方法与计算结果的正确性.     

钍基先进核能系统压力管与排管之间的非能动热开关设计

提出了一种用于钍基先进核能系统压力管与排管之阃的非能动热开关设计方案,该热开关基于形状记忆合金原理,当压力管的温度达到340℃的时候．热开关中的形状记忆台金部分开始变形,推动导热部件移动．使得压力管和排管之间通过导热部件接触。从而将堆芯内的热量从压力管传到排管和慢化剂,再通过慢化荆冷却系统把热量带出并最终释放到周围环境之中．理论计算表明．24片的热开关组件可以满足设计要求。     

对CANDU燃料组件结构的一维瞬态辐射程序开发与验证

在气冷CANDU式燃料组件之中,辐射换热也是不容忽视的一部分。特别是在出现了系统失压/失流事故时,辐射换热将会成为保证燃料安全的主要冷却手段。本文中针对CANDU式压力管编制了针对压力管几何条件下的一维辐射换热瞬态程序。程序中采用将燃料元件棒转化为同心圆环的方式简化辐射角的计算,并加入了隔层辐射模型,使模型更加贴近实际。采用分别将程序中的几个模块的计算结果与CFX计算结果对比的方式来达到程序验证的目的,验证结果显示程序RHTPB具有良好的表现,能够满足于反应堆安全计算的需要。     

IVR中堆芯及下支撑板瞬态熔融模拟

采用带移动边界的三维瞬态模型对1/4堆芯模型进行热传导分析。考虑了堆芯熔融物滞留工况下反应堆衰变功率和压力容器内部水位的下降过程,以及不同材料组件在堆内的真实径向分布。棒束表面与冷却剂的自然对流换热采用饱和蒸汽/水经验关系式计算,辐射换热采用相邻16棒间辐射模型计算。建立了动态烧蚀模型以模拟不断累积的堆芯熔融物对下支撑板的烧蚀作用。着重考虑了由熔融物滴落造成的冲击换热以及下支撑板上形成的熔坑底部换热。文献验证对比证明了模型的正确性。模拟结果表明:事故进程2600 s时,冷却剂蒸干造成堆芯融化速度急剧加快。8000 s时80%的堆芯质量熔化。下支撑板上的烧蚀区域主要集中于板心半径700 mm处,并在6000 s时完全贯穿。     

石墨慢化通道式熔盐堆的稳态热工水力计算模型

针对石墨慢化通道式熔盐堆的堆芯结构,基于COMSOL Multiphysics程序和MATLAB程序建立了堆芯稳态热工水力学计算模型。该模型对堆芯内固体区域的温度分布采用三维热传导方程进行模拟,对通道内熔盐温度采用一维单相流体模型进行计算。固体区域与熔盐通过熔盐通道壁面的对流换热边界建立热耦合。该模型基于平行通道压力损失相等的原则,分配堆芯内各熔盐通道的流量。通过对比RELAP5程序的计算结果,验证了模型对温度和流量分配计算的正确性。针对2 MWt 液态燃料熔盐堆的一种概念设计,分析了堆芯内三维温度分布和通道间流量分配。该模型可精确计算通道式熔盐堆堆芯内稳态温度分布和流量分配,对堆芯的热工水力学设计具有重要意义。     

先进堆非能动安全壳热工水力瞬态分析及研究

对非能动安全壳冷却系统热工、水力机理进行了研究,着重对钢安全壳内外混合气体传热和流动模型、钢安全壳外表面液膜模型、非能动贮水箱模型以及紊流模型和辐射换热模型等进行了分析研究.并运用自主开发的PCCSAG-3D程序对先进堆冷段双端断裂大破口失水事故工况下的安全壳压力和温度进行了计算分析.     

乏燃料干式储存模块衰变热导出的三维仿真计算分析

建立了QM-400储存模块内自然对流换热的三维流动及换热的计算模型,计算了QM-400储存模块内部的三维流场和温度场,得到了压力分布和速度分布以及储存筒表面的温度分布.在储存筒内部,建立了三维流场和换热的计算模型,并进行了计算,获得了乏燃料包壳的表面温度.     

压水堆堆芯辐射换热因子研究

严重事故中，反应堆堆芯裸露后，堆芯燃料棒的辐射热被周围热构件的吸收程度对堆芯熔融过程和下封头失效时间的影响很大。辐射换热效果与具体辐射表面形状有关，常用辐射换热因子来衡量。首先对辐射换热因子进行了推导，然后根据计算结果，使用MELCOR程序比较了一种压力水堆LOCA事故下计算值和缺省值对事故进程的影响，差异比较显著。     

高温液滴流辐射换热及蒸发特性

本文针对可应用于空间堆的矩形液滴辐射器（LDR）,研究其液滴流的辐射换热及蒸发特性。在传统的高温液滴流辐射换热模型的基础上,添加了液滴流蒸发模型,并将辐射换热模型与蒸发模型进行耦合,在该模型的基础上开发了高温液滴流辐射换热-蒸发特性分析程序LDFAC。将该程序的液滴层温度分布计算结果进行校核,其相对误差不超过1.9%。使用该程序对装载DC705硅油下不同光学厚度及长度的液滴层辐射换热蒸发特性进行了分析。结果表明：在液滴层的光学厚度较大的情况下,液滴层内部的温度分布非常不均匀,液滴层中心的温度没有显著降低,而液滴层接近外表面部分的温度下降较为明显;温度对LDR的系统寿命有着较大影响,温度每降低10 K,系统寿命可提高约450%,同时,液滴层光学厚度越大,系统寿命也越长。     

Contact Conductance between Cladding/Pressure Tube and Pressure Tube/Calandria Tube of Advanced Thermal Reactor (ATR)

In some postulated accidents with coincident loss of emergency coolant injection of the Advanced Thermal Reactor (ATR), the rate of heat transfer to the heavy water moderator that acts as heat sink for the decay heat depends on the contact conductance between cladding and pressure tube, and the same between pressure and calandria tubes. Experiments were performed to assess these contact conductances for clean plates and plates with simulated crud of Fe₂O₃ powder that is the main ingredient of the crud, and the applicable correlations were also studied. Test specimens were cut from actual pressure tube made of Zr-2.5%Nb and calandria tube made of Zircaloy-2 and flattened to sizes. The artificial waviness of various kinds of height and wave length of 10 mm was machined on the surface of the pressure tube specimen. The ranges of contact pressure, roughness, specimen temperature and gas pressure were from 0.5 to 7 MPa, 4.8 to 100 μm, 400 to 840 K and 0.001 Torr to atmospheric respectively. The experimental results without crud compare favorably with Tachibana's correlation. The experimental contact conductances with crud are found to be lowered. Since Tachibana's correlation was not applicable to the present situation, the empirical correlation was proposed. The correlation fitted well with the experimental values.     

Core coolability of an ATR by heavy water moderator in situations beyond design basis accidents

In the case of a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) with coincident loss of emergency coolant injection (LOECI), core cooling is generally very severe. However, as the ATR plant has heavy water at about 60°C in the core, decay heat can be removed by the heavy water cooling system. Separate-effects tests relating to heavy water cooling were conducted with each setup. The important thermal hydraulics was radiation heat transfer, ballooning of a pressure tube, contact conductance between the pressure tube and a calandria tube and critical heat flux of the calandria tube. Constants and correlations obtained by the tests were incorporated into several codes to assess the core cooling. Long term core cooling capability with the heavy water cooling system was assessed. The core was cooled without melting under the postulated events due to inherent characteristics of the ATR.     

针翅管传热与压降特性研究

以润滑油为换热介质,对整体针翅管传热与阻力特性进行了理论分析与试验研究,研究结果可为针翅管的优化设计提供参考。在换热介质纵向冲刷换热管的条件下,对不同针翅长度的3种整体针翅管与光管进行了传热与阻力试验。结果表明：整体针翅管对润滑油换热具有很好的强化能力,在本试验范围内,整体针翅管对油流体扰动强烈,换热强度是同条件下光管的2~6倍;针翅长度是影响针翅管压降的主要因素,在雷诺数达300时,压降曲线出现转折。     

同心环形管内沸腾两相流动与传热实验研究

对窄缝为2．1mm的同心环形管,试验研究了外管加热条件下水的沸腾两相流动阻力与传热特性,得到了以下结果：窄缝环形管内两相流动的阻力较普通圆管内大,沸腾换热得到了较明显的强化,换热系数弓压力、热平衡干度、工质流量、加热负荷均有关系,且与缝隙宽度和加热方式有关;提出了环形管强化传热的微液膜蒸发机理与汽泡扰动机理的物理解释;得到了环形管内流动摩擦阻力系数与传热系数的实验关联式。     

Severe accident development modeling and evaluation for CANDU

Romania as UE member got new challenges for its nuclear industry. Romania operates since 1996 a CANDU nuclear power reactor and since 2007 the second CANDU unit. In EU are operated mainly PWR reactors, so, ours have to meet UE standards. Safety analysis guidelines require to model nuclear reactors severe accidents.Starting from previous studies, a CANDU degraded core thermal hydraulic model was developed. The initiating event is a LOCA, with simultaneous loss of moderator cooling and the loss of emergency core cooling system (ECCS). This type of accident is likely to modify the reactor geometry and will lead to a severe accident development. When the coolant temperature inside a pressure tube reaches 1000 °C, a contact between pressure tube and calandria tube occurs and the decay heat is transferred to the moderator. Due to the lack of cooling, the moderator, eventually, begins to boil and is expelled, through the calandria vessel relief ducts, into the containment. Therefore the calandria tubes (fuel channels) uncover, then disintegrate and fall down to the calandria vessel bottom. All the quantity of calandria moderator is vaporized and expelled, the debris will heat up and eventually boil. The heat accumulated in the molten debris will be transferred through the calandria vessel wall to the shield tank water, which surrounds the calandria vessel. The thermal hydraulics phenomena described above are modeled, analyzed and compared with the existing data.     

出口集管LLOCA始发严重事故分析

采用一体化分析程序建立了包括热传输系统、慢化剂系统、端屏蔽系统、蒸汽发生器二次侧系统的重水堆核电厂的严重事故分析模型。并选取出口集管发生双端剪切断裂的大破口失水事故（LLOCA）,同时叠加低压安注失效,辅助给水强制关闭的严重事故序列进行热工水力分析。由于主热传输系统环路隔离阀的关闭,使得两个环路的热工水力响应过程不同。最终由于低压安注的失效,慢化剂系统逐渐被加热,最终导致堆芯熔化、排管容器蠕变失效。在LLOCA事故序列中叠加向排管容器中注水的缓解措施,可以终止事故进程,使堆芯保持安全、稳定的状态。     

B30波槽管水平管外蒸汽凝结换热的实验研究

在常压条件下对水平波槽管管外凝结换热及流阻特性进行了实验研究实验结果表明．波槽管具有良好的强化传热效果在实验参数范围内．波槽管的总传热系数比光管提高48％以上,通过对实验数据的回归分析．得到了管内对流换热、管外凝结换热及阻力系数的实验关联式。     

Unsteady two-dimensional multiphysical simulation of a pressure tube model expanded to contact with the outer concentric tube

For the blind calculation of the International Collaborative Standard Problem (ICSP) experiment on heavy water reactor moderator subcooling requirements, the COMSOL Multiphysics code is used to simulate plastic deformation of a pressure tube (PT) as a result of the interaction of stress and temperature. It is shown that the thermal stress model of COMSOL is compatible to simulate the multiple heat transfers (including the radiation heat transfer and heat conduction) and stress strain in the simplified two-dimensional problem. The benchmark test result for radiation heat transfer is in good agreement with the analytical solution for the concentric configuration of PT and calandria tube (CT). Since the original strain model of COMSOL only considers an elastic deformation with thermal expansion coefficient, the PT/CT contact cannot be predicted in the ICSP. Therefore, the plastic deformation model by the Shewfelt and Godin, widely used in the fuel channel analysis of CANadian Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) reactor, is implemented to the strain equation of COMSOL. The heat-up of PT, the strain rate, and the contact time of the PT/CT are calculated with the boundary conditions (BCs) given for blind calculation of the ICSP experiment.

The result shows a sudden expansion of the inner concentric PT within a few milliseconds. This unsteady simulation should be helpful for the conceptual design of experiment as well as for the understanding of multiphysics inside the fuel channels of the CANDU reactor.     

蒸汽发生器传热管在泵致脉动压力载荷下的动力学响应研究

泵致脉动压力是核电站中引起主设备部件疲劳失效的主要原因之一。本文建立了蒸汽发生器传热管的泵致脉动压力载荷表达式,并建立不同弯曲半径的传热管有限元模型,对蒸汽发生器传热管在泵致脉动压力载荷下的动力学响应进行了研究。结果表明：34、64、94、114、124、144排传热管附近的频率、振型对泵致脉动压力最为敏感;包络泵致脉动压力作用下,最大应力出现在32排传热管上;传热管在泵致脉动压力载荷作用下,泵致脉动压力载荷的轴频频率对结构响应的贡献最大。本文分析结果为蒸汽发生器传热管在泵致脉动压力载荷下的磨损分析提供了参考。