二类热泵在利用余热供热中的热力分析

对单级二类吸收式热泵进行热力分析,建立了热泵系统各部分质量守恒、能量平衡和火用分析数学模型。根据火用平衡方程计算了各个部分的火用损失和热泵系统的火用效率。分析了溶液换热器稀溶液温差、热源温差、余热源温度和冷却水温度对火用损失、循环倍率和COP等的影响。对热泵系统进行了火用能质量评定,确定了火用能的薄弱环节。     

吸收式热泵辅助的太阳能-地热多联产系统4E研究

为实现在有限地热资源条件下,通过改变运行策略调整冷热电比例以满足用户需求,提出了一种多热泵辅助低温地热能的冷、热、电三联供系统(CCHP).从热效率、(火用)效率、(火用)经济性成本和二氧化碳减排量4个角度对系统进行了性能分析.结果 表明:该系统在有限地热供给条件下,通过调整热泵组的运行方式,可以灵活调配用户的冷、热、电需求;在设计制冷工况下,系统热效率和(火用)效率分别为37.7％和12.15％;在设计供热工况下,系统热效率和(火用)效率分别为53.44％和40.68％,(火用)经济性分析表明制冷水成本为1.98元/(kW·h),供热水成本为0.81元/(kW·h);与传统燃气锅炉相比,在环境友好程度上,设计制冷与供热工况每吨地热水可减排二氧化碳量分别为7.5 kg/h和11.6 kg/h.     

压缩式热泵系统火用效率定义方法初探

对压缩式热泵系统(火用)效率的定义式进行了分析,指出了该定义式在实际应用过程中存在的一些不足.即当低温热源为环境时,此定义式合理,否则即使热泵系统内部可逆,系统火用效率仍不为1,文中对产生这一问题的原因进行了分析.以热泵系统的火用平衡方程为依据,参照火用效率定义方法及火用效率的基本特征,对压缩式热泵的系统(火用)效率进行了重新定义.通过对两个不违背火用效率定义特征的表达式的对比分析,确定了热泵系统合理的(火用)效率表达式.最后说明,在压缩式制冷系统中当高温热源不为环境时,(火用)效率定义也存在同样缺陷,改进方法与本文类似.     

300 MW汽轮机组供热改造(火用)分析优化研究

针对亚临界凝汽式发电机组热效率低、热经济性差的问题,考虑采用抽汽供热的方式实现原机组的热电联供。建立了基于热平衡法的热力学模型计算了非供热工况、主蒸汽减温减压供热工况、背压机供热工况和一抽供热工况的热经济性指标,并从能量品位的角度出发,定量计算不同抽汽供热工况下组元系统的(火用)效率及(火用)损失分布。结果表明：供热改造能有效提高系统的热效率,相比于主蒸汽减温减压供热方案和背压机供热方案,一抽供热方案的(火用)效率更高,且汽轮机组非满负荷运行时会造成更大的(火用)损失;对比不同抽汽供热方案,有助于结合实际情况调整机组的抽汽供热工况,提升其节能潜力。     

热泵工质在管内对流换热能量与损探讨

通过对高温吸收式热泵工质对水/乙二醇在管内流动及对流换热过程的分析,建立了描述能量损失与(火用)损失的数学模型,通过对模型的求解及实验研究,获得了能量损失及(火用)损失分布。     

空气源热泵直接地板辐射采暖系统实验研究及热力性能分析

针对空气源热泵制冷剂直接地板辐射采暖系统,建立热力分析模型,结合实验实测数据,计算分析了不同室外环境下,系统能效比和各组成部件(火用)损失,并对比分析评价了不同采暖系统综合热力性能,为优化系统能效和各组成部件节能提供理论和实际依据.结果表明:实验条件下,空气源热泵运行供热稳定,地板表面温度达到26℃,室内温度为22℃,完全满足室内供暖要求.空气源热泵机组正常供热运行模式下,室外温度为7.8℃时,系统小时能效比HEER达到3.42,而出现结霜情况下,系统HEER仍在2.4以上.系统(火用)效率在30％以上,系统各部件(火用)损失中,压缩机所占比例最大,地板盘管和蒸发器次之,膨胀阀最小,分别为24％、13％、11％、5％,且系统管路输送系统(火用)损失较大,达到12％.综合比较能量转换率和(火用)效率,空气源直接地板辐射采暖系统具有良好的节能性.     

闭式布雷顿循环热泵储电系统的(火用)分析

该文针对一种基于闭式布雷顿循环的热泵储电系统，分析主要设备的(火用)损失与(火用)效率。对于压缩机和透平，发电系统中的压缩机由于工作温度区间跨越了环境温度，具有最高的(火用)损失；对于换热器，工作在环境温度附近的低温换热器(火用)效率最低（不考虑水冷换热器），而(火用)损失最大的为水冷换热器。计算得到本系统的(火用)效率为59.27%。提高压缩机和透平的效率可提升系统(火用)效率，且发电系统中的设备效率对系统(火用)效率的影响更显著；此外，降低冷却水的温度或有效利用冷却水的热量均可以提高系统的(火用)效率。     

热泵系统的(火用)分析

用[火用]分析法对热泵供热循环进行了分析，评价了热泵系统的能质利用和损失状况，指出在环境温度、压缩机效率和两器（蒸发器和冷凝器）换热温差一定时，热泵循环存在一个可使循环[火用]效率达到最大的冷凝温度，可在实际中加以利用。     

基于实验数据的复叠式高温热泵系统先进

为了研究复叠式高温热泵系统各部件火用损分布特性及其产生的原因以指明系统优化方向,通过搭建实验台,实现了90 ℃的大温差升温(30~120 ℃)。基于实验数据,分别采用常规火用分析和先进〖HT5”,7〗火用分析（advanced exergy analysis）方法对复叠式热泵系统进行分析。结果显示：高温压缩机和低温压缩机的火用损失最大,系统的内源火用损失占总火用损失的93.73%,可避免火用损失占总火用损失的70.79%,表明火用损失主要来自于部件本身,且部件的改进潜力很大;高温压缩机、低温压缩机和高温冷凝器的内源可避免火用损失最大,在系统优化时应当优先考虑这些部件,可减少系统51.04%的火用损失。     

G热力循环的分析

本文对应用G热力循环的中间介质发电系统及热泵供热系统进行了(火用)分析。从热力学第二定律的角度,分析了G热力循环的节能机理。本文对R12/R142非共沸混合工质实现的G热力循环进行了计算,结果表明无论在发电系统还是在热泵供热系统,G循环比卡诺循环及劳伦兹循环都具有更高的能量利用率。     

Comprehensive exergy analysis of a ground-source heat pump system for both building heating and cooling modes

This paper presents a comprehensive exergy analysis of three circuits and whole system of a ground-source heat pump (GSHP) for both building heating and cooling modes. The purpose is to search out the key potential energy saving components. The analytical formulae of exergy loss, exergy efficiency, exergy loss ratio, exergy loss coefficient and thermodynamic perfect degree are derived, respectively. The results show that these exergy indexes should be used integratively, and in the whole system the location of maximum exergy loss ratio is the compressor, while the location of minimum exergy efficiency and thermodynamic perfect degree is the ground heat exchanger, so that the compressor and the ground heat exchanger should be primarily improved. The results also indicate that the exergy loss of a GSHP system for building heating mode is bigger than that of cooling mode, and the exergy efficiency of a whole GSHP system is obviously lower than those of its components for both building heating and cooling modes. Therefore, a comprehensive exergy analysis of a GSHP should be paid more attention to. The results may provide guidelines for the design and optimization of GSHP systems.     

小型太阳能热泵地板供暖系统的优化研究

建立了太阳能热泵地板供暖系统的能量分析、可用能分析数学模型,模拟了上海供暖期的气候条件,给出了系统各部件的可用能损失情况。着重从太阳能集热器并联的组数出发对系统进行了优化研究,并给出了系统供暖性能系数和可用能效率,为该系统的设计及应用提供参考。     

回热系统抽汽压损对火用损分布的影响

抽汽压损是一种不明显的热力损失,对机组的热经济性有一定的影响。根据小扰动理论,假定抽汽口的压力不变,定性分析抽汽压损对回热系统的影响。根据热力系统热平衡原理和汽水分布方程建立抽汽压损对回热系统抽汽系数影响的数学模型。根据火用平衡原理和火用分析法建立抽汽压损对火用损分布的影响的数学模型。以某电厂N1000-25/600/600机组热力系统为例,在TRL工况下,定量计算回热系统抽汽系数和火用损分布的变化。根据定量计算结果,从理论上分析了抽汽压损对热力系统产生的影响。     

Energy and exergy analysis of fossil plant and heat pump building heating system at two different dead-state temperatures

In this paper, we deal with the energy and exergy analysis of a fossil plant and ground and air source heat pump building heating system at two different dead-state temperatures. A zone model of a building with natural ventilation is considered and heat is being supplied by condensing boiler. The same zone model is applied for heat pump building heating system. Since energy and exergy demand are key parameters to see which system is efficient at what reference temperature, we did a study on the influence of energy and exergy efficiencies. In this regard, a commercial software package IDA-ICE program is used for calculation of fossil plant heating system, however, there is no inbuilt simulation model for heat pumps in IDA-ICE, different COP (coefficient of performance) curves of the earlier studies of heat pumps are taken into account for the evaluation of the heat pump input and output energy. The outcome of the energy and exergy flow analysis at two different dead-state temperatures revealed that the ground source heat pumps with ambient reference have better performance against all ground reference systems as well as fossil plant (conventional system) and air source heat pumps with ambient reference.     

Determination of loss coefficients for high-temperature flow devices: An entropy-based approach

Thermodynamic analysis of a high-temperature confined turbulent gas-jet is presented in this paper. The numerical model is two dimensional, steady, and includes the effect of gravity in the governing equations. Computations are carried out with a commercial CFD code and the local exergy losses are determined as post processed quantities. The analysis takes into account the second law effects of viscous dissipation, heat conduction and convection, and radiative heat transfer. The study is extended by conducting a parametric investigation to determine the effects of Reynolds number, inlet fluid temperature, optical thickness, and Planck number on the exergy loss coefficient, which is defined as the total exergy destroyed per unit mechanical energy input. The results show that exergy loss trough radiation entropy production is higher than that due to heat conduction and convection when the inlet gas temperature is high. It has also been found that in contrast to the conventional head loss coefficient, the exergy loss coefficient increases with inlet gas temperature, optical thickness, and Planck number.     

Thermodynamic evaluation of hydrogen and electricity cogeneration coupled with very high temperature gas-cooled reactors

Hydrogen production using thermal energy, derived from nuclear reactor, can achieve large-scale hydrogen production and solve various energy problems. The concept of hydrogen and electricity cogeneration can realize the cascade and efficient utilization of high-temperature heat derive for very high temperature gas-cooled reactors (VHTRs). High-quality heat is used for the high-temperature processes of hydrogen production, and low-quality heat is used for the low-temperature processes of hydrogen production and power generation. In this study, two hydrogen and electricity cogeneration schemes (S1 and S2), based on the iodine-sulfur process, were proposed for a VHTR with the reactor outlet temperature of 950 °C. The thermodynamic analysis model was established for the hydrogen and electricity cogeneration. The energy and exergy analysis were conducted on two cogeneration systems. The energy analysis can reflect the overall performance of the systems, and the exergy analysis can reveal the weak parts of the systems. The analysis results show that the overall hydrogen and electricity efficiency of S1 is higher than that of S2, which are 43.6% and 39.2% at the hydrogen production rate of 100 mol/s, respectively. The steam generators is the components with the highest exergy loss coefficient, which are the key components for improving the system performance. This study presents a theoretical foundation for the subsequent optimization of hydrogen and electricity cogeneration coupled with VHTRs.     

Thermodynamic analysis of a hybrid geothermal heat pump system

A thermodynamic analysis of a hybrid geothermal heat pump system is carried out. Mass, energy, and exergy balances are applied to the system, which has a cooling tower as a heat rejection unit, and system performance is evaluated in terms of coefficient of performance and exergy efficiency. The heating coefficient of performance for the overall system is found to be 5.34, while the corresponding exergy efficiency is 63.4%. The effect of ambient temperature on the exergy destruction and exergy efficiency is investigated for the system components. The results indicate that the performance of hybrid geothermal heat pump systems is superior to air-source heat pumps.     

Comparison of energy and exergy analysis of fossil plant,ground and air source heat pump building heating system

The energy and exergy flow for a space heating systems of a typical residential building of natural ventilation system with different heat generation plants have been modeled and compared. The aim of this comparison is to demonstrate which system leads to an efficient conversion and supply of energy/exergy within a building system.The analysis of a fossil plant heating system has been done with a typical building simulation software IDA–ICE. A zone model of a building with natural ventilation is considered and heat is being supplied by condensing boiler. The same zone model is applied for other cases of building heating systems where power generation plants are considered as ground and air source heat pumps at different operating conditions. Since there is no inbuilt simulation model for heat pumps in IDA–ICE, different COP curves of the earlier studies of heat pumps are taken into account for the evaluation of the heat pump input and output energy.The outcome of the energy and exergy flow analysis revealed that the ground source heat pump heating system is better than air source heat pump or conventional heating system. The realistic and efficient system in this study “ground source heat pump with condenser inlet temperature 30 °C and varying evaporator inlet temperature” has roughly 25% less demand of absolute primary energy and exergy whereas about 50% high overall primary coefficient of performance and overall primary exergy efficiency than base case (conventional system). The consequence of low absolute energy and exergy demands and high efficiencies lead to a sustainable building heating system.     

1000MW机组回热系统损分布的矩阵方法

基于热力学第二定律的分析法为评价能量转换的"量"和"质"提供了一个统一的尺度,比基于第一定律的能分析法更科学、更合理。根据平衡原理,对于一般的回热系统,建立回热系统中各级加热器的平衡方程,经过严谨的数学推理,获得类似于热力系统汽水分布矩阵的通用的损矩阵方程。该损矩阵方程与回热系统中各级加热器的类型存在一定的对应关系,利用该方程可以方便地得出不同机组回热系统的损分布,为较准确的评价热力系统的热经济性提供有力的依据。     

车用柴油机节能潜力的能质分析方法与试验研究

在热平衡分析基础上建立了柴油机能质分析的平衡计算模型,并以WD615(162kW)型车用柴油机为对象进行了试验研究,对比分析柴油机工作过程中的能质分布规律和节能潜力。结果表明:在冷却水及排气能量利用之前,柴油机的热平衡规律和有效能利用率一致。在柴油机最大扭矩点(约1 600r/min),系统有效功占总热量的百分比达到最大值,效率、冷却水和排气的可用能比例也达到最大,约有17%的可用能还未得到利用。不可逆燃烧、有限温差传热和摩擦损耗等因素降低了系统能量的能级,减少柴油机系统的损同时梯级利用排气及冷却水能量,是车用柴油机节能的可行手段。分析方法也为柴油机的效率评价提供了一种新的参考方案。